View source for Zita of Bourbon-Parma

{{Short description|Empress of Austria from 1916 to 1918}}
{{Infobox royalty
| title = [[Servant of God]]
| image        = Empress_Zita_of_Austria_-_Hungary.jpg
| caption      = Photograph by Carl Pietzner, 1911
| succession   = [[Empress consort of Austria]]<br />[[Queen consort of Hungary]]
| reign        = 21 November 1916&nbsp;– 12 November 1918
| coronation   = 30 December 1916
| cor-type     = Hungary
| birth_date   = {{birth date|1892|05|09|df=yes}}
| birth_place  = [[Tenuta Reale (Viareggio)|Villa Borbone delle Pianore]], Tuscany, [[Kingdom of Italy]]
| death_date   = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1989|03|14|1892|05|09}}
| death_place  = [[Zizers]], Grisons, Switzerland
| burial_date  = 1 April 1989
| burial_place = {{ubl | [[Imperial Crypt]] (body) | [[Muri Abbey]] (heart) }}
| consort      = yes
| spouse       = {{marriage|[[Charles I of Austria]]|21 October 1911|1 April 1922|end=d.}}
| issue        = {{plainlist|
*[[Otto, Crown Prince of Austria]]
*[[Archduchess Adelheid of Austria|Archduchess Adelheid]]
*[[Robert, Archduke of Austria-Este]]
*[[Archduke Felix of Austria|Archduke Felix]]
*[[Archduke Carl Ludwig of Austria (1918–2007)|Archduke Carl Ludwig]]
*[[Archduke Rudolf of Austria (1919–2010)|Archduke Rudolf]]
*[[Archduchess Charlotte of Austria|Charlotte, Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]
*[[Archduchess Elisabeth of Austria (1922–1993)|Archduchess Elisabeth, Princess of Liechtenstein]]
}}
| full name    = Zita Maria delle Grazie Adelgonda Micaela Raffaela Gabriella Giuseppina Antonia Luisa Agnese
| house        = [[Bourbon-Parma]]
| father       = [[Robert I, Duke of Parma]]
| mother       = [[Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal]]
| religion     = [[Catholic Church]]
| signature    = Zita of Bourbon-Parma signature.svg
}}
'''Zita of Bourbon-Parma''' (Zita Maria delle Grazie Adelgonda Micaela Raffaela Gabriella Giuseppina Antonia Luisa Agnese; 9 May 1892 – 14 March 1989) was the wife of [[Charles I of Austria|Charles I]], the last monarch of [[Austria-Hungary]]. As such, she was the last [[Empress of Austria]] and [[List of Hungarian consorts|Queen of Hungary]], in addition to [[Grand title of the Empress of Austria|other titles]]. She was declared [[Servant of God]] by [[Pope Benedict XVI]].
Born as the seventeenth child of the dispossessed [[Robert I, Duke of Parma]], and his second wife, [[Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal]], Zita married the then Archduke Charles of Austria in 1911. Charles became [[heir presumptive]] to the Emperor [[Franz Joseph I|Franz Joseph I of Austria]] in 1914 after the [[Assassination in Sarajevo|assassination]] of his uncle [[Archduke Franz Ferdinand|Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria]], and acceded to the throne in 1916 after the elderly emperor's death.
After the end of [[World War I]] in 1918, the [[House of Habsburg|Habsburgs]] were deposed and the former empire became home to the states of [[German Austria|Austria]], [[Regency of Hungary|Hungary]], and [[Czechoslovakia]], while other parts were annexed to or joined the [[Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]], Italy, Romania, and a reconstituted independent Poland. Charles and Zita left for exile in Switzerland and, after the failure of attempts to restore royal rule in Hungary, were subsequently removed from that country by the Allies to [[Madeira]], where Charles died in 1922. After her husband's death, Zita and her son [[Otto von Habsburg|Otto]] served as symbols of unity for the exiled dynasty. A devout Catholic, she raised a large family after being widowed at the age of 29; she never remarried.
==Early life==
Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma was born at the Villa Pianore in the Italian Province of [[Lucca]], 9 May 1892.<ref name="Beeche">Beeche.</ref>{{Rp|1}} The unusual name ''Zita'' was given to her after [[Zita]], a popular Italian [[saint]] who had lived in [[Tuscany]] in the 13th century.<ref name = "Bogle">Bogle.</ref>{{Rp|16}} She was the third daughter and fifth child of the deposed [[Robert I, Duke of Parma]], and his second wife, [[Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal]], a daughter of King [[Miguel of Portugal]] and his wife [[Adelaide of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg]]. Zita's father had lost his throne as a result of the movement for [[Italian unification]] in 1859 when he was still a child.<ref name="Beeche"/>{{Rp|1}} He fathered twelve children during his first marriage to [[Princess Maria Pia of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (1849–1882)|Princess Maria Pia of the Two Sicilies]] (six of whom were mentally disabled, and three of whom died young).<ref name="Beeche"/>{{Rp|1}} Duke Robert became a widower in 1882, and two years later he married Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal.<ref name="Beeche"/>{{Rp|1}} The second marriage produced a further twelve children. Zita was the 17th among Duke Robert's 24 children. Robert moved his large family between Villa Pianore (a large property located between [[Pietrasanta]] and [[Viareggio]]) and his Schwarzau Castle in [[Lower Austria]].<ref name="Brook-Shepherd">Brook-Shepherd.</ref>{{Rp|5–6}} It was mainly in these two residences that Zita spent her formative years. The family spent most of the year in Austria, moving to Pianore in the winter and returning in the summer.<ref name="Beeche"/>{{Rp|2}} To move between them, they took a special train with sixteen coaches to accommodate the family and their belongings.<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|7}}
[[File:Empress Zita with her parents and siblings.jpg|left|thumb|upright=1.2|The family of [[Robert I, Duke of Parma]]. From left to right, first row: Immacolata, Antonia, Isabella, Duke Robert, Henrietta, Luigi, Gaetano, Duchess Maria Antonia, Renato, Zita (sitting on the far right). From left to right, second row: Francesca, Pia, Luisa, Adelaide, Teresa, Joseph, Xavier, Henry, Sixtus, Felix. Villa Pianore, 1906.]]
Zita and her siblings were raised to speak Italian, French, German, Spanish, Portuguese and English.<ref name="Beeche"/>{{Rp|2}} She recalled:
{{cquote|We grew up internationally. My father thought of himself first and foremost as a Frenchman, and spent a few weeks every year with the elder children at [[Château de Chambord|Chambord]], his main property on the [[Loire]]. I once asked him how we should describe ourselves. He replied, "We are French princes who reigned in Italy." In fact, of the twenty-four children only three including me, were actually born in Italy.<ref name="Beeche"/>{{Rp|2}}}}
At the age of ten, Zita was sent to a boarding school at Zanberg in [[Upper Bavaria]], where there was a strict regime of study and religious instruction.<ref name="Beeche"/>{{Rp|3}} She was summoned home in the autumn of 1907 at the death of her father. Her [[Adelaide of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg|maternal grandmother]] sent Zita and her sister Francesca to a [[convent]] on the [[Isle of Wight]] to complete their education.<ref name="Bogle"/>{{Rp|19}} Brought up as devout Catholics, the Parma children regularly undertook good works for the poor. In Schwarzau the family turned surplus cloth into clothes. Zita and Francesca personally distributed food, clothing, and medicines to the needy in Pianore.<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|7–8}} Three of Zita's sisters became [[nun]]s and, for a time, she considered following the same path.<ref name="Bogle"/>{{Rp|20}} Zita went through a period of poor health and was sent for the traditional cure at a European [[spa]] for two years.<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|15}}
==Marriage==
[[File:Zitawed.jpg|thumb|150px|The wedding of Zita and Charles, 21 October 1911]]
In the close vicinity of Schwarzau castle was the [[Villa Wartholz]], residence of [[Infanta Maria Theresa of Portugal|Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria]], Zita's maternal aunt.<ref name="Beeche"/>{{Rp|3}} She was the stepmother of [[Archduke Otto Franz of Austria|Archduke Otto]], who died in 1906, and the step-grandmother of [[Charles I of Austria|Archduke Charles of Austria-Este]], at that time second-in-line to the Austrian throne. The two daughters of Archduchess Maria Theresa were Zita's first cousins and Charles' half-aunts. They had met as children but did not see one another for almost ten years, as each pursued their education. In 1909, his [[Dragoon]] regiment was stationed at [[Brandýs nad Labem]], from where he visited his aunt at [[Františkovy Lázně]].<ref name="Beeche"/>{{Rp|5}} It was during one of these visits that Charles and Zita became reacquainted.<ref name="Beeche"/>{{Rp|5}} Charles was under pressure to marry ([[Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria|Franz Ferdinand]], his uncle and first-in-line, had married [[morganatically]], and his children were excluded from the throne) and Zita had a suitably royal genealogy.<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|16}} Zita later recalled:
{{cquote|We were of course glad to meet again and became close friends. On my side feelings developed gradually over the next two years. He seemed to have made his mind up much more quickly, however, and became even more keen when, in the autumn of 1910, rumours spread about that I had got engaged to a distant Spanish relative, [[Jaime, Duke of Madrid|Don Jaime, the Duke of Madrid]]. On hearing this, the Archduke came down post haste from his regiment at Brandýs and sought out his grandmother, [[Infanta Maria Theresa of Portugal|Archduchess Maria Theresa]], who was also my aunt and the natural confidante in such matters. He asked if the rumor was true and when told it was not, he replied, "Well, I had better hurry in any case or she will get engaged to someone else."<ref name="Beeche"/>{{Rp|8}}}}
Archduke Charles traveled to Villa Pianore and asked for Zita's hand and, on 13 June 1911, their engagement was announced at the Austrian court.<ref name="Beeche"/>{{Rp|8}} Zita in later years recalled that after her engagement she had expressed to Charles her worries about the fate of the Austrian Empire and the challenges of the monarchy.<ref name="Beeche"/>{{Rp|8}} Charles and Zita were married at the Schwarzau castle on 21 October 1911. Charles's great-uncle, the 81-year-old [[Emperor Franz Joseph I]], attended the wedding. He was relieved to see an heir make a suitable marriage, and was in good spirits, even leading the toast at the wedding breakfast.<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|19}} Archduchess Zita soon conceived a son, and [[Otto von Habsburg|Otto]] was born on 20 November 1912. Seven more children followed in the next decade.
==Wife of the heir to Austrian throne==
At this time, Archduke Charles was in his twenties and did not expect to become emperor for some time, especially while Franz Ferdinand remained in good health. This changed on 28 June 1914 when the heir and his wife [[Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg|Sophie]] were [[Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria|assassinated]] in [[Sarajevo]] by [[Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnian Serb]] nationalists. Charles and Zita received the news by telegram that day. She said of her husband, "Though it was a beautiful day, I saw his face go white in the sun."<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|30}}
In the [[World War I|war]] that followed, Charles was promoted to [[General]] in the [[Austro-Hungarian army]], taking command of the 20th Corps for an offensive in [[Tyrol (state)|Tyrol]].<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|36}} The war was personally difficult for Zita, as several of her brothers fought on opposing sides in the conflict ([[Felix of Bourbon-Parma|Prince Felix]] and [[Prince René of Bourbon-Parma|Prince René]] had joined the Austrian army, while [[Sixtus of Bourbon-Parma|Prince Sixtus]] and [[Xavier, Duke of Parma|Prince Xavier]] lived in France before the war and enlisted in the [[Belgian army]].)<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|33}} Also her country of birth, [[Italy]], joined the war against Austria in 1915, and so rumours of the 'Italian' Zita began to be muttered. Even as late as 1917, the German ambassador in Vienna, [[Botho von Wedel|Count Botho von Wedel-Jarlsberg]], would write to [[Berlin]] saying "The Empress is descended from an Italian princely house... People do not entirely trust the Italian and her brood of relatives."<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|36}}
At Franz Joseph's request, Zita and her children left their residence at [[Schloss Hetzendorf]] and moved into a suite of rooms at [[Schönbrunn Palace]]. Here, Zita spent many hours with the old Emperor on both formal and informal occasions, where [[Franz Joseph]] confided in her his fears for the future.<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|39}} Emperor Franz Joseph died of [[bronchitis]] and [[pneumonia]] at the age of 86 on 21 November 1916. "I remember the dear plump figure of [[Lobkowicz family|Prince Lobkowitz]] going up to my husband," Zita later recounted, "and, with tears in his eyes, making the sign of the cross on Charles's forehead. As he did so he said, 'May God bless Your Majesty.' It was the first time we had heard the Imperial title used to us."<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|41}}
==Empress and queen==
[[File:Karlfamily.jpg|thumb|King [[Charles I of Austria|Charles IV of Hungary]], with Queen Zita and Crown Prince [[Otto von Habsburg|Otto]]. Photograph on the occasion of their coronation. [[Budapest]], 1916.]]
Charles and Zita were crowned in [[Budapest]] on 30 December 1916. Following the [[Coronation of the Hungarian monarch|coronation]] there was a banquet, but after that the festivities ended, as the emperor and empress thought it wrong to have prolonged celebrations during a time of war.<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|55}} At the beginning of the reign, Charles was more often than not away from Vienna, so he had a telephone line installed from [[Baden, Austria|Baden]] (where Charles's military headquarters were located) to the [[Hofburg]]. He called Zita several times a day whenever they were separated.<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|60}} Zita had some influence on her husband and would discreetly attend audiences with the Prime Minister or military briefings,<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|50}} and she had a special interest in social policy. However, military matters were the sole domain of Charles. Energetic and strong-willed, Zita accompanied her husband to the provinces and to the front, as well as occupying herself with charitable works and hospital visits to the war-wounded.<ref name="Beeche"/>{{Rp|21}}
===Sixtus affair===
{{main|Sixtus Affair}}
By the spring of 1917, the War was dragging on towards its fourth year, and Zita's brother [[Prince Sixtus of Bourbon-Parma]], a serving officer in the Belgian Army, was a main mover behind a plan for Austria-Hungary to make a separate peace with France. Charles initiated contact with Sixtus through contacts in neutral Switzerland, and Zita wrote a letter inviting him to Vienna. Zita's mother, Maria Antonia, delivered the letter in person.<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|66}}
Sixtus arrived with conditions for talks which had been agreed with the French – the restoration to France of [[Alsace-Lorraine]] (annexed by Germany after the [[Franco-Prussian War]] in 1870); restoration of the independence of Belgium; independence for the kingdom of Serbia; and the handover of [[Constantinople]] to Russia.<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|61}} Charles agreed, in principle, to the first three points and wrote a letter to Sixtus dated 25 March 1917 which sent "the secret and unofficial message" to the President of France that "I will use all means and all my personal influence".<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|72}} This attempt at dynastic diplomacy eventually foundered. Germany refused to negotiate over Alsace-Lorraine,<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|73}} and, seeing a Russian collapse on the horizon, was loath to give up the war.<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|78}} Sixtus continued his efforts, even meeting [[David Lloyd George]] in London about Italy's territorial demands on Austria in the [[1915 Treaty of London]],<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|76}} but the Prime Minister could not persuade his generals that Britain should make peace with Austria.<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|78}} Zita managed a personal achievement during this time by stopping the German plans to send airplanes to bomb the home of the [[Albert I of Belgium|King]] and [[Elisabeth of Bavaria (1876–1965)|Queen]] of Belgium on their [[name day]]s.<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|74}}
In April 1918, after the German-Russian [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Russia–Central Powers)|Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]], Austrian Foreign Minister [[Count Ottokar Czernin]] made a speech attacking incoming French Prime Minister [[Georges Clemenceau]] as being the main obstacle to a peace favouring the [[Central Powers]].<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|92–93}} Clemenceau was incensed and, after seeing Emperor Charles's letter of 24 March 1917, had it published.<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|95}} For a while, the life of Sixtus appeared to be in danger, and there were even fears that Germany might occupy Austria. Czernin persuaded Charles to send a 'Word of Honour' to Austria's allies saying that Sixtus had not been authorised to show the letter to the French Government, that Belgium had not been mentioned, and that Clemenceau had lied about the mentioning of Alsace.<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|99}} Czernin had actually been in contact with the German Embassy throughout the whole crisis and attempted to persuade the Emperor to step down because of the Affair. After failing to do so, Czernin resigned as Foreign Minister.<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|102}}
===End of Empire===
By this time, the war was closing in on the embattled Emperor. A Union of Czech Deputies had already sworn an oath to a new Czechoslovak state independent of the [[Habsburg Empire]] on 13 April 1918, the prestige of the [[German Army]] had taken a severe blow at the [[Battle of Amiens (1918)|Battle of Amiens]], and, on 25 September 1918, Zita's brother-in-law [[King Ferdinand I of Bulgaria]] broke away from his allies in the [[Central Powers]] and sued for peace independently. Zita was with Charles when he received the telegram announcing [[Bulgaria]]'s collapse. She remembered it "made it even more urgent to start peace talks with the [[Western Powers]] while there was still something to talk about."<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|111}} On 16 October, the Emperor issued a "People's Manifesto" proposing the empire be restructured on federal lines with each nationality gaining its own state. Instead, each nation broke away and the empire effectively dissolved.<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|113–115}}
Leaving behind their children at [[Gödöllő]], Charles and Zita travelled to the Schönbrunn Palace. By this time ministers had been appointed by the new state of "German-Austria", and by 11 November, together with the Emperor's spokesmen, they prepared a manifesto for Charles to sign.<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|121–130}} Zita, at first glance, mistook it for an abdication and made her famous statement:
{{cquote|A sovereign can never abdicate. He can be deposed... All right. That is force. But abdicate – never, never, never! I would rather fall here at your side. Then there would be Otto. And even if all of us here were killed, there would still be other Habsburgs!<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|130}}}}
Charles gave his permission for the document to be published, and he, his family and the remnants of his Court departed for the Royal shooting lodge at [[Eckartsau]], close to the borders with [[Hungary]] and [[Slovakia]].<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|132}} The [[Republic of German-Austria]] was proclaimed the next day.
==Exile==
[[File:Charles_I_of_Austria,_Zita_and_seven_of_eight_children.jpg|thumb|Charles and Zita with their children in exile at Herstenstein, Switzerland, 1921]]
After a difficult few months at Eckartsau, the Imperial Family received aid from an unexpected source. Prince Sixtus had met [[George V of the United Kingdom|King George V]] and appealed to him to help the Habsburgs. George was reportedly moved by the request, it being only months since his imperial relatives in Russia had been [[Shooting of the Romanov family|executed by revolutionaries]], and promised "We will immediately do what is necessary."<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|137}}
Several British Army officers were sent to help Charles, most notably Lieutenant-Colonel [[Edward Lisle Strutt]], who was a grandson of [[Edward Strutt, 1st Baron Belper|Lord Belper]] and a former student at the [[University of Innsbruck]].<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|139}} On 19 March 1919, orders were received from the War Office to "get the Emperor out of Austria without delay". With some difficulty, Strutt managed to arrange a train to Switzerland, enabling the Emperor to leave the country with dignity without having to abdicate. Charles, Zita, their children and their household left Eckartsau on 24 March escorted by a detachment of British soldiers from the [[Honourable Artillery Company]] under the command of Strutt.<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|141–146}}
===Hungary and exile in Madeira===
{{further|Attempts of Charles IV to return to the throne of Hungary}}
[[File:Die Kinder von Kaiser Karl und Kaiserin Zita, Quinta Vigia, Funchal.jpg|thumb|The children in [[Lequeitio]], 1920s]]
The family's first home in exile was Wartegg Castle in [[Rorschach, St. Gallen|Rorschach]], Switzerland, a property owned by the [[Bourbon-Parmas]]. However, the Swiss authorities, worried about the implication of the Habsburgs living near the Austrian border, compelled them to move to the western part of the country. The next month, therefore, found them moving to Villa [[Prangins]], near [[Lake Geneva]], where they resumed a quiet family life.<ref name="Bogle"/>{{Rp|20}} This abruptly ended in March 1920 when, after a period of instability in Hungary, [[Miklós Horthy]] was elected [[regent]]. Charles was still technically King (as Charles IV) but Horthy sent an emissary to Prangins advising him not to go to Hungary until the situation had calmed.<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|153–156}} After the [[Trianon Treaty]] Horthy's ambition soon grew. Charles became concerned and requested the help of Colonel Strutt to get him into Hungary.<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|153–156}} Charles twice attempted to regain control, once in March 1921 and again in October 1921. Both attempts failed, despite Zita's staunch support (she insisted on travelling with him on the final dramatic train journey to [[Budapest]]).<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|192}}
Charles and Zita temporarily resided at [[Tata Castle]], the home of [[Móric Esterházy|Count Esterházy]],<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|195}} until a suitable permanent exile could be found. [[Malta]] was mooted as a possibility, but was declined by [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon]], and French territory was ruled out given the possibility of Zita's brothers intriguing on Charles's behalf.<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|199}} Eventually, the Portuguese island of [[Madeira]] was chosen. On 31 October 1921, the former Imperial couple were taken by rail from [[Tihany]] to [[Baja, Hungary|Baja]], where the [[Royal Navy]] [[Monitor (warship)|monitor]] [[Insect-class gunboat|HMS ''Glowworm'']] was waiting. They finally arrived at [[Funchal]] on 19 November.<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|200–207}} Their children were being looked after at Wartegg Castle in Switzerland by Charles's step-grandmother [[Infanta Maria Theresa of Portugal|Maria Theresa]], although Zita managed to see them in [[Zürich]] when her son Robert needed an operation for [[appendicitis]].<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|210–211}} The children joined their parents in Madeira in February 1922.<ref name="Howe">{{cite journal |last1=Howe |first1=Malcolm |title=Zita, the last Empress of Austria, grand-daughter of a King of Portugal |journal=British Historical Society of Portugal Annual Report |date=2020 |volume=47|url=https://www.bhsportugal.org/library/articles/zita-the-last-empress-of-austria-grand-daughter-of-a-king-of-portugal |access-date=5 January 2022}}</ref>
===Death of Charles===
Charles had been in poor health for some time. After going shopping on a chilly day in Funchal to buy toys for Carl Ludwig, he was struck by an attack of [[bronchitis]]. This rapidly worsened into [[pneumonia]], not helped by the inadequate medical care available. Several of the children and staff were also ill, and Zita (at the time eight months pregnant) helped nurse them all. Charles weakened and died on 1 April, his last words to his wife being "I love you so much."<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|214–215}} Charles was 34 years old. After his funeral, a witness said of Zita "This woman really is to be admired. She did not, for one second, lose her composure... she greeted the people on all sides and then spoke to those who had helped out with the funeral. They were all under her charm."<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|216}} Zita wore mourning black in Charles's memory throughout sixty-seven years of widowhood.<ref name="Bogle"/>{{Rp|151}}
==Widowhood==
[[File:Empress Zita in Leiquitio.jpg|thumb|The family in Belgium, standing in back: Felix, Adelheid, Rudolf and Elisabeth. Seated in front: Carl Ludwig, Otto, Charlotte, Empress Zita and Robert]]
After Charles's death, the former Austrian imperial family were soon to move again. [[Alfonso XIII of Spain]] had approached the British Foreign Office via his ambassador in London, and they agreed to allow Zita and her seven (soon to be eight) children to relocate to Spain. Alfonso duly sent the warship [[Spanish cruiser Infanta Isabel|''Infanta Isabel'']] to Funchal and this took them to [[Cadiz]]. They were then escorted to the [[El Pardo|Pardo Palace]] in Madrid, where shortly after her arrival Zita gave birth to [[Archduchess Elisabeth of Austria (1922–1993)|Archduchess Elisabeth]].<ref name = "Harding">Harding.</ref>{{Rp|274}} Alfonso XIII offered his exiled Habsburg relatives the use of Palacio Uribarren at [[Lekeitio]] on the [[Bay of Biscay]]. This appealed to Zita, who did not want to be a heavy burden to the state that harboured her.<ref name="Harding"/>{{Rp|289}} For the next six years Zita settled in Lekeitio, where she got on with the job of raising and educating her children.<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|219–220}} They lived with straitened finances, mainly living on income from private property in Austria, income from a vineyard in Johannisberg in the Rhine Valley, and voluntary collections. Other members of the exiled Habsburg dynasty, however, claimed much of this money, and there were regular petitions for help from former Imperial officials.<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|223–224}}
===Move to Belgium===
By 1929, several of the children were approaching the age to attend university and the family moved to a castle in the Belgian village of [[Steenokkerzeel]] near Brussels, where they were closer to several members of their family.<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|231}} Zita continued her political lobbying on behalf of the Habsburg family, even sounding out links with [[Benito Mussolini|Mussolini]]'s Italy.<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|233–236}} There was even a possibility of a Habsburg restoration under the Austrian Chancellors [[Engelbert Dollfuss]] and [[Kurt Schuschnigg]], with Crown Prince Otto visiting Austria numerous times. These overtures were abruptly ended by the [[Anschluss|annexation]] of Austria by [[Nazi Germany]] in 1938.<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|240–265}} As exiles, the Habsburg family took the lead in [[Austrian resistance|resisting]] the Nazis in Austria, but this foundered because of opposition between [[monarchists]] and [[socialists]].<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|268–269}}
===Flight to North America===
With the Nazi invasion of Belgium on 10 May 1940, Zita and her family became war refugees. They narrowly missed being killed by a direct hit on the castle by German bombers and fled to Prince Xavier's castle at Bostz in France.<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|271–272}} The Habsburgs then fled to the Spanish border, reaching it on 18 May. On June 12 the Portuguese ruler António Salazar issued instructions to the Portuguese consulates in France to provide [[Infanta Maria Antónia of Portugal]] Duchess of Parma with Portuguese passports. With these Portuguese passports the family could get visas without creating problems for the neutrality of the Portuguese Government. This way the daughter of Maria Antónia, Zita of Bourbon-Parma, and her son Otto von Habsburg got their visas because they were descendants of a Portuguese citizen.<ref>{{cite thesis |type=PhD |last=Madeira |first=Lina A. |date=2013 |title=O Mecanismo de (Des)Promoções do MNE: O Caso Paradigmático de Aristides de Sousa Mendes|page=458 |publisher=Coimbra University}}</ref>
They moved on to Portugal and resided in Cascais. Not long after, the archduke was informed by Salazar that Hitler had demanded his extradition. The demand would be refused, the Portuguese ruler told him but hinted that his safety was precarious. On 9 July the United States government granted the family visas. After a perilous journey they arrived in New York City on 27 July, having family in [[Long Island]] and [[Newark, New Jersey]];<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|277}} at one point, Zita and several of her children lived, as long-term house-guests, in [[Tuxedo Park, New York]].
The Austrian imperial refugees eventually settled in [[Quebec]], which had the advantage of being French-speaking (the younger children were not yet fluent in English)<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|283}} and continued their studies in French at {{lang|fr|[[Université Laval]]|italic=no}}.<ref>Bernier Arcand, Philippe, « Les Bourbon-Parme dans les institutions d’enseignement du Québec », ''Histoire Québec'', 202, p. 24-28 ([https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/hq/2022-v28-n1-hq07421/100332ac/ lire en ligne] [archive])</ref> As they were cut off from all European funds, finances were more stretched than ever. At one stage, Zita was reduced to making salad and [[spinach]] dishes from [[dandelion]] leaves.<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|284}} However, all her sons were active in the war effort. Otto promoted the dynasty's role in a post-war Europe and met regularly with [[Franklin Roosevelt]];<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|270–271}} Robert was the Habsburg representative in London;<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|285}} Carl Ludwig and Felix joined the [[United States Army]], serving with several American-raised relatives of the Mauerer line;<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|290}} Rudolf smuggled himself into Austria in the final days of the war to help organise the resistance.<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|307}} In 1945 Empress Zita celebrated her birthday on the first day of peace, 9 May. She was to spend the next two years touring the United States and Canada to raise funds for war-ravaged Austria and Hungary.<ref name="Bogle"/>{{Rp|157}}
==Later life==
[[File:Zitafamily1962.jpg|thumb|upright|Empress Zita of Austria with her eight children. Standing in the back from left to right Archdukes Carl Ludwig, Rudolf and Robert, in the middle Archduchesses Adelheid, Elisabeth and Charlotte with Archduke Felix, in the forefront Empress Zita and Archduke Otto, 1962]]
After a period of rest and recovery, Zita found herself regularly going back to Europe for the weddings of her children. She decided to move back to the continent full-time in 1952 to Luxembourg to look after her aging mother. Maria Antonia died at the age of 96 in 1959. The bishop of [[Chur]] proposed to Zita that she move into a residence that he administered (formerly a castle of the [[Jerome, 2nd Count de Salis|Counts de Salis]]) at [[Zizers]], [[Graubünden]] in Switzerland. As the castle had enough space for visits from her large family and a nearby chapel (a necessity for the devoutly-Catholic Zita), she accepted with ease.<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|316}}
Zita occupied herself in her final years with her family. Although the restrictions on the Habsburgs entering Austria had been lifted, that applied only to those born after 10 April 1919. That meant that Zita could not attend the funeral of her daughter Adelheid in 1972, which was painful for her.<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|320}} She also involved herself in the efforts to have her deceased husband, the "Peace Emperor" [[canonization|canonised]]. In 1982, the restrictions were eased, and she returned to Austria after being absent for six decades. Over the next few years, the Empress made several visits to her former Austrian homeland and even appeared on Austrian television.<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|322–323}} In a series of interviews with the Viennese [[tabloid (newspaper format)|tabloid]] newspaper ''[[Kronen Zeitung]]'', Zita expressed her belief that the deaths of [[Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria]] and his mistress [[Baroness Mary Vetsera]], [[Mayerling Incident|at Mayerling]], in 1889, were not a double suicide but rather murder by French or Austrian agents.<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|320}}
===Death===
After a memorable 90th birthday, at which she was surrounded by her now vast family, Zita's habitually-robust health began to fail. She developed inoperable [[cataract]]s in both eyes.<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|326}} Her last major family gathering took place at Zizers, in 1987, when her children and grandchildren joined in celebrating her 95th birthday.<ref name="Beeche"/>{{Rp|24}} While visiting her daughter, in summer 1988, she developed pneumonia and spent most of the autumn and winter bedridden. Finally, she called Otto in early March 1989 and told him she was dying. He and the rest of the family travelled to her bedside and took turns keeping her company until she died in the early hours of 14 March 1989.<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|327–328}} She was 96 years old,<ref name="nyTimesGrandeur">{{cite news|title=Hapsburg Grandeur Is Dusted Off for Burial of 'Our Sister the Empress Zita'|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/04/02/world/hapsburg-grandeur-is-dusted-off-for-burial-of-our-sister-the-empress-zita.html|quote=Old Vienna dusted off its imperial finery today to lay to rest Austria's last Empress, paying a regal tribute to a woman who remained quietly true to her lost crown and to the late Emperor through seven decades of exile. For the first time since the 600-year Austro-Hungarian monarchy was dissolved in 1919, the ornate black imperial catafalque – borrowed from the Museum at Schonbrunn Palace –rolled past the old palaces and baroque temples of central Vienna to the Imperial burial vault. There, under the Capuchin Church, Zita, Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary, was laid to rest among the richly-decorated caskets of the Habsburgs.|newspaper=[[New York Times]]|date=2 April 1989|access-date=21 July 2007|archive-date=19 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171219224433/http://www.nytimes.com/1989/04/02/world/hapsburg-grandeur-is-dusted-off-for-burial-of-our-sister-the-empress-zita.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and was the last surviving child of Robert, Duke of Parma from both his marriages.
[[File:Kapuzinergruft Wien11.JPG|thumb|The tomb of Empress Zita at the [[Imperial Crypt]], Vienna]]
Her funeral was held in Vienna on 1 April. The government allowed it to take place on Austrian soil if the cost was borne by the Habsburgs themselves.<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|329}} Zita's body was carried to the [[Imperial Crypt]] <!-- The last crowned Habsburg to be buried there is Zita. --> under Capuchin Church<ref name="nyTimesGrandeur"/><ref>Der Spiegel magazine, no.13, 27 March 1989</ref> in the same funeral coach she had walked behind during the funeral of Emperor Franz Joseph in 1916. It was attended by over 200 members of the Habsburg and Bourbon-Parma families, and the service had 6,000 attendees including leading politicians, state officials and international representatives, including a representative of Pope [[John Paul II]].<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|329}} Following an ancient custom, the Empress had asked that her heart, which was placed in an urn, stay behind at [[Muri Abbey]], in Switzerland, where the Emperor's heart had rested for decades. In doing so, Zita assured herself that in death, she and her husband would remain by each other's side.<ref name="Beeche"/>{{Rp|38}}
When the procession of mourners arrived at the gates of the Imperial Crypt, the herald who knocked on the door during the traditional "admission ceremony" introduced her as  ''Zita, Her Majesty the Empress and Queen''.<ref name=Howe/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://derstandard.at/1308680797958/Viel-Pomp-auf-dem-Weg-in-die-Kapuzinergruft|title=DerStandard.at|access-date=10 July 2011|archive-date=7 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507213254/https://apps.derstandard.at/privacywall/1308680797958/|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Cause of beatification and canonization ==
{{Infobox saint
|honorific_prefix= [[Servant of God]]
|name =  Zita of Austria-Hungary
|feast_day = 21 October
|venerated_in = [[Catholic Church]]
|image = Kaiserin Zita von Österreich 1917.jpg
|imagesize =
|titles=
|caption = Empress Zita of Austria painted by Theodor Mayerhofer, circa 1917.
|beatified_date =
|beatified_place =
|beatified_by =
|canonized_date =
|canonized_place =
|canonized_by =
|attributes =
|patronage =
|major_shrine =
|suppressed_date =
|issues =
}}
On 10 December 2009, Mgr Yves Le Saux, [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Le Mans|Bishop of Le Mans]], France, opened the diocesan process for the [[beatification]] of Zita.<ref name=lemans>[http://dioceselemans.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1189&Itemid=1 Ouverture du Proces de Beatification de l'Imperatrice Zita] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710130646/http://dioceselemans.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1189&Itemid=1 |date=10 July 2011 }}</ref> Zita was in the habit of spending several months each year in the diocese of Le Mans at [[St. Cecilia's Abbey, Solesmes]], where three of her sisters were nuns.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.newliturgicalmovement.org/2009/12/cause-of-beatification-of-empress-zita.html |title=Gregor Kollmorgen, "Cause of Beatification of Empress Zita Opened" |access-date=15 December 2009 |archive-date=28 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228062406/http://www.newliturgicalmovement.org/2009/12/cause-of-beatification-of-empress-zita.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
The actor is the French Association pour la Béatification de l'Impératrice Zita.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://associationimperatricezita.com/ |title=associationimperatricezita.com |access-date=11 November 2021 |archive-date=11 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111012617/http://associationimperatricezita.com/accueil/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[postulator]] for the cause is Alexander Leonhardt.  Vice postulator for Hungary is Catholic theologian [https://www.magyarkurir.hu/hirek/magyar-viceposztulatort-neveztek-ki-zita-kiralyne-boldoggaavatasi-ugyeben Norbert Nagy]. The judge of the tribunal is Bruno Bonnet. The [[Devil's advocate|promoter of justice]] is François Scrive.<ref name=lemans />
With the opening of her cause, the late Empress has been named [[Servant of God]].<ref>{{Citation| last = Stevens| first = Beverly| title = Zita, Catholic Empress in Exile, Servant of God| newspaper = REGINA Magazine| date = 28 February 2014| url = https://www.reginamag.com/zita-catholic-empress-exile/| access-date = 7 February 2021| archive-date = 8 February 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210208043225/https://www.reginamag.com/zita-catholic-empress-exile/| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.beatification-imperatrice-zita.org/ |title=Association pour la béatification de l'Impératrice Zita – Home<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=7 February 2021 |archive-date=11 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211155312/http://www.beatification-imperatrice-zita.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
== Titles, styles, honours and arms ==
{{infobox hrhstyles
| royal name= Zita, Empress of Austria & Queen of Hungary
| dipstyle=[[Apostolic Majesty|Her Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty]]
| offstyle=Your Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty
| image=[[File:Personal Arms of Empress-Queen Zita.svg|150px|]]}}
=== Titles and styles ===
* 9 May 1892 – 21 October 1911: ''Her Royal Highness'' Zita, Royal Princess of Bourbon, Princess of Parma<ref>{{Cite web |title=ÖNB-ALEX - Staatshandbuch |url=https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1918&page=21&size=45 |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=alex.onb.ac.at}}</ref>
* 21 October 1911 – 28 June 1914: ''Her Imperial and Royal Highness'' Archduchess Zita, Archduchess Karl of Austria, Princess of Parma
* 28 June 1914 – 21 November 1916: ''Her Imperial and Royal Highness'' The Archduchess of Austria-Este<ref name="HofUndStaat">''[http://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1915&page=20&size=45 Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie]'' (1915), Genealogy p. 2</ref>
* 21 November 1916 – 3 April 1919: ''Her Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty'' The Empress of Austria, Apostolic Queen of Hungary and Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia<ref>{{Cite web |title=ÖNB-ALEX - Staatshandbuch |url=https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1917&page=17&size=45 |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=alex.onb.ac.at}}</ref>
=== Honours ===
* {{flagu|Austria-Hungary}}:<ref name="osterreich1">{{citation|chapter-url=https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1916&page=21&size=45 |chapter=Genealogie des Allerhöchsten Herrscherhauses |title=Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie|date=1916|page=3}}</ref>
** Grand Mistress Dame of the [[Order of the Starry Cross]]<ref name="osterreich2">{{citation|chapter-url=https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1916&page=71&size=45|chapter=Ritter-Orden |title=Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie|date=1916|pages=[https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1916&size=45&page=278 251], [https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1916&size=45&page=289 262]}}</ref>
** Dame Grand Cross of the [[Order of Elizabeth|Order of Elisabeth]], ''1913''<ref name="osterreich2"/>
** Knight Grand Officer of the [[Decoration for Services to the Red Cross|Order of the Red Cross]], with War Decoration
* {{flagu|SMOM}}: Bailiff Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Saint John<ref name="osterreich1"/>
==Children==
Charles and Zita had eight children and thirty three grandchildren:
{|class="wikitable"
! Name||Birth||Death||Notes
|-
|Crown Prince [[Otto von Habsburg]]||20 November 1912||4 July 2011||married (1951) [[Princess Regina of Saxe-Meiningen]] (6 January 1925 – 3 February 2010) and had seven children, twenty-two grandchildren and ten great-grandchildren.
|-
|Archduchess '''[[Archduchess Adelheid of Austria|Adelheid]]'''||3 January 1914||2 October 1971||  never married, no issue
|-
|[[Robert, Archduke of Austria-Este]]||8 February 1915||7 February 1996||married (1953) [[Margherita, Archduchess of Austria-Este|Princess Margherita of Savoy-Aosta]] (7 April 1930 - 10 January 2022) and had five children, nineteen grandchildren and three great-grandchildren.
|-
|[[Archduke Felix of Austria]]||31 May 1916||6 September 2011||married (1952) Princess Anna Eugenie von Arenberg (5 July 1925 - 9 June 1997) and had seven children and twenty-two grandchildren.
|-
|Archduke '''[[Archduke Carl Ludwig of Austria (1918–2007)|Carl Ludwig]]'''||10 March 1918||11 December 2007||married (1950) [[Archduchess Yolande of Austria|Princess Yolanda of Ligne]] (6 May 1923{{spaced ndash}}13 September 2023) and had four children, nineteen grandchildren and ten great-grandchildren.
|-
|Archduke '''[[Archduke Rudolf of Austria (1919–2010)|Rudolf]]'''||5 September 1919||15 May 2010||married (1953) Countess Xenia Tschernyschev-Besobrasoff (11 June 1929 - 20 September 1968) and had four children, thirteen grandchildren and three great-grandchildren. Married (secondly) (1971) Princess Anna Gabriele of Wrede (born 11 September 1940) and had one daughter and three grandsons.
|-
|Archduchess '''[[Archduchess Charlotte of Austria|Charlotte]]'''||1 March 1921||23 July 1989||married (1956) [[George, Duke of Mecklenburg|Duke Georg of Mecklenburg]] ({{OldStyleDate|5 October|1899|22 September}} – 6 July 1963).<!-- no children -->
|-
|Archduchess '''[[Archduchess Elisabeth of Austria (1922–1993)|Elisabeth]]'''||31 May 1922||6 January 1993||married (1949) Prince Heinrich of [[House of Liechtenstein|Liechtenstein]] (5 August 1916 – 17 April 1991) and had five children, seven grandchildren and six great-grandchildren.
|}
==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|1= 1. '''Zita of Bourbon-Parma'''
|2= 2. [[Robert I, Duke of Parma]]
|3= 3. [[Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal]]
|4= 4. [[Charles III, Duke of Parma]]<ref name="Mateos1993">Mateos Sainz de Medrano. Ricardo. "Changing Thrones: Duke Carlo II of Parma". Published in ''Royalty History Digest'', Vol 3, N 1. July 1993, p. 99</ref>
|5= 5. [[Princess Louise of Artois]]<ref>Stubbs, Alan R. "Assassination in Parma: The Life and Death of Duke Carlo III". ''Royalty Digest''.</ref>
|6= 6. [[Miguel I of Portugal]]<ref name="Britannica-JohnVI"/>
|7= 7. [[Adelaide of Löwenstein|Princess Adelaide of Löwenstein]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lagis-hessen.de/pnd/124735126 |title=Portugal und Algarbien, Donna Adelheid Infantin von |publisher=[[:de:Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen|Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen]] |work=Hessian Biography |id=Record #3713 |date=3 April 2017 |access-date=7 May 2018 |archive-date=8 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508185200/https://www.lagis-hessen.de/pnd/124735126 |url-status=live }}</ref> <!-- in full Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg -->
|8= 8. [[Charles II, Duke of Parma]]<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Charles II. (Duke of Parma)}}</ref>
|9= 9. [[Maria Teresa of Savoy|Princess Maria Teresa of Savoy]]<ref name="Mateos1993"/>
|10= 10. [[Prince Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry]]<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Berry, Charles Ferdinand}}</ref>
|11= 11. [[Princess Marie Caroline of Naples and Sicily]]<ref>{{Britannica|62742|Marie-Caroline de Bourbon-Sicile, duchesse de Berry}}</ref>
|12= 12. [[John VI of Portugal|John VI of Portugal and Brazil]]<ref name="Britannica-JohnVI"/>
|13= 13. [[Carlota Joaquina of Spain|Infanta Carlota Joaquina of Spain]]<ref name="Britannica-JohnVI">{{Britannica|304822|John VI, King of Portugal}}</ref>
|14= 14. [[Constantine, Hereditary Prince of Löwenstein]]<ref name="Hessen-Constantine">{{cite web |url=https://www.lagis-hessen.de/pnd/100513905 |title=Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg, Constantin Joseph Nikolaus Alfred Wneslaus Erbprinz zu |publisher=[[:de:Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen|Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen]] |work=Hessian Biography |id=Record #3719 |date=27 June 2017 |access-date=7 May 2018 |archive-date=8 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508054240/https://www.lagis-hessen.de/pnd/100513905 |url-status=live }}</ref> <!-- in full Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg -->
|15= 15. [[Princess Agnes of Hohenlohe-Langenburg]]<ref name="Hessen-MarieAgnes">{{cite web |url=https://www.lagis-hessen.de/pnd/1041587589 |title=Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg, Marie Agnes Henriette Erbprinzessin zu |publisher=[[:de:Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen|Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen]] |work=Hessian Biography |id=Record #3674 |date=9 September 2013 |access-date=7 May 2018 |archive-date=8 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508053955/https://www.lagis-hessen.de/pnd/1041587589 |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==Bibliography==
* Bogle, James and Joanna. (1990). '' A Heart for Europe: The Lives of Emperor Charles and Empress Zita of Austria-Hungary'', Fowler Wright, 1990, {{ISBN|0-85244-173-8}}
* [[Gordon Brook-Shepherd|Brook-Shepherd, Gordon]]. (1991). ''The Last Empress: The Life and Times of Zita of Austria-Hungary 1893–1989''. Harper-Collins. {{ISBN|0-00-215861-2}}
* Harding, Bertita. (1939). ''Imperial Twilight: The Story of Karl and Zita of Hungary''. Bobbs-Merrill Company Publishers. ASIN: B000J0DDQO
* {{in lang|de}} [[Bernhard A. Macek]]: ''Kaiser Karl I. Der letzte Kaiser Österreichs. Ein biografischer Bilderbogen'', Sutton Verlag, Erfurt 2012, {{ISBN|978-3-9540-0076-0}}
* (in French) Debris, Cyrille. (2013). ''Zita, Portrait intime d'une imperatrice''. Cerf, Paris, 2013, {{ISBN|978-2-204-10085-4}}
==External links==
{{commons category-inline|Zita of Bourbon-Parma}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eBu2rx4kM7w&ab_channel=PatriciusRittervonKvan%C4%8Dnik Film of Zita of Bourbon-Parma's funeral]
* {{PM20|FID=pe/018926}}
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{{s-hou|[[House of Bourbon-Parma]]|9 May|1892|14 March|1989|[[House of Bourbon]]}}
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{{s-vac|last=[[Empress Elisabeth of Austria|Elisabeth in Bavaria]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Empress consort of Austria]]<br />[[Queen consort of Bohemia]]<br />[[Queen consort of Galicia and Lodomeria]]<br />[[Queen consort of Hungary]]<br />[[Queen consort of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia]]|years=1916–1918}}
{{s-non|reason=Monarchy abolished}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-pre}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-non|reason=Monarchy abolished}}
{{s-tul|title=[[Empress consort of Austria]]<br />[[Queen consort of Bohemia]]<br />[[Queen consort of Galicia and Lodomeria]]<br />[[Queen consort of Hungary]]<br />[[Queen consort of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia]]|years=1918–1922}}
{{s-vac|next=[[Princess Regina of Saxe-Meiningen]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Princesses of Parma}}
{{Austrian archduchesses by marriage}}
{{Consorts of Austria}}
{{Hungarian consorts}}
{{Royal consorts of Bohemia}}
{{Subject bar |portal1= Biography |portal2= Catholicism |portal3= Austria |portal4= Saints}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Good article}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Zita Of Bourbon-Parma}}
[[Category:1892 births]]
[[Category:1989 deaths]]
[[Category:People from the Province of Lucca]]
[[Category:Princesses of Bourbon-Parma]]
[[Category:Exiled royalty]]
[[Category:20th-century Italian nobility]]
[[Category:Italian Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:House of Habsburg-Lorraine]]
[[Category:Burials at the Imperial Crypt]]
[[Category:Empresses of Austria]]
[[Category:Austrian Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Queens consort of Bohemia]]
[[Category:Queens consort of Hungary]]
[[Category:Hungarian Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Austrian people of Italian descent]]
[[Category:Hungarian people of Italian descent]]
[[Category:Dames of Malta]]
[[Category:Dames of the Order of Saint Isabel]]
[[Category:Austrian Servants of God]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic royal saints]]
[[Category:Deaths from pneumonia in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Daughters of dukes]]
[[Category:Royalty of Austria-Hungary]]