18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
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18th Central Committee | |
|---|---|
| File:Danghui.svg Emblem of the Chinese Communist Party | |
| 15 November 2012 – 23 October 2017 | |
| Leadership | |
| General Secretary | Xi Jinping |
| Politburo Standing Committee | 7 |
| Politburo | 25 |
| Secretariat | 7 |
| Members | |
| Total | 205 |
| Alternates | |
| Total | 171 |
| Apparatus | |
| Head of General Office | Li Zhanshu |
| No. of departments | 4 |
The 18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party was elected by the 18th National Congress on 15 November 2012, and sat in plenary sessions until the communing of the 19th National Congress in 2017. It was formally proceeded by the 17th Central Committee. The committee is composed of full members and alternate members.[1] A member has voting rights, while an alternate does not.[1] If a full member is removed from the CC the vacancy is then filled by an alternate member at the next committee plenum — the alternate member who received the most confirmation votes in favour is highest on the order of precedence.[1] To be elected to the Central Committee, a candidate must be a party member for at least five years.[1] The first plenary session in 2012 was responsible for electing the bodies in which the authority of the Central Committee was invested when it was not in session: the Politburo and the Politburo Standing Committee. It was also responsible for approving the members of the Secretariat, Central Commission of Discipline Inspection and its Standing Committee. The second plenary session in March 2013 was responsible for nominating candidates for state positions. The remaining plenary sessions of the 18th Central Committee were known for announcing a wide range of reform programs on a scale unprecedented since the Deng era, including "comprehensively deepening reforms", "ruling the country according to law", and complete the construction of a "moderately prosperous society". The 18th CC also saw the highest number of members expelled from the body due to corruption in the party's history. The 18th CC was elected using the method "more candidates than seats".[2][lower-alpha 1] At the 18th National Congress, delegates could vote for 224 possible candidates for 205 seats for full membership, and 190 candidates for the 171 alternate members.[4] 8.5 percent of the member candidates and 10 percent of the alternate candidates failed to be elected.[4] Of the 373 full and alternate members, 184 of them (i.e., 48.9 percent) were elected to the Central Committee for the first time.[5] Five of the nine members born in the 1960s were associated with the Communist Youth League (designated as Tuanpai by foreign commentators).[6] Few offspring of previously high-standing officials (known as "princelings") managed to obtain full membership on the 18th CC, though a few were named alternate members.[lower-alpha 2][6] The number of members who worked in central-controlled state-owned enterprises increased from one in the 17th CC to six, while Zhang Ruimin (head of Haier) was re-elected.[7] The number of members from the military remained constant from the previous committee at around 20 percent, continuing a longstanding tradition.[6]
Keys
| Abbreviations | |
|---|---|
| IDUCC | Institutions Directly Under the Central Committee |
| K | Keys |
| CIM | Central institution membership, which in this instance means membership in the PSC, PB, ST and CMC |
| PSC | Standing Committee of the Political Bureau |
| PB | Political Bureau |
| ST | Secretariat |
| CMC | Central Military Commission |
| SC–CCDI | Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection |
| CCDI | Central Commission for Discipline Inspection |
| CPPCC | Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference |
| NL | National Leader |
| DNL | Deputy National Leader |
| PM | Provincial-Ministerial |
| SPM | Sub-provincial (vice-ministerial) |
| DE | Department-prefecture level |
| Adm. | Admiral |
| V-Adm. | Vice-Admiral |
| Gen. | General |
| Lt. Gen. | Lieutenant General |
| Maj. Gen. | Major General |
| Keys | |
| ♀ | Indicates that the individual is female. |
| ↑ | Indicates that the individual was elevated from alternate to member |
| ♮ | Indicates that the individual was expelled from the Communist Party after CCDI investigation. |
| ₪ | Indicates that the individual was placed under investigation by the CCDI and disciplined, but the results have not been publicly announced, or that they have been demoted but not expelled from the party |
| ∞ | Indicates that the individual is retired from active political positions[lower-alpha 3] |
| § | Indicates that the individual is military personnel. |
| ↔ | Indicates that the individual is military personnel and has retired from active military service. |
| Note | If two keys are used in the same column it indicates that the individual is both of something. For instance, "♀§" indicates that the individual is female (♀) and military personnel (§). |
Plenums
| Plenum | Start–end | Length | Summary |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Plenary Session | 15 November 2012 | 1 day | Xi Jinping was elected General Secretary and CMC Chairman. A 25-member Politburo, 7-member Politburo Standing Committee and seven member Secretariat with Liu Yunshan as first-ranking secretary were elected. The plenum approved the composition SC–CCDI elected by the CCDI 1st Plenary Session, and the election of Wang Qishan as CCDI Secretary, CCDI Secretary-General and several CCDI deputy secretaries. |
| 2nd Plenary Session | 26–28 February 2013 | 3 days | The meeting approved lists of nominees for leading posts within the 12th National People's Congress and the 12th CPPCC National Committee, as well as a State Council restructuring plan aimed at a "simpler and decentralized administration".[citation needed] |
| 3rd Plenary Session | 9–12 November 2013 | 4 days | Xi Jinping made a report on behalf of the Politburo titled '"The Decision on Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening Reforms".[8][9]: 48 The Decision described public finance as "the foundation and an important pillar of state governance. Good fiscal and taxation systems are the institutional guarantee for optimizing resource allocation, maintaining market unity, promoting social equity, and realizing enduring peace and stability."[9]: 48 Market allocation of resources was given, in official speech, a "decisive role".[10] Procedures were taken to liberalize the banking system, with the goal of achieving significant results by 2020.[10] The National Security Commission and the Central Leading Group for Comprehensively Deepening Reforms were established, and both are led by Xi.[10] The meeting anticipated the abolition of re-education through labour and an easing to the one-child policy.[10] |
| 4th Plenary Session | 20–23 October 2014 | 4 days | It passed a comprehensive package of legal reforms.[11] The decision upheld the supremacy of Communist Party rule and emphasized the importance of the Constitution.[11] It resolved to establish circuit tribunals (巡视法庭) and cross-jurisdictional circuit courts and prosecution agencies.[12] The decision also said that management of court resources of in municipal and lower level courts would be managed directly by the provincial level.[12] The Central Committee passed resolution to expel Yang Jinshan, Jiang Jiemin, and Li Dongsheng, officials who have been dismissed during the anti-corruption campaign launched after the 1st Plenary Session.[11] |
| 5th Plenary Session | 26–29 October 2015[13] | 4 days | The session passed a draft of the 13th five-year plan, with provisions for combating poverty. Secondary education for children of less well-off families will gradually be made free, including any school fees; the document also called for a "comprehensively well-off society" by 2020 and a total elimination of "poverty counties" (pinkunxian), and a universal relaxation of the one-child policy: any married couples could now have two children. The Central Committee passed a resolution confirming the expulsion of CC members Ling Jihua, Zhou Benshun, Yang Dongliang, and CC alternate members Zhu Mingguo, Wang Min, Chen Chuanping, Qiu He, Yang Weize, Pan Yiyang, and Yu Yuanhui from the party; at the time, this was the largest ever number of CC members expelled during any CC plenum due to corruption; the record was broken two years later at the 7th plenum.[14] |
| 6th Plenary Session | 24–27 October 2016 | 4 days | The 6th plenum's main focus was on "strict discipline and supervision of the Communist Party." Xi Jinping strove for greater transparency in the decision-making process in local governance, which also represents his effort to establish a positive image of China's Communist Party overseas. This is in addition to his actively promoted anti-corruption campaign within China's political system. Xi was declared the "leadership core" of the party. The Central Committee passed a resolution confirming the expulsion of CC member Wang Min, and CC alternate members Lü Xiwen, Fan Changmi, and Niu Zhizhong.[15] |
| 7th Plenary Session | 11–14 October 2017 | 4 days | The 7th plenum was the final plenary session of the 18th Central Committee, convened to affirm achievements of the past five years and laying the groundwork for the 19th Party Congress. The plenum confirmed the expulsion of Sun Zhengcai, Wu Aiying,[lower-alpha 4] Su Shulin, Wang Sanyun, Xiang Junbo, Wang Jianping, Tian Xiusi, Li Yunfeng, Yang Chongyong, and Mo Jiancheng from the Communist Party; confirmed the two-year party probation issued to Li Liguo and Yang Huanning; confirmed the removal of Zhang Xiwu from all party positions. The plenum saw the greatest number of expulsions at a single plenum post-Cultural Revolution party history.[16] |
Working Organs
Heads of department-level institutions
| Institution | Name (birth–death) |
Hanzi | Took office | Left office | Tenure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Organs | Wang Qishan (born 1948) |
王岐山 | 15 November 2012 | 25 October 2017 | 4 years and 344 days |
| Central International Liaison Department | Wang Jiarui (born 1949) |
王家瑞 | 15 November 2012 | 16 November 2015 | 3 years and 1 day |
| Song Tao (born 1955) |
宋涛 | 16 November 2015 | 23 October 2017 | 1 year and 341 days | |
| Central Organization Department | Zhao Leji (born 1957) |
赵乐际 | 15 November 2012 | 25 October 2017 | 4 years and 344 days |
| Central Policy Research Office | Wang Huning (born 1955) |
王沪宁 | 15 November 2012 | 23 October 2017 | 4 years and 342 days |
| Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission | Meng Jianzhu (born 1947) |
孟建柱 | 15 November 2012 | 25 October 2017 | 4 years and 344 days |
| Central Publicity Department | Liu Qibao (born 1953) |
刘奇葆 | 21 November 2012 | 25 October 2017 | 4 years and 338 days |
| Central Taiwan Task Office | Wang Yi (born 1953) |
王毅 | 15 November 2012 | 17 March 2013 | 122 days |
| Zhang Zhijun (born 1953) |
张志军 | 17 March 2013 | 23 October 2017 | 4 years and 220 days | |
| Central United Front Work Department | Ling Jihua (born 1956) |
令计划 | 15 November 2012 | 31 December 2013 | 2 years and 46 days |
| Sun Chunlan (born 1950) |
孙春兰 | 31 December 2014 | 25 October 2017 | 2 years and 298 days | |
| General Office | Li Zhanshu (born 1950) |
栗战书 | 15 November 2012 | 25 October 2017 | 4 years and 344 days |
| General Office of the Central Institutional Organization Commission | Wang Yongqing (born 1959) |
汪永清 | 15 November 2012 | April 2013 | 137 days |
| Zhang Jinan (born 1957) |
张纪南 | April 2013 | 23 October 2017 | 4 years and 205 days | |
| General Office of the Central Leading Group for Financial and Economic Affairs | Zhu Zhixin (born 1949) |
朱之鑫 | 15 November 2012 | March 2013 | 106 days |
| Liu He (born 1952) |
刘鹤 | March 2013 | 23 October 2017 | 4 years and 236 days | |
| General Office of the Foreign Affairs Leading Group | Dai Bingguo (born 1941) |
戴秉国 | 15 November 2012 | 14 March 2013 | 119 days |
| Yang Jiechi (born 1950) |
杨洁篪 | 14 March 2013 | 23 October 2017 | 4 years and 223 days | |
| International Communications Office | Wang Chen (born 1950) |
王晨 | 15 November 2012 | 14 March 2013 | 119 days |
| Cai Mingzhao (born 1955) |
蔡名照 | 14 March 2013 | December 2014 | 1 year and 262 days | |
| Jiang Jianguo (born 1956) |
蒋建国 | January 2015 | 23 October 2017 | 2 years and 295 days | |
| Working Committee of Organs Directly Under the Central Committee | Li Zhanshu (born 1950) |
栗战书 | 15 November 2012 | 25 October 2017 | 4 years and 344 days |
Heads of IDUCC institutions
| Institution | Name (birth–death) |
Hanzi | Took office | Left office | Tenure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Central Compilation and Translation Bureau | Yi Junqing (born 1958) |
衣俊卿 | 15 November 2012 | 15 January 2013 | 61 days |
| Jia Gaojian (born 1959) |
贾高建 | 15 January 2013 | 23 October 2017 | 4 years and 281 days | |
| Central Literature Research Office | Leng Rong (born 1953) |
冷溶 | 15 November 2012 | 23 October 2017 | 3 years and 326 days |
| Central Party History Research Centre | Ouyang Song (born 1948) |
欧阳淞 | 15 November 2012 | December 2013 | 1 year and 16 days |
| Qu Qingshan (born 1957) |
曲青山 | December 2013 | 23 October 2017 | 3 years and 326 days | |
| Central Party School | Liu Yunshan (born 1947) |
刘云山 | 15 January 2013 | 25 October 2017 | 4 years and 283 days |
| China Executive Leadership Academy, Jinggangshan | Zhao Leji (born 1957) |
赵乐际 | 15 November 2012 | 25 October 2017 | 4 years and 344 days |
| China Executive Leadership Academy, Pudong | |||||
| China Executive Leadership Academy, Yan'an | |||||
| Guangming Daily | He Dongping (born 1955) |
何东平 | 15 November 2012 | 23 October 2017 | 4 years and 342 days |
| People's Daily | Zhang Yannong (born 1948) |
张研农 | 15 November 2012 | 30 April 2014 | 1 year and 166 days |
| Yang Zhenwu (born 1955) |
杨振武 | 30 April 2014 | 23 October 2017 | 3 years and 176 days | |
| Qiushi | Li Baoshan (born 1955) |
李宝善 | 15 November 2012 | 30 April 2014 | 1 year and 166 days |
| Li Jie (born 1955) |
李捷 | 1 May 2014 | 23 October 2017 | 3 years and 175 days |
Membership
Members
- Notes
- Name, Ethnicity, Office, Rank and institutional membership are listed in accordance with the Hanzi column, but can be sorted alphabetical by pressing the button next to the column titles.
- The Hanzi column is listed according to the number of strokes in their surnames, which is the official ordering method.
- Ranks listed are the highest rank each individual held during their term; if they were promoted from sub-provincial level to provincial-ministerial level during their term on the Central Committee, they would be listed under a provincial-ministerial level rank; military ranks are listed separately from civilian ranks, with the exception of military officials who hold positions on civilian bodies, in which case both military and civilian ranks are listed
- The Office column lists offices that the individual held during their term on the Central Committee (i.e. between 2012 and 2017) and is not intended to be an exhaustive list of offices they held over the course of their career; if the individual was transferred between different offices, dates are included to indicate the time period they held each office. Generally, offices held between the conclusion of the 18th Party Congress and the National People's Congress in March 2013 are excluded. Dates reflect the term of office only within the duration of the CC session; therefore someone whose term in parentheses indicates 2012–2015, for example, does not necessarily imply that they held the office beginning in 2012; similarly, those whose term ends in 2017 does not necessarily indicate that they relinquished that office in 2017.
- Only substantive offices are listed; for example it is customary that an individual will hold office both as provincial party secretary and chair of the provincial People's Congress. In this table, the latter title is not listed.
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Alternates
- Notes
- The individuals below are listed according to the number of votes in favour received at the Party Congress that elected the committee; if the number of votes in favour they received were the same, they are ordered by the number of strokes in their surnames.
- Name (birth–death), Ethnicity, Office, and Rank can be sorted alphabetical by pressing the button next to the column titles.
- Replacement of expelled CC full members
- At each plenum, previously expelled full members of the Central Committee are replaced by alternate members. Alternate members are promoted to full members based on their rank sequence, determined by the number of votes they received at the previous party congress. In October 2017, at the 7th plenum, 11 such replacements were made. However, in a seeming departure from protocol, Liu Xuepu, Zhu Yanfeng, Zheng Qunliang, and Zhao Jin were skipped over from consideration – a possible indication that they had themselves ran afoul of party regulations prior to the plenum.
| Name (birth–death) |
Hanzi | K | Ethnicity | Office | Rank |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ma Jiantang (born 1958) |
马建堂 | ↑ | Han | Director, National Bureau of Statistics | PM
|
| Wang Zuo'an (born 1958) |
王作安 | ↑ | Han | Director, State Administration for Religious Affairs | SPM
|
| Mao Wanchun (born 1961) |
毛万春 | ↑ | Han | Head, Shaanxi Provincial Organization Department (2013–2016) Deputy Secretary, Shaanxi Provincial Committee (2016–) |
SPM
|
| Liu Xiaokai (born 1962) |
刘晓凯 | ↑ | Miao | Head, Guizhou United Front Work Department | SPM
|
| Chen Zhirong (1957–2016) |
陈志荣 | ↑ | Li | Vice Governor of Hainan | SPM
|
| Jin Zhenji (born 1959) |
金振吉 | ↑ | Korean | Vice Governor of Jilin | SPM
|
| Zhao Xiangeng (born 1953) |
赵宪庚 | ↑ | Han | Vice President, Chinese Academy of Engineering | SPM
|
| Xian Hui (born 1958) |
咸辉 | ↑♀ | Hui | Vice Governor of Gansu (2012–2016) Chairman of Ningxia (2016–) |
PM
|
| Mo Jiancheng (born 1956) |
莫建成 | ♮ | Han | Deputy Secretary, Jiangxi Provincial Committee Vice Governor of Jiangxi |
SPM
|
| Cui Bo (born 1957) |
崔波 | ↑ | Han | Deputy Secretary, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Regional Committee | SPM
|
| Shu Xiaoqin (born 1956) |
舒晓琴 | ↑♀ | Han | Director, State Bureau for Letters and Calls Deputy Secretary-General, State Council |
SPM
|
| Ma Shunqing (born 1963) |
马顺清 | ↑ | Hui | Chairman, Qinghai Federation of Trade Unions (2015–) Vice Governor of Qinghai (2012–2015) |
SPM
|
| Wang Jianjun (born 1958) |
王建军 | ↑ | Han | Deputy Secretary, Qinghai Provincial Committee | SPM
|
| Zhu Mingguo (born 1957) |
朱明国 | ♮ | Li | Chairman, Guangdong People's Political Consultative Conference (2013–2014) Deputy Secretary, Guangdong Provincial Committee (2012–2013) |
PM
|
| Liu Xuepu (born 1957) |
刘学普 | —
|
Tujia | Secretary, Chongqing Municipal Political and Legal Affairs Commission | SPM
|
| Li Qiang (born 1959) |
李强 | ↑ | Han | Governor of Zhejiang (2012–2016) Secretary, Jiangsu Provincial Committee (2016–2017) |
PM
|
| Yang Chongyong (born 1955) |
杨崇勇 | ♮ | Manchu | Executive Vice Governor of Hebei | SPM
|
| Yu Yuanhui (born 1964) |
余远辉 | ♮ | Yao | Secretary, Nanning Municipal Committee (2013–2015) | SPM
|
| Chen Wu (born 1954) |
陈武 | ↑ | Zhuang | Chairman, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region | PM
|
| Chen Mingming (born 1957) |
陈鸣明 | ↑ | Bouyei | Vice Governor of Guizhou Secretary, Qianxinan Buyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture Committee |
SPM
|
| Zhu Yanfeng (born 1961) |
竺延风 | —
|
Han | Chairman, Dongfeng Motor Party Secretary, Dongfeng Motor |
—
|
| Zheng Qunliang (born 1954) |
郑群良 | § | Han | Deputy Commander, PLA Air Force | Lt. Gen.
|
| Zhao Jin (born 1962) |
赵金 | —
|
Yi | Head, Yunnan Provincial Propaganda Department | SPM
|
| Zhao Lixiong (born 1956) |
赵立雄 | ↑ | Bai | Chairman, Yunnan Ethnic Affairs and Religion Commission (2012–2016) Vice Chairman, Yunnan People's Congress (2016–) |
SPM
|
| Zhao Shucong (born 1955) |
赵树丛 | ↑ | Han | Director, State Forestry Administration of the People's Republic of China | SPM
|
| Duan Chunhua (born 1959) |
段春华 | ↑ | Han | Secretary-General, Tianjin Municipal Committee | SPM
|
| Losang Gyaltsen (born 1957) |
洛桑江村 | ↑ | Tibetan | Chairman, Tibet Autonomous Region | PM
|
| Qian Zhimin (born 1960) |
钱智民 | —
|
Han | Chief executive, China National Nuclear Corporation | —
|
| Gao Jin (born 1959) |
高津 | § | Han | President, PLA Academy of Military Science | Lt. Gen.
|
| Gao Guangbin (born 1963) |
高广滨 | —
|
Han | Secretary, Changchun Municipal Committee (2012–2015) Executive Vice Governor of Jilin (2015–) |
SPM
|
| Liang Guoyang (born 1951) |
梁国扬 | —
|
Han | —
|
—
|
| Shen Yiqin (born 1959) |
谌贻琴 | ♀ | Bai | Executive Vice Governor of Guizhou (2012–2015) Deputy Secretary, Guizhou Provincial Committee (2015–2017) Governor of Guizhou (2017–) |
PM
|
| Han Yong (born 1956) |
韩勇 | —
|
Han | Political Commissar, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (2015–) Deputy Secretary, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Regional Committee |
SPM
|
| Lan Tianli (born 1962) |
蓝天立 | —
|
Zhuang | Vice Chairman, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region | SPM
|
| Zhan Wenlong (born 1955) |
詹文龙 | —
|
Han | President, Institute of High Energy Physics | —
|
| Pan Liangshi (born 1956) |
潘良时 | § | Han | Commander, Beijing Garrison | Lt. Gen.
|
| Ai Husheng (born 1951) |
艾虎生 | ↔ | Han | Deputy Commander, Chengdu Military Region (2012–2014) | Lt. Gen.
|
| Danko (born 1962) |
旦科 | —
|
Tibetan | Head, Qinghai Provincial United Front Department | SPM
|
| Ren Xuefeng (born 1965) |
任学锋 | —
|
Han | Secretary, Guangzhou Municipal Committee | SPM
|
| Liu Sheng (born 1956) |
刘胜 | § | Han | Deputy Director, People's Liberation Army General Armaments Department | Lt. Gen.
|
| Liu Hui (born 1959) |
刘慧 | ♀ | Hui | Deputy Secretary, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Regional Committee Chairman, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region |
PM
|
| Li Shixiang (born 1958) |
李士祥 | —
|
Han | Executive Vice Mayor of Beijing | SPM
|
| Li Baoshan (born 1955) |
李宝善 | —
|
Han | Editor-in-chief, People's Daily (2014–) Editor-in-chief, Qiushi (2012–2014) |
PM
|
| Li Jiayang (born 1956) |
李家洋 | —
|
Han | Deputy Minister of Agriculture President, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Chairman, Genetics Society of China |
SPM
|
| Yang Yue (born 1968) |
杨岳 | —
|
Han | Secretary, Fuzhou Municipal Committee | SPM
|
| Yang Xuejun (born 1963) |
杨学军 | § | Han | President, National University of Defense Technology | Lt. Gen.
|
| Zhang Jie (born 1958) |
张杰 | —
|
Han | President, Shanghai Jiao Tong University | SPM
|
| Zhang Daili (born 1954) |
张岱梨 | —
|
Han | President, Hubei Federation of Trade Unions (2015–) Head, Hebei Provincial United Front Work Department (2012–2015) |
SPM
|
| Zhang Jianping (born 1956) |
张建平 | § | Han | Deputy Commander, PLA Air Force | Lt. Gen.
|
| Chen Chuanping (born 1962) |
陈川平 | ♮ | Han | Secretary, Taiyuan Municipal Committee (2012–2014) | SPM
|
| Hao Peng (born 1960) |
郝鹏 | —
|
Han | Governor of Qinghai | PM
|
| Ke Zunping (born 1956) |
柯尊平 | —
|
Han | Chairman, Standing Committee of Sichuan People's Political Consultative Conference (2015–) Deputy Secretary, Sichuan Provincial Committee (2013–2015) Head, Sichuan Provincial Organization Department (2012–2013) |
PM
|
| Lou Qinjian (born 1956) |
娄勤俭 | —
|
Han | Governor of Shaanxi Deputy Secretary, Shaanxi Provincial Committee |
PM
|
| Yao Yinliang (born 1956) |
姚引良 | —
|
Han | Vice Governor, Shaanxi Secretary, Yan'an Municipal Committee (2012–2015) |
SPM
|
| Xia Jie (born 1960) |
夏杰 | ♀ | Hui | Head, Henan Provincial Organization Department | SPM
|
| Xu Songnan (born 1956) |
徐松南 | —
|
Han | Secretary, Chongqing Discipline Inspection Commission | SPM
|
| Jiang Weilie (born 1955) |
蒋伟烈 | § | Han | Deputy Commander, People's Liberation Army Navy | V-Adm.
|
| Wan Lijun (born 1957) |
万立骏 | —
|
Han | President, University of Science and Technology of China (2015–) | SPM
|
| Wang Huizhong (born 1956) |
王辉忠 | —
|
Han | Deputy Secretary, Zhejiang Provincial Committee Secretary, Zhejiang Political and Legal Affairs Commission |
SPM
|
| Niu Zhizhong (born 1955) |
牛志忠 | ♮§ | Han | Chief of Staff, People's Armed Police | Lt. Gen.
|
| Deng Kai (born 1959) |
邓凯 | —
|
Han | Deputy Secretary, Henan Provincial Committee | SPM
|
| Ye Hongzhuan (born 1958) |
叶红专 | —
|
Tujia | Secretary, Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture Committee | DE
|
| Erkenjan Turahun (born 1964) |
尔肯江·吐拉洪 | —
|
Uyghur | Chairman, Xinjiang Federation of Trade Unions | SPM
|
| Liu Yuting (born 1956) |
刘玉亭 | —
|
Han | Deputy Director, State Administration for Industry and Commerce | SPM
|
| Liu Shiquan (born 1963) |
刘石泉 | —
|
Han | Vice President, China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation | —
|
| Li Kang (born 1957) |
李康 | ♀ | Zhuang | Vice Chairman, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region | SPM
|
| Li Changping (born 1961) |
李昌平 | —
|
Tibetan | Chairman, Sichuan Rural Work Commission | SPM
|
| Yang Weize (born 1962) |
杨卫泽 | ♮ | Han | Secretary, Nanjing Municipal Committee (2012–2015) | SPM
|
| Chen Zuoning (born 1957) |
陈左宁 | ♀ | Han | Vice President, Chinese Academy of Engineering | —
|
| Nurlan Abelmanjen (born 1962) |
努尔兰·阿不都满金 | —
|
Kazakh | Chairman, Xinjiang People's Political Consultative Conference | PM
|
| Lin Duo (born 1956) |
林铎 | —
|
Han | Secretary, Liaoning Commission for Discipline Inspection (2014–) Secretary, Harbin Municipal Committee (2012–2014) |
SPM
|
| Jin Zhuanglong (born 1964) |
金壮龙 | —
|
Han | General Manager, Commercial Aircraft Corporation of China | —
|
| Zhao Aiming (born 1961) |
赵爱明 | ♀ | Han | Head, Jiangxi Provincial Organization Department | SPM
|
| Qin Yizhi (born 1965) |
秦宜智 | —
|
Han | First Secretary, Communist Youth League | PM
|
| Qin Yinhe (born 1951) |
秦银河 | § | Han | Deputy Director, General Logistics Department of the People's Liberation Army (2012–2014) | Lt. Gen.
|
| Gao Jianguo (born 1954) |
高建国 | § | Han | Director, Shenyang Military Region Political Department | Lt. Gen.
|
| Guo Jianbo (born 1960) |
郭剑波 | —
|
Han | President, China Electric Power Research Institute | —
|
| Huang Kunming (born 1956) |
黄坤明 | —
|
Han | Executive Deputy Head, Propaganda Department | PM
|
| Huang Xinchu (born 1957) |
黄新初 | —
|
Han | Secretary, Chengdu Municipal Committee | SPM
|
| Cao Shumin (born 1966) |
曹淑敏 | ♀ | Han | President, China Academy for Information and Communication Technology | —
|
| Ge Huijun (born 1963) |
葛慧君 | ♀ | Han | Head, Zhejiang Provincial Propaganda Department | SPM
|
| Zeng Wei (born 1956) |
曾维 | —
|
Han | Secretary, Shenyang Municipal Committee | SPM
|
| Yu Weiguo (born 1955) |
于伟国 | —
|
Han | Deputy Secretary, Fujian Provincial Committee (2013–2015) Governor of Fujian (2015–) |
SPM
|
| Wang Ning (born 1955) |
王宁 | § | Han | Deputy Chief of General Staff, People's Liberation Army (2013–2014) Commander, People's Armed Police (2014–) |
Gen.
|
| Wang Jun (born 1958) |
王军 | —
|
Han | Director, State Administration of Taxation | PM
|
| Wang Jian (born 1954) |
王健 | § | Han | Deputy Political Commissar, Beijing Military Region | Lt. Gen.
|
| Lü Xiwen (born 1955) |
吕锡文 | ♮♀ | Han | Deputy Secretary, Beijing Municipal Committee (2013–2015) | SPM
|
| Ruan Chengfa (born 1957) |
阮成发 | —
|
Han | Secretary, Wuhan Municipal Committee | SPM
|
| Li Xi (born 1956) |
李希 | —
|
Han | Head, Shanghai Organization Department (2012–2014) Governor of Liaoning (2014–2015) Secretary, Liaoning Provincial Committee (2015–) |
PM
|
| Li Qun (born 1962) |
李群 | —
|
Han | Secretary, Qingdao Municipal Committee | SPM
|
| Li Yunfeng (born 1957) |
李云峰 | ♮ | Han | Executive Vice Governor of Jiangsu | SPM
|
| Li Guoying (born 1964) |
李国英 | —
|
Han | Vice Minister of Water Resources (2012–2015) Deputy Secretary, Anhui Provincial Committee (2015–2016) Governor of Anhui (2016–) |
SPM
|
| Wu Manqing (born 1965) |
吴曼青 | —
|
Han | President, China Academy of Electronics and Information Technology | —
|
| Shen Suli (born 1958) |
沈素琍 | ♀ | Han | Head, Anhui United Front Department | SPM
|
| Fan Changmi (born 1955) |
范长秘 | ♮§ | Han | Director, Lanzhou Military Region Political Department (2012–2014) | Lt. Gen.
|
| Ouyang Jian (born 1957) |
欧阳坚 | —
|
Bai | Deputy Secretary, Gansu Provincial Committee | SPM
|
| Zhao Yupei (born 1954) |
赵玉沛 | —
|
Han | President, Peking Union Medical College Hospital | —
|
| Huang Lixin (born 1962) |
黄莉新 | ♀ | Han | Secretary, Nanjing Municipal Committee (2015–) | SPM
|
| Gong Ke (born 1955) |
龚克 | —
|
Han | President, Nankai University | SPM
|
| Liang Liming (born 1961) |
梁黎明 | ♀ | Han | Vice Governor of Zhejiang | SPM
|
| Dao Linyin (born 1959) |
刀林荫 | ♀ | Dai | Vice Chairman, Yunnan People's Congress | SPM
|
| Ma Weiming (born 1960) |
马伟明 | § | Han | Professor, PLA Navy Engineering University | RADM
|
| Wang Min (born 1956) |
王敏 | ♮ | Han | Secretary, Jinan Municipal Committee (2012–2014) | —
|
| Wang Wentao (born 1964) |
王文涛 | —
|
Han | Secretary, Nanchang Municipal Committee (2012–2015) Secretary, Jinan Municipal Committee (2015–) |
SPM
|
| Niu Hongguang (born 1951) |
牛红光 | § | Han | Deputy Director, People's Liberation Army General Armaments Department | Lt. Gen.
|
| Mao Chaofeng (born 1965) |
毛超峰 | —
|
Han | Executive Vice Governor of Hainan (2015–) Secretary, Hainan Political and Legal Affairs Commission (2013–2015) |
SPM
|
| Gongpo Tashi (born 1962) |
公保扎西 | —
|
Tibetan | Head, Tibet United Front Department | SPM
|
| Zhu Shanlu (born 1953) |
朱善璐 | —
|
Han | Secretary, Peking University | SPM
|
| Ren Hongbin (born 1963) |
任洪斌 | —
|
Han | Chairman, Sinomach | —
|
| Tang Tao (born 1962) |
汤涛 | —
|
Han | Head, Shanxi Organization Department (2012–2015) Vice Minister of Human Resources and Social Security |
SPM
|
| Li Jincheng (born 1963) |
李金城 | —
|
Han | Vice-president, China Railway Construction Corporation Limited | —
|
| Li Xiansheng (born 1954) |
李宪生 | —
|
Han | Deputy Secretary, Hainan Provincial Committee (2012–2014) | SPM
|
| Li Peilin (born 1955) |
李培林 | —
|
Han | Vice President, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences | SPM
|
| Wu Zhenglong (born 1964) |
吴政隆 | —
|
Han | Secretary, Taiyuan Municipal Committee (2014–) | SPM
|
| Zhang Xiaoming (born 1963) |
张晓明 | —
|
Han | Director, Liaison Office of the Central Government in Hong Kong | PM
|
| Zhang Xiwu (born 1958) |
张喜武 | ♮ | Han | Deputy Director, State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission | SPM
|
| Zhang Ruimin (born 1949) |
张瑞敏 | —
|
Han | Chief executive, Haier | —
|
| Zhang Ruiqing (born 1955) |
张瑞清 | § | Han | Deputy Political Commissar, People's Armed Police | Lt. Gen.
|
| Shang Yong (born 1957) |
尚勇 | —
|
Han | Executive Vice President, China Association for Science and Technology (2015–) | —
|
| Hu Heping (born 1962) |
胡和平 | —
|
Han | Deputy Secretary, Shaanxi Provincial Committee | SPM
|
| Ni Yuefeng (born 1964) |
倪岳峰 | —
|
Han | Secretary, Fujian Commission for Discipline Inspection | SPM
|
| Yin Fanglong (born 1953) |
殷方龙 | § | Han | Deputy Director, People's Liberation Army General Political Department | Gen.
|
| Cao Guangjing (born 1964) |
曹广晶 | —
|
Han | Vice Governor of Hubei | SPM
|
| Lei Chunmei (born 1959) |
雷春美 | ♀ | She | Head, Fujian United Front Department | SPM
|
| Wang Yongchun (born 1960) |
王永春 | ♮ | Han | Vice President, China National Petroleum Corporation (2012–2013) | —
|
| Xu Linping (born 1957) |
许林平 | § | Han | Deputy Commander, Nanjing Military Region | Lt. Gen.
|
| Sun Jinlong (born 1962) |
孙金龙 | —
|
Han | Deputy Secretary, Hunan Provincial Committee | SPM
|
| Jin Donghan (born 1961) |
金东寒 | —
|
Han | Lead Engineer, China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation | —
|
| He Fuchu (born 1962) |
贺福初 | § | Han | President, Military Medicine Academy | Maj. Gen.
|
| Xia Deren (born 1955) |
夏德仁 | —
|
Han | Chairman, Liaoning People's Political Consultative Conference | PM
|
| E Jingping (born 1956) |
鄂竟平 | —
|
Han | Director, Office of the South-North Water Transfer Project | PM
|
| Jiang Chaoliang (born 1957) |
蒋超良 | —
|
Han | Governor of Jilin (2015–) Chairman, Agricultural Bank of China (2012–2014) |
—
|
| Ma Zhengqi (born 1959) |
马正其 | —
|
Han | Deputy Director, State Administration for Industry and Commerce | SPM
|
| Shi Taifeng (born 1956) |
石泰峰 | —
|
Han | Secretary, Suzhou Municipal Committee (2012–2015) Deputy Secretary, Jiangsu Provincial Committee (2012–2015) Governor of Jiangsu (2015–2017) Secretary, Ningxia Regional Committee (2017–) |
PM
|
| Li Yumei (born 1956) |
李玉妹 | ♀ | Han | Head, Guangdong Organization Department | SPM
|
| Yang Hui (born 1963) |
杨晖 | § | Han | Chief of Staff, Nanjing Military Region | Lt. Gen.
|
| Wu Changhai (born 1954) |
吴长海 | § | Han | Deputy Political Commissar, Nanjing Military Region | Lt. Gen.
|
| Song Liping (born 1962) |
宋丽萍 | ♀ | Han | President and CEO, Shenzhen Stock Exchange | —
|
| Zhang Yesui (born 1953) |
张业遂 | —
|
Han | Secretary, Party Committee of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs |
PM
|
| Chen Run'er (born 1957) |
陈润儿 | —
|
Han | Governor of Henan (2016–) Deputy Secretary, Heilongjiang Provincial Committee (2014–2016) |
PM
|
| Jiang Jianqing (born 1953) |
姜建清 | —
|
Han | Chairman, Industrial and Commercial Bank of China | —
|
| Mei Kebao (born 1957) |
梅克保 | —
|
Han | Deputy Director, General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine | SPM
|
| Pan Yiyang (born 1961) |
潘逸阳 | ♮ | Han | Executive Vice Chairman, Inner Mongolia (2012–2014) | SPM
|
| Ding Xuexiang (born 1962) |
丁薛祥 | —
|
Han | Deputy Director, General Office of the Communist Party Chief of Staff to the General Secretary |
SPM
|
| Ulan (born 1962) |
乌兰 | ♀ | Mongolian | Deputy Secretary, Hunan Provincial Committee (2016–) Head, Inner Mongolia Propaganda Department (2012–2016) |
SPM
|
| Sun Shougang (born 1965) |
孙守刚 | —
|
Han | Head, Shandong Propaganda Department | SPM
|
| Li Jia (born 1961) |
李佳 | —
|
Han | Deputy Secretary, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Regional Committee | SPM
|
| Zhao Yong (born 1963) |
赵勇 | —
|
Han | Deputy Secretary, Hebei Provincial Committee | SPM
|
| Xu Lejiang (born 1959) |
徐乐江 | —
|
Han | Chairman, Baosteel Group | —
|
| Cao Qing (born 1952) |
曹清 | § | Han | Deputy Commander, Beijing Military Region (2015–) Director, Central Guard Bureau (2012–2015) |
Lt. Gen.
|
| Cai Zhenhua (born 1961) |
蔡振华 | —
|
Han | Director, State General Administration of Sports President, Chinese Football Association |
PM
|
| Wan Qingliang (born 1964) |
万庆良 | ♮ | Han | Secretary, Guangzhou Municipal Committee (2012–2014) | SPM
|
| Yin Li (born 1962) |
尹力 | —
|
Han | Deputy Secretary, Sichuan Provincial Committee (2015–2016) Governor of Sichuan (2016–) |
SPM
|
| Du Jiahao (born 1955) |
杜家毫 | —
|
Han | Governor of Hunan (2013–2016) Secretary, Hunan Provincial Committee (2016-) |
PM
|
| Li Chuncheng (born 1956) |
李春城 | ♮ | Han | Deputy Secretary, Sichuan Provincial Committee (2012) | SPM
|
| He Lifeng (born 1955) |
何立峰 | —
|
Han | Deputy Director, National Development and Reform Commission | PM
|
| Chen Gang (born 1966) |
陈刚 | —
|
Han | Vice Mayor of Beijing | SPM
|
| Wang Rong (born 1958) |
王荣 | —
|
Han | Secretary, Shenzhen Municipal Committee (2012–2015) Chairman, Guangdong People's Political Consultative Conference (2015–) |
PM
|
| Ji Lin (born 1962) |
吉林 | —
|
Han | Chairman, Beijing People's Political Consultative Conference | PM
|
| Liu Jian (born 1970) |
刘剑 | —
|
Han | Secretary, Hami Prefecture Committee | DE
|
| Li Bing (born 1949) |
李冰 | —
|
Han | Vice President, China Writers Association | —
|
| Zhang Xuan (born 1958) |
张轩 | ♀ | Han | Chairman, Chongqing People's Congress | PM
|
| Hu Xiaolian (born 1958) |
胡晓炼 | ♀ | Han | Deputy Governor, People's Bank of China | SPM
|
| Guo Mingyi (born 1958) |
郭明义 | —
|
Han | Vice Chairman, All-China Federation of Trade Unions | SPM
|
| Wang Xiaochu (born 1958) |
王晓初 | —
|
Han | Chairman, China Telecom | —
|
| Jiang Xiaojuan (born 1957) |
江小涓 | ♀ | Han | Deputy Secretary-General, State Council | SPM
|
| Wang Hongzhang (born 1954) |
王洪章 | —
|
Han | Chairman, China Construction Bank | —
|
| Hu Huaibang (born 1955) |
胡怀邦 | —
|
Han | Chairman, China Development Bank | —
|
| Yi Xiaoguang (born 1958) |
乙晓光 | § | Han | Deputy Chief of General Staff, People's Liberation Army | Lt. Gen.
|
| Qiu He (born 1957) |
仇和 | ♮ | Han | Deputy Secretary, Yunnan Provincial Committee (2012–2015) | SPM
|
| Li Xiaopeng (born 1959) |
李小鹏 | —
|
Han | Governor of Shanxi (2013–2016) Minister of Transport (2016–) |
PM
|
See also
Notes
- ↑ Prior to the 1980s, the composition of the Central Committee was essentially pre-determined by the party's top leaders.[3] However, beginning at the 13th Party Congress in 1987, the number of candidates standing for office had been increased to be greater than the number of seats available.[3] With this method, the candidates that receive the lowest confirmation votes in favour at a party congress would not be elected.[3]
- ↑ It is notable that Li Xiaopeng, the son of Li Peng, gathered the fewest votes of those elected to alternate membership, making him rank last on the alternate member list.[7] Li served as Governor of Shanxi during his term as an alternate member of the Central Committee.[7]
- ↑ "Active" political positions refer to the offices of Governor and provincial-level Party Secretary; often, an individual is considered retired when they relinquish either of those offices due to age, and are assigned some kind of committee membership in the National People's Congress.
- ↑ Wu Aiying's expulsion from the party at the plenum was the first public announcement of her downfall; she had been Minister of Justice earlier in 2017 and seemingly retired without much fanfare.
- ↑ Wang Zhigang's position is unusual in that he is a party branch secretary of a ministry, as opposed to a minister. In most cases, a minister is concurrently the party branch secretary of the ministry. In this case, the Minister of Science and Technology, Wan Gang, is not a member of the Communist Party, so Wang tends to party duties at the ministry and is ranked as a full minister-level official.
- ↑ Quan has been, since 2006, a minister-level official by virtue of his position as the party branch secretary of the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce, which is nominally a non-partisan, apolitical body that is given ministry-level status for the purposes of administration and protocol. He is the only ethnic Korean full member of the Central Committee.
- ↑ Li was investigated by the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection and assigned leading responsibility for corruption at the Ministry of Civil Affairs; as a result, he lost his Central Committee membership. He was, however, allowed to maintain his party membership on a two-year probationary basis.
- ↑ Yang was investigated by the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection and accused of disciplinary failings, and demoted in 2017.
- ↑ Wu Xinxiong holds a position that is normally considered deputy-minister level. However he was formerly the Governor of Jiangxi and maintained his rank when he transferred to positions in Beijing. His successor Nur Bekri was given similar treatment.
References
Citations
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 National Congress of the Communist Party of China (14 November 2012). "Constitution of the Communist Party of China". Retrieved 1 July 2015.
- ↑ Staff writers 2012, p. 10.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Wu, Wei (15 September 2014). "选举制度改革：十三大后的探索" [Reform of the Electoral System: The Reforms of the 13th National Congress]. The New York Times. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Staff writers 2012, p. 11.
- ↑ "Nearly half of CPC Central Committee members are newcomers". China Daily. Xinhua News Agency. 14 November 2012. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Lam 2012, p. 3.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Lam 2012, p. 4.
- ↑ An, ed. (15 November 2013). "China issues detailed reform roadmap". Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on November 18, 2013. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Lan, Xiaohuan (2024). How China Works: An Introduction to China's State-led Economic Development. Translated by Topp, Gary. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-981-97-0080-6. ISBN 978-981-97-0079-0.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Lu, Hui, ed. (15 November 2013). "Xi explains China's reform plan". Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on November 18, 2013. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Yi, Yang, ed. (23 October 2014). "CPC key meeting lays down major tasks for advancing "rule of law"". Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on October 31, 2014. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Doyon & Winckler 2014, pp. 17–20.
- ↑ "观察：中共十八届五中全会的两大议题". BBC.
- ↑ "十八届五中全会会议公报全文发布". Central Committee of the Communist Party of China via Sina. October 30, 2015.
- ↑ Lai, Christina (2016-10-26). "In China's sixth plenum, Xi strives to polish image abroad". www.asiatimes.com. Retrieved 2016-11-11.
- ↑ "一图读懂中共十八届七中全会公报". Ifeng. 14 October 2017.
Sources
- General
Plenary sessions, apparatus heads, ethnicity, the Central Committee member- and alternate membership, Politburo membership, Secretariat membership, Central Military Commission members, Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection membership, Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, offices an individual held, retirement, if the individual in question is military personnel, female, has been expelled, is currently under investigation or has retired:
- "中共中央直属机构" [Agencies reporting directly to the CPC Central Committee]. People's Daily Online (in 中文). Retrieved 2 July 2015.
- "List of members of the 18th CPC Central Committee". China Daily. 14 November 2012. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
- "List of alternate members of 18th CPC Central Committee". Xinhua News Agency. 14 November 2012. Archived from the original on November 17, 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
- Yi, Yang, ed. (23 October 2014). "Highlights of communique of 4th plenary session of CPC Central Committee". Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on October 28, 2014. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
- "令计划涉嫌严重违纪正接受组织调查" [Ling Jihua accused of serious violation of discipline and is under organizational investigation] (in 中文). Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Communist Party of China. 22 December 2014. Archived from the original on 23 December 2014. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
- Ranade, Jayadeva (December 2012). "Contemporary China: CCP, Army and the 18th Central Committee". Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
- "Xi Jinping elected general secretary of CPC Central Committee". China Daily. Xinhua News Agency. 15 November 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
- "List of Political Bureau members of 18th CPC Central Committee". China Daily. Xinhua News Agency. 15 November 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
- "List of members of 18th CPC Central Committee Secretariat". Xinhua News Agency. 15 November 2012. Archived from the original on November 17, 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
- "List of chairman, vice chairmen, members of CPC Central Military Commission". Xinhua News Agency. 15 November 2012. Archived from the original on November 17, 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
- "List of secretary, deputy secretaries, Standing Committee members of CPC discipline commission". Xinhua News Agency. 15 November 2012. Archived from the original on November 19, 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
- "List of members of CPC Central Commission for Discipline Inspection". Xinhua News Agency. 14 November 2012. Archived from the original on November 17, 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
- "Browse Institutions: All Categories: Political Parties and Movements: Communist Party of China (CPC): CPC, Central Committee". China Vitae. Retrieved 5 July 2015. Note: For information on individual members (such as work history, birthdate, or ethnicity), press on their names (which will lead you to a page devoted to that specific individual).
- "Database of CPC and government executives". People's Daily (in 中文). Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. Retrieved 8 July 2015. Note: For information on individual members (such as work history, birthdate, or ethnicity), search their name (in Chinese) and you will be transported directly to a page devoted to them.
- Articles and journals
- Doyon, Jerome; Winckler, Hugo (2014). "The Fourth Plenum, Party Officials and Local Courts" (PDF). China Brief. XIV (22). Jamestown Foundation: 17–20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-02-15. Retrieved 2015-07-05.
- Lam, Willy (30 November 2012). "Communist Youth League Clique Maintains Clout Despite Congress Setback" (PDF). China Brief. XII (23). Jamestown Foundation: 2–4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-07-13. Retrieved 2015-07-05.
- Staff writers (21 December 2012). "The China Rising Leaders Project, Part 2: Outcomes of the Chinese Communist Party's 18th National Congress" (PDF). U.S.–China Economic and Security Review Commission Staff Research Report: 1–28.
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