Electric energy consumption
Electric energy consumption is energy consumption in the form of electrical energy.[2] About a fifth of global energy is consumed as electricity: for residential, industrial, commercial, transportation and other purposes.[2] The global electricity consumption in 2022 was 24,398 terawatt-hour (TWh), almost exactly three times the amount of consumption in 1981 (8,132 TWh).[3] China, the United States, and India accounted for more than half of the global share of electricity consumption. Japan and Russia followed with nearly twice the consumption of the remaining industrialized countries.[3]
Overview
Electric energy is most often measured either in joules (J), or in watt hours (W·h).[4]
- 1 W·s = 1 J
- 1 W·h = 3,600 W·s = 3,600 J
- 1 kWh = 3,600 kWs = 1,000 Wh = 3.6 million W·s = 3.6 million J
Electric and electronic devices consume electric energy to generate desired output (light, heat, motion, etc.). During operation, some part of the energy is lost depending on the electrical efficiency.[5] Electricity has been generated in power stations since 1882.[6] The invention of the steam turbine in 1884 to drive the electric generator led to an increase in worldwide electricity consumption.[7] In 2022, the total worldwide electricity production was nearly 29,000 TWh.[8] Total primary energy is converted into numerous forms, including, but not limited to, electricity, heat and motion.[9] Some primary energy is lost during the conversion to electricity, as seen in the United States, where a little more than 60% was lost in 2022.[9] Electricity accounted for more than 20% of worldwide final energy consumption in 2022, with oil being less than 40%, coal being less than 9%, natural gas being less than 15%, biofuels and waste less than 10%, and other sources (such as heat, solar electricity, wind electricity and geothermal) being more than 5%.[10] The total final electricity consumption in 2022 was split unevenly between the following sectors: industry (42.2%), residential (26.8%), commercial and public services (21.1%), transport (1.8%), and other (8.1%; i.e., agriculture and fishing).[10] In 1981, the final electricity consumption continued to decrease in the industrial sector and increase in the residential, commercial and public services sectors.[10] A sensitivity analysis on an adaptive neuro-fuzzy network model for electric demand estimation shows that employment is the most critical factor influencing electrical consumption.[11] The study used six parameters as input data, employment, GDP, dwelling, population, heating degree day and cooling degree day, with electricity demand as output variable.[11]
World electricity consumption
The table lists 45 electricity-consuming countries, which used about 22,000 TWh. These countries comprise about 90% of the final consumption of 190+ countries. The final consumption to generate this electricity is provided for every country. The data is from 2022.[8][12] In 2022, OECD's final electricity consumption was over 10,000 TWh.[3] In that year, the industrial sector consumed about 42.2% of the electricity, with the residential sector consuming nearly 26.8%, the commercial and public services sectors consuming about 21.1%, the transport sector consuming nearly 1.8%, and the other sectors (such as agriculture and fishing) consuming nearly 8.1%.[10] In recent decades, the consumption in the residential and commercial and public services sectors has grown, while the industry consumption has declined.[3] More recently, the transport sector has witnessed an increase in consumption with the growth in the electric vehicle market.[3]
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Consumption per capita
The final consumption divided by the number of inhabitants provides a country's consumption per capita. In Western Europe, this is between 4 and 8 MWh/year.[8] (1 MWh = 1,000 kWh) In Scandinavia, the United States, Canada, Taiwan, South Korea, Australia, Japan and the United Kingdom, the per capita consumption is higher; however, in developing countries, it is much lower.[8] The world's average was about 3 MWh/year in 2022.[8] Very low consumption levels, such as those in Philippines, not included in the table, indicate that many inhabitants are not connected to the electricity grid, and that is the reason why some of the world's most populous countries, incl. Nigeria and Bangladesh, do not appear in the table.[12]
Electricity generation and GDP
The table lists 30 countries, which represent about 76% of the world population, 84% of the world GDP, and 85% of the world electricity generation.[8][12][14][15] Productivity per electricity generation (concept similar to energy intensity) can be measured by dividing GDP over the electricity generated. The data is from 2019.[8][12][14][15]
| Country | Population, millions |
rank* | GDP (PPP), billions (USD) |
rank* | GDP (PPP) per capita |
rank* | Electricity generation (GWh/yr) |
rank* | GDP (PPP) /kWh* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China | 1,407 | 1 | $14,280 | 2 | $10,149 | 15 | 7,503,428 | 1 | $1.9 |
| File:Flag of India.svg India | 1,366 | 2 | $2,871 | 6 | $2,102 | 26 | 1,603,675 | 3 | $1.8 |
| File:Flag of the United States.svg USA | 328 | 3 | $21,433 | 1 | $65,345 | 1 | 4,411,159 | 2 | $4.9 |
| File:Flag of Indonesia.svg Indonesia | 270.6 | 4 | $1,119 | 16 | $4,135 | 20 | 278,942 | 17 | $4.0 |
| File:Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil | 211 | 6 | $1,878 | 9 | $8,900 | 18 | 626,328 | 7 | $3.0 |
| File:Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan | 216.6 | 5 | $279 | 26 | $1,288 | 28 | 138,626 | 24 | $2.0 |
| File:Flag of Bangladesh.svg Bangladesh | 163 | 8 | $302 | 25 | $1,853 | 27 | 89,672 | 27 | $3.4 |
| File:Flag of Nigeria.svg Nigeria | 201 | 7 | $448 | 22 | $2,229 | 25 | 33,552[16] | 28 | $13.4 |
| File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia | 144 | 9 | $1,687 | 11 | $11,715 | 14 | 1,118,143 | 4 | $1.5 |
| File:Flag of Japan.svg Japan | 126 | 11 | $5,149 | 3 | $40,865 | 7 | 1,030,286 | 5 | $5.0 |
| File:Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico | 127.6 | 10 | $1,269 | 15 | $9,945 | 16 | 322,584 | 13 | $3.9 |
| File:Flag of the Philippines.svg Philippines | 108 | 13 | $377 | 23 | $3,491 | 21 | 106,041 | 26 | $3.6 |
| File:Flag of Vietnam.svg Vietnam | 96.5 | 15 | $262 | 27 | $2,715 | 24 | 227,461 | 21 | $1.2 |
| File:Flag of Ethiopia.svg Ethiopia | 112 | 12 | $96 | 29 | $857 | 29 | 14,553[17] | 29 | $6.6 |
| File:Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt | 100.4 | 14 | $303 | 24 | $3,018 | 23 | 200,563 | 22 | $1.5 |
| File:Flag of Germany.svg Germany | 83 | 18 | $3,888 | 4 | $46,843 | 4 | 609,406 | 8 | $6.4 |
| File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey | 83.5 | 17 | $761 | 19 | $9,114 | 17 | 303,898 | 15 | $2.5 |
| File:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg DR Congo | 86.8 | 16 | $50 | 30 | $576 | 30 | 9,990[18] | 30 | $5.0 |
| File:Flag of Iran.svg Iran | 83 | 19 | $258 | 28 | $3,108 | 22 | 318,696 | 14 | $0.8 |
| File:Flag of Thailand.svg Thailand | 69.6 | 20 | $544 | 21 | $7,816 | 19 | 186,503 | 23 | $2.9 |
| File:Flag of France.svg France | 67.3 | 21 | $2,729 | 7 | $40,550 | 8 | 562,842 | 10 | $4.8 |
| File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg UK | 66.8 | 22 | $2,879 | 5 | $43,099 | 6 | 324,761 | 12 | $8.9 |
| File:Flag of Italy.svg Italy | 59.7 | 23 | $2,009 | 8 | $33,652 | 9 | 293,853 | 16 | $6.8 |
| File:Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea | 51.7 | 24 | $1,651 | 12 | $31,934 | 10 | 585,301 | 9 | $2.8 |
| File:Flag of Spain.svg Spain | 47.1 | 25 | $1,393 | 13 | $29,575 | 11 | 267,501 | 19 | $5.2 |
| File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada | 37.6 | 26 | $1,742 | 10 | $46,330 | 5 | 648,676 | 6 | $2.7 |
| File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg Saudi Arabia | 34.3 | 27 | $793 | 18 | $23,120 | 13 | 343,661 | 11 | $2.3 |
| File:Flag of the Republic of China.svg Taiwan | 23.6[13] | 28 | $605[19] | 20 | $25,636 | 12 | 274,059 | 18 | $2.2 |
| File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia | 25.4 | 29 | $1,392 | 14 | $54,803 | 2 | 265,901 | 20 | $5.2 |
| File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands | 17.3 | 30 | $910 | 17 | $52,601 | 3 | 121,062 | 25 | $7.5 |
| World | 7,683 | — | $87,555 | — | $11,395 | — | 27,044,191 | — | $3.5 |
| |||||||||
Electricity consumption by sector
The table below lists the 15 countries with the highest final electricity consumption, which comprised more than 70% of the global consumption in 2022.[8]
| Country/ Geographical Region | Total (TWh) |
Industry | Transport | Commercial /Public Services |
Residential | Agriculture
/Forestry |
other |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China | 7,214 | 59.9% | 2.4% | 7.3% | 16.4% | 2.2% | 11.8% |
| File:Flag of the United States.svg United States | 4,272 | 19.9% | 0.6% | 35.2% | 37.4% | 2.1% | 4.8% |
| File:Flag of India.svg India | 1,403 | 37.7% | 11.2% | 7.8% | 21.7% | 15.9% | 5.7% |
| File:Flag of Japan.svg Japan | 1,132 | 37% | 1.8% | 33.7% | 27.1% | 0.3% | 0.1% |
| File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia | 934 | 44.8% | 11.1% | 20.4% | 21.1% | 2.5% | 0.1% |
| File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada | 595 | 35.9% | 1.5% | 28.1% | 32.5% | 2.0% | 0% |
| File:Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea | 553 | 52.3% | 0.6% | 31.4% | 12.7% | 2.5% | 0.5% |
| File:Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil | 550 | 38.3% | 0.7% | 27.3% | 27.7% | 6% | 0% |
| File:Flag of Germany.svg Germany | 539 | 44.8% | 2.3% | 26.4% | 25.4% | 1.1% | 0% |
| File:Flag of France.svg France | 463 | 26.9% | 2.4% | 31.5% | 37% | 1.9% | 0.3% |
| File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg Saudi Arabia | 317 | 33.7% | 3.9% | 28.3% | 25% | 4.1% | 5% |
| File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom | 312 | 18.3% | 2.2% | 38.2% | 39.1% | 2% | 0.2% |
| File:Flag of Italy.svg Italy | 300 | 30% | 5% | 32% | 30% | 1% | 2% |
| File:Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico | 296 | 29% | 4% | 33% | 30% | 3% | 1% |
| File:Flag of Iran.svg Iran | 280 | 24% | 6% | 37% | 25% | 5% | 3% |
| World | 24,398 | 42.2% | 1.8% | 21.1% | 26.8% | 3.1% | 5% |
Electricity outlook
This section needs to be updated. (February 2022) |
Looking forward, increasing energy efficiency will result in less electricity needed for a given demand in power, but demand will increase strongly on the account of:[20]
- Economic growth in developing countries,[20] and
- Electrification of transport and heating. Combustion engines are replaced by electric drive and for heating less gas and oil, but more electricity is used, if possible with heat pumps.[20]
The International Energy Agency expects revisions of subsidies for fossil fuels which amounted to $550 billion in 2013, more than four times renewable energy subsidies. In this scenario,[21] almost half of the increase in 2040 of electricity consumption is covered by more than 80% growth of renewable energy. Many new nuclear plants will be constructed, mainly to replace old ones. The nuclear part of electricity generation will increase from 11 to 12%. The renewable part goes up much more, from 21 to 33%. The IEA warns that in order to restrict global warming to 2 °C, carbon dioxide emissions[22] must not exceed 1000 gigaton (Gt) from 2014. This limit is reached in 2040 and emissions will not drop to zero ever. The World Energy Council[23] sees world electricity consumption increasing to more than 40,000 TWh/a in 2040. The fossil part of generation depends on energy policy. It can stay around 70% in the so-called Jazz scenario where countries rather independently "improvise" but it can also decrease to around 40% in the Symphony scenario if countries work "orchestrated" for more climate friendly policy. Carbon dioxide emissions, 32 Gt/a in 2012, will increase to 46 Gt/a in Jazz but decrease to 26 Gt/a in Symphony. Accordingly, until 2040 the renewable part of generation will stay at about 20% in Jazz but increase to about 45% in Symphony. An EU survey conducted on climate and energy consumption in 2022 found that 63% of people in the European Union want energy costs to be dependent on use, with the greatest consumers paying more. This is compared to 83% in China, 63% in the UK and 57% in the US.[24][25] 24% of Americans surveyed believing that people and businesses should do more to cut their own usage (compared to 20% in the UK, 19% in the EU, and 17% in China).[26][27] Nearly half of those polled in the European Union (47%) and the United Kingdom (45%) want their government to focus on the development of renewable energies. This is compared to 37% in both the United States and China when asked to list their priorities on energy.[26][28][29]
See also
- Electricity generation
- Electricity retailing
- List of countries by energy intensity
- List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions
- List of countries by electricity consumption
- List of countries by electricity production
- List of countries by energy consumption per capita
- List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions
- List of countries by renewable electricity production
- List of countries by energy consumption and production
- World energy supply and consumption
References
- ↑ "Electricity Market Report 2023" (PDF). IEA.org. International Energy Agency. February 2023. p. 15. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 March 2023. Licensed CC BY 4.0.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Electricity explained: Use of electricity - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)". www.eia.gov. Archived from the original on 2019-09-16. Retrieved 2022-01-22.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 "Electricity consumption – Electricity Information: Overview – Analysis". IEA. Retrieved 2022-01-22.
- ↑ "Energy Units". www.aps.org. Retrieved 2022-01-23.
- ↑ "Electricity – Sustainable Recovery – Analysis". IEA. Retrieved 2022-02-10.
- ↑ "Electricity Generation". Institute for Energy Research. Institute for Energy Research. 2 September 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
- ↑ "Catalog of CHP Technologies: Section 4. Technology Characterization – Steam Turbines" (PDF). www.epa.gov. March 2015. Retrieved January 23, 2022.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 "Data tables – Data & Statistics". IEA. Archived from the original on 2022-01-19. Retrieved 2022-01-25.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 "More than 60% of energy used for electricity generation is lost in conversion - Today in Energy - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)". www.eia.gov. Retrieved 2022-02-10.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 "Key World Energy Statistics 2021 – Analysis". IEA. Retrieved 2022-02-16.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Zahedi, Gholamreza; Azizi, Saeed; Bahadori, Alireza; Elkamel, Ali; R. Wan Alwi, Sharifah (2013). "Electricity demand estimation using an adaptive neuro-fuzzy network: A case study from the Ontario province – Canada". Energy. 49: 323–328. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2012.10.019.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 "Population, total | Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2022-01-25.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 "National Statistics, Republic of China (Taiwan)". eng.stat.gov.tw. Retrieved 2022-01-25.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 "GDP (current US$) | Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2022-02-02.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 "Statistical Review of World Energy | Energy economics | Home". bp global. Retrieved 2022-02-03.
- ↑ "Energy Profile: Nigeria" (PDF). International Renewable Energy Agency. September 29, 2021. Retrieved February 2, 2022.
- ↑ "Energy Profile: Ethiopia". International Renewable Energy Agency. September 29, 2021. Retrieved February 2, 2022.
- ↑ "Energy Profile: Democratic Republic of the Congo" (PDF). International Renewable Energy Agency. September 29, 2021. Retrieved February 2, 2022.
- ↑ "National Statistics, Republic of China (Taiwan)". eng.stat.gov.tw. Retrieved 2022-02-02.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 "World Energy Outlook 2021 – Analysis". IEA. Retrieved 2022-02-23.
- ↑ IEA World energy outlook
- ↑ by fossil fuel
- ↑ World energy scenarios
- ↑ "2022-2023 EIB Climate Survey, part 1 of 2: Majority of Europeans say the war in Ukraine and high energy prices should accelerate the green transition". EIB.org. Retrieved 2022-11-17.
- ↑ "Energy poverty". energy.ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2022-11-17.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 "2022-2023 EIB Climate Survey, part 1 of 2: Majority of Europeans say the war in Ukraine and high energy prices should accelerate the green transition". EIB.org. Retrieved 2022-11-17.
- ↑ "Energy efficiency directive". energy.ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2022-11-17.
- ↑ ""Fit for 55": Council agrees on higher targets for renewables and energy efficiency". www.consilium.europa.eu. Retrieved 2022-11-17.
- ↑ "Share of energy consumption from renewable sources in Europe". www.eea.europa.eu. Retrieved 2022-11-17.
External links
- World Electricity production 2012
- World Map and Chart of Energy Consumption by country by Lebanese-economy-forum, World Bank data
- Electricity Information 2019 - IEA
