Coordinates: 13°27′N 22°27′E / 13.450°N 22.450°E / 13.450; 22.450

Masalit massacres (2023–present)

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2023 Masalit massacres
Part of the War crimes during the Sudanese civil war (2023–present)
File:West Darfur in Sudan.svg
West Darfur highlighted in Sudan
LocationWest Darfur, Sudan
Coordinates13°27′N 22°27′E / 13.450°N 22.450°E / 13.450; 22.450
Date24 April 2023 – present
TargetMasalit people
Attack type
Mass murder, ethnic cleansing, genocidal massacre
DeathsAt least 10,000–15,000[1]
PerpetratorRapid Support Forces and Arab Janjaweed tribes
MotiveAnti-black racism, Arab nationalism, Arabisation

The Masalit massacres are an ongoing series of massacres of the Masalit ethnic group in Sudan perpetrated by the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) of Sudan and its allies. The massacres began in 2023 during the Sudanese civil war when the RSF began committing organized mass killings of Masalit civilians in West Dafur. The ongoing massacres include the Ardamata massacre, Misterei massacre and the Battle of Geneina, all of which targeted Masalit civilians within the area of Geneina.[2][3] These incidents have been described by The Economist,[4] Genocide Watch,[5] US academic Eric Reeves,[6] and Khamis Abakar (Governor of West Darfur),[7][8] as a genocide.

Background

This section is an excerpt from War in Darfur § Beginning.[edit]
File:Darfur report - Page 4 Image 2.jpg
Arab Janjaweed tribes have been a major player in the conflict.

In December 2020, Sudan started to deploy troops to South Darfur "in large numbers", following recent tribal violence between the Masalit and Fula.[9] On 16 January fighting between Masalit people and Arab nomads in Al Geneina District, West Darfur, left 84 dead and 160 wounded. This was two weeks after the United Nations withdrew its peacekeepers from the region.[10] Based on a statement from the Darfur Bar Association, the incident began when a member of an Arab tribe was stabbed by another member of the Masalit tribe.[11] Following the unrest, a high profile delegation authorized by Sudanese Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok was sent to the region in order to assess the situation.[12] Ethnic clashes were also reported to have erupted in the eastern part of Sudan on 31 December 2020 and 1 January 2021 between the Beni Amer and Nuba in Port Sudan.[13] On 17 January, a curfew was put in place by the Sudanese authorities, including a state of emergency in West Darfur region.[14] Clashes between the Arabs and non-Arabs in West Darfur began on January 15. By 18 January the death toll was reported to have reached at least 129 people, including women and children.[15][16] The United Nations has urged the Sudanese government to see to the de-escalation of the violence in West Darfur and safeguard civilian lives.[17] On 20 January, the residence of the provincial Governor of West Darfur Mohammed Abdalla al-Douma, was under an attempted attack by unidentified gunmen.[18] Security forces managed to repel the attack without any reports of casualties or destruction of properties.[19] Meanwhile, reports from local media suggested that during the assassination attempt, several blasts were heard all over the state.[20] On 24 January, the UN refugee agency revealed that at least 250 people have died since the initial outbreak of tribal clashes in January. Three humanitarian workers were among those who had been killed.[21][22] Also, more than 100,000 people are believed to have been displaced, fleeing into neighboring Chad.[23][24] On 28 March, Al-Hilu, leader of SPLA-North, signed a peace agreement with the Sudanese government in Juba, South Sudan, which would guarantee freedom of religion in a civil, democratic Sudan that would also have a single unified army to protect national security.[25] On 5 April, fresh tribal clashes erupted in West Darfur's El Geneina, which led to the death of at least 40 people.[26] During the three days of clashes, at least 58 people were also said to have been injured, according to the VOA News.[27] Later in the evening, Sudan's defense council declared a state of emergency and also deployed troops to the troubled region of West Darfur state.[28] As of 6 April, the West Darfur State Doctors' Committee reported that the death toll had reached 50, with 132 others injured.[29] According to the UN, reports suggest that there has been the destruction of humanitarian facilities, during the violence in the region.[30] Also, the decision to declare a state of emergency in the region was applauded by the UN envoy for Sudan, Volker Perthes and he urged the government to ensure the protection of humanitarian organizations, so as to provide services to the victims of the violence.[31] On 7 April, 37 more deaths were recorded by the Sudanese doctors' committee in West Darfur, increasing the total death toll to 87.[32] On 8 April, the governor of the West Darfur, Mohamed Abdallah Douma stated in a news conference that at least 132 people had been killed during the days of unrest in the state.[33] However, the Western Darfur State Doctors Committee has placed the death toll to be at least 125 during the sixth day of tribal clashes consecutively, with 208 others wounded.[34] The UN has called on the authorities to ensure that citizens are protected and that an immediate investigation of the clashes is launched.[35] They also maintained that all the perpetrators of the violence must be held responsible, in order to attain justice for those affected during the clashes, including immediate deployment of security forces to the region.[36] On 12 April, following several days of violence in West Darfur that led to the deaths of at least 144 people, chairman of the ruling Transitional Sovereignty Council, Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, along with high-ranking security and military officials, visited Geneina, capital of West Darfur, where they held separate talks with the Arab Rizeigat and the non-Arab Masalit tribes.[37][38] After the visit, the Dar Masalit Displaced People expressed their refusal to accept the result of the mediation headed by al-Burhan. They blamed the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces for the unrest in the region.[39][40] On 14 April, a statement released by the UN refugee agency confirmed that the violence in Geneina had stopped, based on reports which suggested that there haven't been any shootings for the past four days.[41] The tribal clashes led to at least 1,860 people to flee into neighboring Chad,[42] most of whom are believed to be women, children, and the elderly.[43] Babar Baloch, a spokesman for the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) maintained that the refugees arriving revealed that their homes and properties were being destroyed.[44] On 28 April Sudanese security forces attempted to forcefully disperse a sit-in protest in Bielel, South Darfur.[45] One woman was said to have been killed while at least eight others were wounded. Tear gas was said to have been used to disperse the crowd by a joint force from both the army and the police, including the firing of live rounds.[46][47] Meanwhile, at the secretariat of the state government in Nyala, protesters gathered in front of the building to protest against an attack on their village – Gassat Enjemet – which left three people dead and others wounded.[48] On 5 May, thousands of displaced people that were affected by the clashes in Geneina, requested to go back to their homes. They made the request due to the poor living conditions in their shelters.[49][50] On 29 May, a group of armed men reportedly opened fire in a market in West Darfur's Foro Baranga. As a result of the shooting, one person was said to have been killed, leaving five others seriously wounded.[51][52] Protests erupted following the attack, with protesters setting many shops on fire and blocking all main roads leading to the town.[53] According to Al Jazeera, some people threatened the doctors at the hospital to attend to their wounded patients and leave other patients.[54] On 5 June, clashes between the Arab Taisha and ethnic African Fallata tribes in Um Dafuq, South Darfur killed at least 36 people, with 37 others wounded.[55][56] An aid worker who spoke anonymously revealed that the clash erupted as a result of a land dispute between the two conflicting parties.[57] Subsequently, a certain state of calm was said to have been attained, following the deployment of more troops to Um Dafuk.[58]

Massacres

Following the Battle of Geneina, more than a thousand bodies were left in mass graves in the town of El Geneina.[59] In January 2024, it was revealed that a report to the UN Security Council estimated that 10,000–15,000 people were killed in El Geneina.[1] According to accounts by survivors, massacres were coordinated, specifically targeting Masalit and other dark-skinned inhabitants of Darfur, as opposed to the Sudanese Arab population. The Rapid Support Forces denied involvement, characterizing the situation as a tribal conflict, while Arab tribal leaders denied being involved in ethnic cleansing and held the Masalit responsible for starting the conflict.[59]

Geneina massacre

This section is an excerpt from Battle of Geneina § Allegations of genocide during the El Geneina massacre.[edit]

On 13 July 2023, a UN investigation discovered a mass grave of 87 individuals, all Masalit civilians, near Geneina.[60] The civilians were killed by the Rapid Support Forces between 13 and 21 June.[61] Many of the dead were from al-Madariss and al-Jamarik neighborhoods.[61] Volker Türk, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, deplored the killings and stated that the UN was not allowed access to the site until July.[61] During an attack on 19 June 2023, emir Badawi Masri Balhredin, cousin of the Dar Masalit sultan, was killed by the RSF.[62] Several other prominent people were killed in attacks on 19 and 20 June, including Sadig Haroun, the Commissioner of Humanitarian Aid in the city, and several mayors and imams.[63] The Darfur Bar Association reported the next day that the refugee camps of Kreinik and Sirba were under siege by the RSF. All makeshift shelters and refugee camps had been burned down by 20 June.[63] Numerous villages, neighborhoods, and cultural sites in and around Geneina were destroyed, including the city's Grand Market and the palace of the Masalit Sultanate.[63] On 22 June, the Dar Masalit Sultanate also released a statement claiming more than 5,000 civilians had been killed between 24 April and 24 June, the majority of whom were non-Arabs.[64] The Sultanate called the situation a "genocide", and footage emerged of corpses being used as barricades, and the bodies of men, women, and children strewn across the streets.[64] Refugees from West Darfur speaking to Al Jazeera in late June corroborated these claims, adding that similar situations unfolded in the West Darfur towns of Misteri, Konga Haraza, and Tendelti between April and June.[65] The RSF also attacked civilians in June on the road between Geneina and the Sudanese-Chadian border.[65] Many of these killings were at RSF checkpoints, where a pregnant woman was killed by militiamen for not having enough money for passage.[66] A Geneina refugee stated that "the road along El Geneina and Adré has a lot of bodies, nobody can count them".[67] Another source claimed over 350 people were killed on the road alone.[68]

While Masalit people were often the target of Arab militiamen, refugees claimed the militiamen shot at anyone black.[67] Prominent civil society members, including lawyers, humanitarian officials, and more, were targeted by militias and the RSF after and during the fall of the city.[69][70] The Darfur Bar Association called the ethnic cleansing "a full-scale genocide".[69] The United Nations released a statement on 24 June deploring "wanton killings", but did not mention perpetrators.[71] An officer at the UNHCR office in Adre stated that the RSF intentionally killed men and boys to "[eliminate] future fighters as well as the line of ancestry of a specific ethnic group."[72]

Misterei massacre

This section is an excerpt from Misterei massacre § Massacre.[edit]

Prior to the Misterei attack, a group of 300 RSF fighters and allied tribes surrounded the town on the night of May 27, with the exceptions of the south and west, where the fighters entered the town.[73] The fighters came from the Awlad Rashid, Misseriya, and Awlad Janoob tribes, led by Mohamed Zain Taj Eldien and Hamid Yousef Mustafa.[74] Some of the assailants came from the Mima and Bargo ethnic groups.[74] The attackers arrived in twelve Land Cruisers, eight of which were RSF-owned, four of which were private.[74] Other fighters rode on around 150 horses and 140 motorcycles. Around 90 Sudanese Alliance militants, a signatory of the Juba Agreement, intervened in the town, led by Cpt. Elteybe Abdulla Ahmed.[74] Residents were fearful following the surrounding of the town, but there was "no way out".[73] The first clashes began at Shorrong mountain right after sunrise, when Janjaweed launched an offensive from the west. Later offensives came from the north and south.[75] The Janjaweed came in waves, according to a veteran of the attacks, and many of the self-defense groups were spread out across and around the town in groups of 7 to 15.[75] The Masalit self-defense groups quickly fell to the Janjaweed.[75] Battles between the Sudanese Alliance and the Janjaweed lasted for three and a half hours, during which civilians stated the Arab fighters went house to house, killing darker-skinned Masalit and shouting "Kill the slave, kill the slave!"[74][75]

Wounded civilians were brought to the Atik mosque, although Janjaweed stormed the place and shot at the wounded and those attending to them.[73][75] After killing several people, Arab fighters cheered "We killed the zorga! (a slur for black people)."[75] The Janjaweed also looted houses, farms, and shops, before burning down many neighborhoods.[75] The Misterei market was completely looted and torched.[74] Satellite imagery taken on June 3 showed the entire town burnt down.[75]

Ardamata massacre

This section is an excerpt from Ardamata massacre.[edit]
On 8 November 2023, the Rapid Support Forces and Janjaweed[76] massacred between 800[77][78] and 1,300[79] in Ardamata, Geneina, West Darfur, Sudan, although estimates vary.[80][81] The attack came after the Sudanese Armed Forces's 15th Infantry Division camp retreated to Chad.[82] About 20,000 fled to Chad following the violence.[79] Reports indicated ethnic targeting, specifically the Masalit community.[83][84]

Reactions

Khamis Abakar, then governor of West Darfur, denounced the killings as "genocide".[85] He was soon after executed by RSF militants for his statements on 14 June 2023.[7][8] As of August 2023, there is an increasing amount of proof suggesting that the RSF is initiating a systematic purge based on ethnicity in Darfur. The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum has issued a warning about the potential escalation into a full-scale genocide.[86] On 10 November 2023, Filippo Grandi, the U.N. High Commissioner, drew parallels between the ongoing violence and the genocide in Darfur recognised by the U.S., where it is estimated that 300,000 people lost their lives from 2003 to 2005. He cautioned that a "similar dynamic might be unfolding."[87] In October, Genocide Watch issued an alert concerning the situation in Sudan, explicitly characterizing the massacres performed by the Rapid Support Forces against the Masalit people as genocide.[5] This characterization was also shared by US academic Eric Reeves, specialized in Sudan's human rights record,[6] and The Economist.[88] Josep Borrell, the chief of foreign policy for the European Union, has expressed his strong condemnation of the killing of more than 1,000 individuals in Ardamata. He has urgently appealed to the international community to take immediate action to avert a potential "genocide" in the area.[89] The UK government,[90] witnesses and other observers described the violence in the region as tantamount to ethnic cleansing or even genocide, with non-Arab groups such as the Masalit being the primary victims.[91] Mujeebelrahman Yagoub, Assistant Commissioner for Refugees in West Darfur called the violence worse than the War in Darfur in 2003 and the Rwandan genocide in 1994.[92]

Further reading

  • Gallopin, Jean-Baptiste (9 May 2024). ""The Massalit Will Not Come Home"". Human Rights Watch.
  • Harter, Fred (15 December 2023). "Rape, murder, looting: massacre in Ardamata is the latest chapter in Darfur's horror story". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 22 April 2024.

See also

References

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  82. ↑ "مجازر مروعة في اردمتا بالجنينة بعد سيطرة الدعم السريع… وسقوط أكثر من مائتي قتيل - إنتهاكات السودان". sudanviolations.com (in العربية). 7 November 2023. Archived from the original on 9 November 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
  83. ↑ "'At least 1,300' killed in new massacre in Sudan's West Darfur". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
  84. ↑ Michael, Maggie (8 November 2023). "Darfur refugees report new spate of ethnically driven killings". Reuters. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
  85. ↑ Content, Syndicated. "Darfur cities under fire as Sudanese war spreads". WKZO | Everything Kalamazoo | 590 AM · 106.9 FM. Archived from the original on 15 June 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  86. ↑ Goldberg, Mark Leon (17 August 2023). "Ethnic Cleansing Has Returned to Darfur. Is Genocide Next?". UN Dispatch. Archived from the original on 14 November 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
  87. ↑ Ewing, Giselle Ruhiyyih (11 November 2023). "UN sounds alarm on Darfur, warns world not to repeat history". POLITICO. Archived from the original on 14 November 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
  88. ↑ "Genocide returns to Darfur". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 10 November 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
  89. ↑ SudanTribune (13 November 2023). "EU Borrell warns of "another genocide" in Darfur, pleads for international response". Sudan Tribune. Archived from the original on 15 November 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
  90. ↑ "Sudan conflict: Ethnic cleansing committed in Darfur, UK says". BBC. 18 October 2023. Archived from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
  91. ↑ "New killings reported in Darfur on second day of Sudan ceasefire". CNN. 19 June 2023. Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 22 June 2023.
  92. ↑ "Horrifying testimonies on West Darfur ethnic targeting as other Masalit Sultan relative is killed". Radio Dabanga. 19 June 2023. Archived from the original on 5 July 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2023.

Works cited

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