Breast measurement

From The Right Wiki
(Redirected from Breast–chest difference)
Jump to navigationJump to search

Breast measurement involves the measurement of the breasts for quantifying physical characteristics such as size, shape, and developmental state.[1] A variety of different approaches have been employed for measuring the breasts.[1]

Tanner staging

File:Tanner scale-female.svg
The Tanner scale for measuring breast maturation during puberty.
Main article: Tanner scale

Tanner staging can be used to assess the developmental state of the breasts during puberty, from childhood (Tanner stage 1) to adulthood (Tanner stage 5).[2][3][4]

Breast volume

Breast volume is a method of measuring the size of the breasts.[1][5] A variety of techniques have been used to measure breast volume, including water displacement, plaster casting, medical imaging (e.g., mammography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound), and 3D scanning.[5][1] There is substantial measurement error with many breast volume measures, but MRI imaging appears to have among the lowest error and hence to be the most accurate measure.[1][5] However, 3D scanning might have the potential to become the new gold standard for clinical assessment.[6][7] A limitation of 3D scanning is inaccuracy in the case of large and/or ptotic.[8]

Breast circumference

File:PostureFoundationGarments07fig5.png
The upper tape measure is breast circumference and the lower tape measure is underbust circumference.

Breast–chest difference

File:EN-13402-bra.png
Breast–chest difference is the difference of the breast circumference (upper line) and the underbust circumference (lower line).

Bra size

Main article: Bra size

Breast hemicircumference

File:Measurement of breast hemicircumference.png
Measurement of breast hemicircumference.[9]

Breast unit

The breast unit is a measurement of the breasts in which the breasts are measured horizontally and vertically and then these values are multiplied to given an overall idea of breast size.[10][11][12] It was devised by Vincent J. Capraro and has been used in pediatric endocrinology to quantify breast development.[10][11][12] The method has been described as follows:[12]

At times it is desirable to know whether or not a girl's breasts are developing normally by observing their increasing size over a period of several months. In some cases it is also advantageous to determine whether or not differences in the sizes of the two breasts are of clinical significance. In order to more accurately measure breast size, one of us (V.J.C.) devised a technique for breast measurement. This technique may be used in following up the development of normal breasts as well as of breasts showing asymmetric development. With a centimeter tape measure, the breast is measured from 3 o'clock to 9 o'clock (Fig. 23-4, A) and from 12 o'clock to 6 o'clock (Fig. 23-4, B). These two measurements are multiplied, yielding a figure called the breast unit. Table 23-3 shows the typical spread of breast units in a normal adolescent.

The breast unit has also been used to quantify breast size in girls and women with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS) and other individuals with disorders of sexual development.[13][14][15] It can also be reported unmultiplied (e.g., 16×14 cm to 41×31 cm in CAIS women).[13]

Other breast measurements

Other measurements of the breasts, like areolar diameter, can also be determined.[1]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Xi W, Perdanasari AT, Ong Y, Han S, Min P, Su W, Feng S, Pacchioni L, Zhang YX, Lazzeri D (December 2014). "Objective breast volume, shape and surface area assessment: a systematic review of breast measurement methods". Aesthetic Plast Surg. 38 (6): 1116–30. doi:10.1007/s00266-014-0412-5. PMID 25338712. S2CID 12333281.
  2. ↑ Tanner, J.M. (1986). "1 Normal growth and techniques of growth assessment". Clinics in Endocrinology and Metabolism. 15 (3): 411–451. doi:10.1016/S0300-595X(86)80005-6. PMID 3533329.
  3. ↑ Marshall WA, Tanner JM (June 1969). "Variations in pattern of pubertal changes in girls". Arch Dis Child. 44 (235): 291–303. doi:10.1136/adc.44.235.291. PMC 2020314. PMID 5785179.
  4. ↑ Kadakia R, O'Brien E, Habiby R (October 2022). "Creation of a Novel Hands-on Model to Teach Breast Tanner Staging to Pediatric Learners". Simul Healthc. 17 (5): 343–347. doi:10.1097/SIH.0000000000000614. PMID 34690336.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Choppin SB, Wheat JS, Gee M, Goyal A (August 2016). "The accuracy of breast volume measurement methods: A systematic review". Breast. 28: 121–9. doi:10.1016/j.breast.2016.05.010. PMID 27288864.
  6. ↑ Killaars RC, Preuβ ML, de Vos NJ, van Berlo CC, Lobbes MB, van der Hulst RR, Piatkowski AA (November 2020). "Clinical Assessment of Breast Volume: Can 3D Imaging Be the Gold Standard?". Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 8 (11): e3236. doi:10.1097/GOX.0000000000003236. PMC 7722547. PMID 33299702.
  7. ↑ Bai L, Lundström O, Johansson H, Meybodi F, Arver B, Sandelin K, Wickman M, Brandberg Y (2023). "Clinical assessment of breast symmetry and aesthetic outcome: can 3D imaging be the gold standard?". J Plast Surg Hand Surg. 57 (1–6): 145–152. doi:10.1080/2000656X.2021.2024553. PMID 35034560.
  8. ↑ Yang J, Zhang R, Shen J, Hu Y, Lv Q (December 2015). "The Three-Dimensional Techniques in the Objective Measurement of Breast Aesthetics". Aesthetic Plast Surg. 39 (6): 910–5. doi:10.1007/s00266-015-0560-2. PMID 26395095.
  9. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named pmid3013122
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Capraro, Vincent J.; Dewhurst, Christopher J. (June 1975). "Breast Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence". Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 18 (2): 25–50. doi:10.1097/00003081-197506000-00003. ISSN 0009-9201. PMID 1170054. S2CID 26676081.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Vincent J. Capraro (1977). "Breast problems in adolescence". In Ross Laboratories (ed.). Adolescent Gynecology: Report of the Seventh Ross Roundtable on Critical Approaches to Common Pediatric Problems in Collaboration with the Ambulatory Pediatric Association. Ross Laboratories. pp. 25–31. OCLC 29172030.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 John William Huffman; Sir Christopher John Dewhurst; Vincent J. Capraro (1981). "The Breast and its Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence". The Gynecology of Childhood and Adolescence (2 ed.). Saunders. pp. 542–559. ISBN 978-0-7216-4816-3. OCLC 1011891134.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Wisniewski AB, Migeon CJ, Meyer-Bahlburg HF, Gearhart JP, Berkovitz GD, Brown TR, Money J (August 2000). "Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome: long-term medical, surgical, and psychosexual outcome". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 85 (8): 2664–9. doi:10.1210/jcem.85.8.6742. PMID 10946863.
  14. ↑ Wisniewski AB, Migeon CJ, Gearhart JP, Rock JA, Berkovitz GD, Plotnick LP, Meyer-Bahlburg HF, Money J (2001). "Congenital micropenis: long-term medical, surgical and psychosexual follow-up of individuals raised male or female". Horm Res. 56 (1–2): 3–11. doi:10.1159/000048083. PMID 11815721. S2CID 46787382.
  15. ↑ Migeon CJ, Wisniewski AB, Gearhart JP, Meyer-Bahlburg HF, Rock JA, Brown TR, Casella SJ, Maret A, Ngai KM, Money J, Berkovitz GD (September 2002). "Ambiguous genitalia with perineoscrotal hypospadias in 46,XY individuals: long-term medical, surgical, and psychosexual outcome". Pediatrics. 110 (3): e31. doi:10.1542/peds.110.3.e31. PMID 12205281.
Retrieved from "https://rightwiki.org/index.php?title=Breast_measurement&oldid=21336079#Breast_volume"