Octagram
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In geometry, an octagram is an eight-angled star polygon. The name octagram combine a Greek numeral prefix, octa-, with the Greek suffix -gram. The -gram suffix derives from γραμμή (grammḗ) meaning "line".[1]
Detail
In general, an octagram is any self-intersecting octagon (8-sided polygon). The regular octagram is labeled by the Schläfli symbol {8/3}, which means an 8-sided star, connected by every third point.
Variations
These variations have a lower dihedral, Dih4, symmetry:
| File:Regular truncation 4 1.5.svg Narrow File:Regular truncation 4 2.svg Wide (45 degree rotation) |
File:Isotoxal octagram.png File:Octagram-in-square.svg Isotoxal |
File:Ancient mapuche flag.svg An old Flag of Chile contained this octagonal star geometry with edges removed (the Guñelve). |
File:Flag of Kölner Rudergesellschaft 1891.svg The regular octagonal star is very popular as a symbol of rowing clubs in the Cologne Lowland, as seen on the club flag of the Cologne Rowing Association. |
File:Star Guñelve.svg The geometry can be adjusted so 3 edges cross at a single point, like the Auseklis symbol |
File:Compass rose en 08p.svg An 8-point compass rose can be seen as an octagonal star, with 4 primary points, and 4 secondary points. |
The symbol Rub el Hizb is a Unicode glyph ۞ at U+06DE.
As a quasitruncated square
Deeper truncations of the square can produce isogonal (vertex-transitive) intermediate star polygon forms with equal spaced vertices and two edge lengths. A truncated square is an octagon, t{4}={8}. A quasitruncated square, inverted as {4/3}, is an octagram, t{4/3}={8/3}.[2] The uniform star polyhedron stellated truncated hexahedron, t'{4,3}=t{4/3,3} has octagram faces constructed from the cube in this way. It may be considered for this reason as a three-dimensional analogue of the octagram.
| Regular | Quasiregular | Isogonal | Quasiregular |
|---|---|---|---|
| File:Regular quadrilateral.svg {4} |
File:Regular polygon truncation 4 1.svg t{4}={8} |
File:Regular polygon truncation 4 2.svg | File:Regular polygon truncation 4 3.svg t'{4}=t{4/3}={8/3} |
| Regular | Uniform | Isogonal | Uniform |
| File:Cube truncation 0.00.png {4,3} |
File:Cube truncation 0.50.png t{4,3} |
File:Cube truncation 3.50.png | File:Cube truncation 2.50.png t'{4,3}=t{4/3,3} |
Another three-dimensional version of the octagram is the nonconvex great rhombicuboctahedron (quasirhombicuboctahedron), which can be thought of as a quasicantellated (quasiexpanded) cube, t0,2{4/3,3}.
Star polygon compounds
There are two regular octagrammic star figures (compounds) of the form {8/k}, the first constructed as two squares {8/2}=2{4}, and second as four degenerate digons, {8/4}=4{2}. There are other isogonal and isotoxal compounds including rectangular and rhombic forms.
| Regular | Isogonal | Isotoxal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| File:Regular star figure 2(4,1).svg a{8}={8/2}=2{4} |
File:Regular star figure 4(2,1).svg {8/4}=4{2} |
File:Octagram rectangle compound.png | File:Octagram crossed-rectangle compound.png | File:Octagram rhombic star.png |
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{8/2} or 2{4}, like Coxeter diagrams File:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 4.pngFile:CDel node.png + File:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 4.pngFile:CDel node 1.png, can be seen as the 2D equivalent of the 3D compound of cube and octahedron, File:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 4.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.png + File:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 4.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.png, 4D compound of tesseract and 16-cell, File:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 4.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.png + File:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 4.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.png and 5D compound of 5-cube and 5-orthoplex; that is, the compound of a n-cube and cross-polytope in their respective dual positions.
Other presentations of an octagonal star
An octagonal star can be seen as a concave hexadecagon, with internal intersecting geometry erased. It can also be dissected by radial lines.
Other uses
- The 8-pointed diffraction spikes of the star images from the James Webb Space Telescope are due to the diffraction caused by the hexagonal shape of the mirror sections and the struts holding the secondary mirror.[3]
- Used as a parol or star for the 2010 ABS-CBN Christmas Station ID Ngayong Pasko Magniningning Ang Pilipino (lit. 'This Christmas, the Filipinos will Shine') due to the usage of a sun from the Philippine flag, making it also a nationalism and patriotism-themed song aside from being a Christmas song.
See also
- Usage
- Rub el Hizb – Islamic character
- Seljuk star
- Shamsa
- Star of Ishtar – symbol of the ancient Sumerian goddess Inanna and her East Semitic counterpart Ishtar and Roman Venus.
- Seshat – the hieroglyph of this ancient Egyptian goddess depicts a seven-petaled flower, forming an octagram with its stem.
- Star of Lakshmi – Indian character
- Surya Majapahit – usage during Majapahit times in Indonesia to represent the Hindu gods of the directions
- Compass rose – usage in compasses to represent the cardinal directions for the eight principal winds
- Auseklis – usage of regular octagram by Latvians
- Guñelve – representation of Venus in Mapuche iconography.
- Selburose – usage of regular octagram in Norwegian design
- Utu – ancient Mesopotamian god symbol and symbol of the Sun god
- Stars generally
- Others
References
- ↑ "Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, γραμμή". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2024-10-31.
- ↑ The Lighter Side of Mathematics: Proceedings of the Eugène Strens Memorial Conference on Recreational Mathematics and its History, (1994), Metamorphoses of polygons, Branko Grünbaum
- ↑ Lawrence, Pete (13 September 2022). "Why do all the stars have 8 points in the James Webb images? An astronomer explains". BBC Science Focus Magazine. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
- Grünbaum, B. and G.C. Shephard; Tilings and patterns, New York: W. H. Freeman & Co., (1987), ISBN 0-7167-1193-1.
- Grünbaum, B.; Polyhedra with Hollow Faces, Proc of NATO-ASI Conference on Polytopes ... etc. (Toronto 1993), ed T. Bisztriczky et al., Kluwer Academic (1994) pp. 43–70.
- John H. Conway, Heidi Burgiel, Chaim Goodman-Strauss, The Symmetries of Things 2008, ISBN 978-1-56881-220-5 (Chapter 26. pp. 404: Regular star-polytopes Dimension 2)