Basketball at the Summer Olympics
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| Basketball at the Summer Olympics | |
|---|---|
| File:Basketball pictogram.svg | |
| IOC Code | BKB |
| Governing body | FIBA |
| Events | 4 (men: 2; women: 2) |
| Summer Olympics | |
| Note: demonstration or exhibition sport years indicated in italics | |
Basketball at the Summer Olympics has been a sport for men consistently since 1936. Prior to its inclusion as a medal sport, basketball was held as an unofficial demonstration event in 1904 and 1924. Women's basketball made its debut in the Summer Olympics in 1976. FIBA organizes both the men's and women's FIBA World Olympic Qualifying Tournaments and the Summer Olympics basketball tournaments, which are sanctioned by the IOC.[1] The United States is by far the most successful country in Olympic basketball, with United States men's teams having won 17 of 20 tournaments in which they participated, including seven consecutive titles from 1936 through 1968. United States women's teams have won 10 titles out of the 12 tournaments in which they competed, including eight in a row from 1996 to 2024. Besides the United States, Argentina is the only nation still in existence which has won both the men's and the women's tournament. The Soviet Union, Yugoslavia and the Unified Team are the countries no longer in existence who have won the tournament. The United States are the defending champions in both men's and women's tournaments. On 9 June 2017, the Executive Board of the International Olympic Committee announced that 3x3 basketball would become an official Olympic sport as of the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan, for both men and women.[2][3]
History
Basketball was invented by James Naismith in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1891. Within a few decades, the new game became popular throughout the United States as an indoor sport. The popularity spread overseas and the International Basketball Federation (FIBA) was organized in 1932 in Geneva, Switzerland. The Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) had a big part in the spread of this sport to many countries, and as many as 21 teams competed in the first Olympic basketball tournament.[4]
American dominance
Thanks in part to the effort of Phog Allen[5][6]—a Kansas Jayhawks collegiate coach—the first Olympic basketball tournament was organized in the 1936 Berlin Olympics on outdoor tennis courts. Dr. Naismith presented the medals to the top three teams. According to the Olympic rules of that time, all of the competitors were amateurs. The tournament was held indoors for the first time in 1948. The American team proved its dominance, winning the first seven Olympic tournaments through 1968, without losing a single game. While the Americans were barred from sending a team that contained players from the professional National Basketball Association, they instead sent in college players; teams from some other countries sent in their best players, as some of their players were classified as "amateur" by FIBA, by earning allowances instead of wages.
Munich and after
The U.S. winning streak ended in 1972, when the Soviet Union controversially won the gold medal game against the United States by one point.[7][8] The U.S. team reclaimed the gold medal in 1976, with Yugoslavia, which had beaten the Soviet Union in the semifinal, finishing runner-up for the second time. In 1980, with the Americans' absence due to the boycott, Yugoslavia became the third team to win the title, after beating the Soviets anew in the semifinals and Italy in the final. The Americans regained the title in 1984, by beating Spain in the final, with the Soviets boycotting this time. The Soviets won the gold medal for the second time in 1988, after beating the U.S. team for the second time in the semifinal, and the Yugoslavs in the gold medal game.
Professional era: renewed American dominance
The advent of the state-sponsored "full-time amateur athlete" of the Eastern Bloc countries eroded the ideology of the pure amateur, as it put the self-financed amateurs of the Western countries at a disadvantage. The Soviet Union entered teams of athletes who were all nominally listed in the military, but all of whom were in fact paid by the state to train full-time.[4][9][10][11] In April 1989, through the leadership of Secretary General Borislav Stanković, FIBA approved the rule that allowed NBA players to compete in international tournaments, including the Olympics.[4] In the 1992 Summer Olympics, the U.S. "Dream Team" won the gold medal with an average winning margin of 44 points per game, and without calling a timeout. By this time, the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia no longer existed, but their successor states continued to be among the leading forces. Two newly independent countries of the former Yugoslavia and Soviet Union, Croatia and Lithuania, won the silver and bronze medals respectively. The American team repeated its victory in 1996 and 2000, but its performance was not as dominant as in 1992. Since active NBA players have been allowed to compete in the Summer Olympics, the 1996 Games in Atlanta is the only instance where the Olympic host city also had a home NBA team — the Hawks. Yugoslavia was the runner-up in Atlanta, and France in Sydney, with Lithuania winning bronze again on both occasions. The renewed dominance of the U.S. was interrupted in 2004, when the Americans barely made it to the semifinal, after losing to Puerto Rico and Lithuania in the preliminaries; Argentina defeated them in the semifinals, on their way to a gold medal finish, where they beat Italy in the final, and became the fourth team to win the Olympic title. The Americans regrouped in 2008, beating the reigning FIBA world champions, Spain, in an intense gold medal game, with the Argentines beating the Lithuanians in the bronze medal game. The Americans and the Spaniards met again in the 2012 gold medal game, with the U.S. again winning, although with the closest winning margin for the American team. The U.S. won again in 2016, defeating the Serbians in the gold medal game, a rematch of the 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup Final, after eliminating the Spaniards, who settled for bronze. The American team defended their title by winning again at the 2020 Games in Tokyo, extending their run to four consecutive gold medal finishes, and seven out of the last eight.
Women
The first women's tournament was staged in the 1976 Summer Olympics. The Soviet Union won five straight games, becoming the inaugural champion. The next two tournaments followed the six-team round-robin format, with the Soviets defending their title in 1980 amid the U.S.-led boycott, and the U.S. winning in 1984, against the South Koreans, amid the Soviet-led boycott. In 1988, the tournament expanded into eight teams, with the Americans beating Yugoslavia in the gold medal game. In 1992, the Unified Team, consisting of the former Soviet republics, defeated China in the gold medal game. In 1996, the tournament settled into its current 12-team format; the U.S. has swept all of the tournaments since then, winning 61 consecutive games.
Venues
All venues were indoor stadiums except for the 1936 tournament, which was held outdoors on lawn tennis courts.
- Germany Berlin 1936: Reichssportfeld, Berlin
- United Kingdom London 1948: Harringay Arena, London
- Finland Helsinki 1952: Tennis Palace and Messuhalli II, both in Helsinki
- Australia Melbourne 1956: Royal Exhibition Building, Melbourne
- Italy Rome 1960: Sports Arena and Sports Palace, Rome
- Japan Tokyo 1964: Yoyogi National Gymnasium, Tokyo
- Mexico Mexico City 1968: Palacio de los Deportes, Mexico City
- West Germany Munich 1972: Basketballhalle, Munich
- Canada Montreal 1976: Étienne Desmarteau Centre and the Montreal Forum, Montreal
- Soviet Union Moscow 1980: CSCA Sports Palace and Olimpiysky Stadium, Moscow
- United States Los Angeles 1984: The Forum, Inglewood
- South Korea Seoul 1988: Jamsil Arena, Seoul
- Spain Barcelona 1992: Pavelló Olímpic de Badalona, Badalona
- United States Atlanta 1996: Forbes Arena and the Georgia Dome, Atlanta
- Australia Sydney 2000: The Dome and Sydney SuperDome, Parramatta
- Greece Athens 2004: Hellinikon Indoor Arena and the Olympic Indoor Hall, Elliniko and Marousi
- China Beijing 2008: Wukesong Indoor Stadium, Beijing
- United Kingdom London 2012: Olympic Basketball Arena and The O2 Arena,[lower-alpha 1] London
- Brazil Rio de Janeiro 2016: Carioca Arena 1 and the Youth Arena, Rio de Janeiro
- Japan Tokyo 2020: Saitama Super Arena, Saitama
- France Paris 2024: Accor Arena[lower-alpha 2], Paris and Stade Pierre-Mauroy, Villeneuve-d'Ascq
- United States Los Angeles 2028: Crypto.com Arena,[lower-alpha 3] the Los Angeles Convention Center, both in Los Angeles, and Intuit Dome,[lower-alpha 3] Inglewood
- Australia Brisbane 2032: Brisbane Indoor Sports Centre, Brisbane and the Sunshine Coast Indoor Sports Centre, Kawana Waters
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- ↑ The O2 Arena was known as the North Greenwich Arena during the games due to Olympics regulations regarding corporate sponsorship of event sites.
- ↑ The Accor Arena is known as the Bercy Arena during the games due to Olympics regulations regarding corporate sponsorship of event sites.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Due to Olympic regulations regarding corporate sponsorship of event sites, this venue will be known by a yet-to-be-determined name during the Games.
Qualifying
As of 2012, the qualifying process consists of three stages:
- 1 team (for each gender) qualifies as the reigning world champion.
- 7 teams for men and 5 for women qualify through their respective regional championships.
- 3 teams for men and 5 for women qualify through a world qualifying tournament, in which the best teams which did not qualify directly from each zone compete for the remaining berths.
Additionally, the teams of the host nation qualify automatically.
| Zone | Men | Women |
|---|---|---|
| World Cup | 1 | 1 |
| African championship | 1 | 1 |
| Americas championship | 2 | 1 |
| Asian championship | 1 | 1 |
| European championship | 2 | 1 |
| Oceania championship | 1 | 1 |
| World qualifying tournament | 3 | 5 |
| Host Nation | 1 | 1 |
| Total | 12 | 12 |
In 2020, the men's tournament will have a new qualification system. After the 2019 FIBA World Cup, seven teams will qualify directly: the top two European and American teams, and the top team from Africa, Asia and Oceania. The next 16 best teams from the FIBA World Cup will join the two teams from each continent at the Olympic qualifiers. It will feature four groups of six teams, where the best team of each group will get the remaining spots at the Olympics. The continental championships will no longer be used for Olympic qualifying.
Men
Summaries
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- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Several teams competed under the Olympic Flag in support for the 1980 Summer Olympics boycott.
- ↑ The 2020 Summer Olympics were held in 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Medal table
Updated after the gold medal match of the 2024 Olympic tournament.
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | File:Flag of the United States.svg United States | 17 | 1 | 2 | 20 |
| 2 | File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union | 2 | 4 | 3 | 9 |
| 3 | File:Flag of SFR Yugoslavia.svg Yugoslavia | 1 | 3 | 1 | 5 |
| 4 | File:Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 5 | File:Flag of France.svg France | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 6 | File:Flag of Spain.svg Spain | 0 | 3 | 1 | 4 |
| 7 | File:Flag of Italy.svg Italy | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 8 | File:Flag of Serbia.svg Serbia | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 9 | File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| File:Flag of Croatia.svg Croatia | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
| File:Flag of Serbia and Montenegro.svg Serbia and Montenegro | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
| 12 | File:Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| File:Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | |
| 14 | File:Flag of Uruguay.svg Uruguay | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 15 | File:Flag of Australia.svg Australia | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| File:Flag of Cuba.svg Cuba | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
| File:Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
| File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
| Totals (18 entries) | 21 | 21 | 21 | 63 | |
- The Soviet Union (as of 1992) and Yugoslavia (as of 2006) are defunct. No team carried over the records of these nations.
- Yugoslavia has been the designation from two distinct national entities: Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1948 to 1988 formed as a joint state of 6 republics; Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1996 to 2006 formed as a joint state by only Montenegro and Serbia. In 2003, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was renamed to Serbia and Montenegro, however both Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and Serbia and Montenegro represented the same national entity: a joint state of Montenegro and Serbia.
Performance by confederation
This is a summary of the best performances of each confederation in each tournament.
| Confederation | 1936 Nazi Germany |
1948 United Kingdom |
1952 Finland |
1956 Australia |
1960 Italy |
1964 Japan |
1968 Mexico |
1972 West Germany |
1976 Canada |
1980 Soviet Union |
1984 United States |
1988 South Korea |
1992 Spain |
1996 United States |
2000 Australia |
2004 Greece |
2008 China |
2012 United Kingdom |
2016 Brazil |
2020 Japan |
2024 France |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FIBA Africa | 15th–18th | 19th | 9th–16th | – | – | – | 15th | 15th | 12th | 11th | 12th | 10th | 10th | 11th | 12th | 12th | 12th | 10th | 11th | 10th | 9th |
| FIBA Americas | 1st | 1st | 1st | 1st | 1st | 1st | 1st | 2nd | 1st | 5th | 1st | 3rd | 1st | 1st | 1st | 1st | 1st | 1st | 1st | 1st | 1st |
| FIBA Asia | 5th | 8th | 9th–16th | 7th | 11th | 10th | 13th | 13th | 11th | 12th | 10th | 9th | 12th | 8th | 10th | 8th | 8th | 12th | 12th | 11th | 11th |
| FIBA Europe | 4th | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 1st | 2nd | 1st | 2nd | 1st | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd |
| FIBA Oceania | – | – | – | 12th | – | 9th | – | 9th | 8th | 8th | 7th | 4th | 6th | 4th | 4th | 9th | 7th | 7th | 4th | 3rd | 6th |
| Nations | 21 | 23 | 23 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 |
Participating nations
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Notes
- ^A The NOC was not member of the IOC.
- ^B As Taiwan China from 1936 to 1956.
- ^C Part of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia from 1936 to 1988.
- ^D Part of File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union.
- ^E As West Germany West Germany from 1968 to 1988.
- ^F Part of File:Olympic flag.svg Unified Team in 1992.
- ^G Now Serbia Serbia, part of File:Flag of Yugoslavia (1946-1992).svg Yugoslavia in 1936–1988, as File:Olympic flag.svg Independent Olympic Participants in 1992 and part of File:Flag of Serbia and Montenegro (1992–2006).svg Yugoslavia in 1996–2000.
- ^H Part of File:Flag of Yugoslavia (1992–2003); Flag of Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006).svg Serbia and Montenegro in 2004.
- ^I Part of Malaysia Malaysia in 1964.
- ^J The Soviet Union chose not to compete in 1936 and 1948.
- ^K Part of Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia from 1920 to 1992.
Women
Summaries
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- ↑ The 2020 Summer Olympics were held in 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Medal table
Source: FIBA[13]
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | File:Flag of the United States.svg United States | 10 | 1 | 1 | 12 |
| 2 | File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union | 2 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| 3 | File:Olympic flag.svg Unified Team | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 4 | File:Flag of Australia.svg Australia | 0 | 3 | 3 | 6 |
| 5 | File:Flag of France.svg France | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| 6 | File:Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | |
| File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | |
| File:Flag of SFR Yugoslavia.svg Yugoslavia | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | |
| 10 | File:Flag of Japan.svg Japan | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| File:Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
| File:Flag of Spain.svg Spain | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
| 13 | File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 14 | File:Flag of Serbia.svg Serbia | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (14 entries) | 13 | 13 | 13 | 39 | |
- Soviet Union (as of 1992) and Yugoslavia (as of 2006) are defunct. No team carried over the records of these nations.
- Yugoslavia has been the designation from two distinct national entities: Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1948 to 1988 formed as a joint state of 6 republics; Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1996 to 2006 formed as a joint state by only Montenegro and Serbia.
Performance by confederation
This is a summary of the best performances of each confederation in each tournament.
| Confederation | 1976 Canada |
1980 Soviet Union |
1984 United States |
1988 South Korea |
1992 Spain |
1996 United States |
2000 Australia |
2004 Greece |
2008 China |
2012 United Kingdom |
2016 Brazil |
2020 Japan |
2024 France |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FIBA Africa | – | – | – | – | – | 12th | 12th | 11th | 12th | 12th | 12th | 11th | 8th |
| FIBA Americas | 2nd | 5th | 1st | 1st | 3rd | 1st | 1st | 1st | 1st | 1st | 1st | 1st | 1st |
| FIBA Asia | 5th | – | 2nd | 6th | 2nd | 7th | 4th | 9th | 4th | 5th | 8th | 2nd | 9th |
| FIBA Europe | 1st | 1st | 6th | 2nd | 1st | 4th | 5th | 3rd | 3rd | 2nd | 2nd | 3rd | 2nd |
| FIBA Oceania | – | – | 5th | 4th | – | 3rd | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 3rd | 5th | 8th | 3rd |
| Nations | 6 | 6 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 |
Participating nations
Notes
- ^A NOC was not member of IOC
- ^B competed as part of Soviet Union Soviet Union from 1952–88
- ^C part of File:Olympic flag.svg Unified Team in 1992
- ^D part of Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia from 1920–92
- ^E as Zaire Zaire from 1984–96
- ^F part of "Yugoslavia" from 1976–2000 and "Serbia and Montenegro" in 2004
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Medal table
- Soviet Union (as of 1992) and Yugoslavia (as of 2006) are defunct. No team carried over the records of these nations.
- Yugoslavia has been the designation from two distinct national entities: Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1948 to 1988 formed as a joint state of 6 republics; Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1996 to 2006 formed as a joint state by only Montenegro and Serbia. In 2003, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was renamed to Serbia and Montenegro, however both Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and Serbia and Montenegro represented the same national entity: a joint state of Montenegro and Serbia.
Win–loss records
Men's tournament
As of 10 August 2024
Women's tournament
As of 8 August 2021
Records
| Category | Men | Women |
|---|---|---|
| Highest game score | 229 points: USA 156–73 Nigeria (2012) | 190 points: Japan 62–128 Brazil (2004) |
| Lowest game score | 27 points: USA 19–8 Canada (1936) | 100 points: Senegal 32–68 Slovakia (2000) |
| Biggest margin | 100 points: Korea 120–20 Iraq (1948) China 125–25 Iraq (1948) |
66 points: Japan 62–128 Brazil (2004) Italy 53–119 Soviet Union (1980) |
| Games with most overtimes | 2 overtimes: Argentina 111–107 Brazil (2016) Canada 86–83 Russia (2000) Lithuania 83–81 Croatia (1996) Australia 109–101 Brazil (1996) |
2 overtimes: Turkey 79–76 Brazil (2016) Spain 92–80 Italy (1992) |
| Longest winning streak | 63 games: USA (1936–72) | 58 games: USA (1992–2024) |
| All-time top cumulative scorer | 1,093 points: Oscar Schmidt (Brazil) | 581 points: Lauren Jackson (Australia) |
| All-time top average scorer | 28.8 points per game: Oscar Schmidt (Brazil) | 22 points per game: Lara Sanders (Turkey) |
| Single game scorer | 55 points: Oscar Schmidt (Spain vs. Brazil, 1988) | 39 points: Evladiya Slavcheva-Stefanova (Bulgaria vs. South Korea, 1988) |
As of 4 August 2024
Top career scorers
The International Olympic Committee does not recognize records for basketball, although FIBA does.
Men
| Player | PTS |
|---|---|
| Brazil Oscar Schmidt | 1,093 |
| Australia Andrew Gaze | 789 |
| Spain Pau Gasol | 649 |
| Argentina Luis Scola | 591 |
| Australia Patty Mills | 567 |
| Argentina Manu Ginóbili | 523 |
| United States Kevin Durant | 518 |
| Brazil Wlamir Marques | 500 |
| Soviet Union Sergei Belov | 475 |
| Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Dražen Dalipagić | 461 |
| Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Croatia Dražen Petrović |
| Player | PTS | GP | PPG |
|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil Oscar Schmidt | 1,093 | 38 | 28.8 |
| Poland Mieczysław Młynarski | 182 | 7 | 26.0 |
| Egypt Mohamed Sayed Soliman | 179 | 7 | 25.6 |
| Australia Ed Palubinskas | 409 | 16 | |
| Croatia Bojan Bogdanović | 152 | 6 | 25.3 |
| Uruguay Horacio López | 199 | 8 | 24.9 |
| Panama Davis Peralta | 214 | 9 | 23.8 |
| Peru Ricardo Duarte | 212 | 9 | 23.6 |
| Italy Antonello Riva | 187 | 8 | 23.4 |
| South Korea Lee Chung-hee | 160 | 7 | 22.9 |
Women
| Player | PTS |
|---|---|
| Australia Lauren Jackson | 581 |
| Brazil Janeth Arcain | 535 |
| United States Lisa Leslie | 488 |
| United States Diana Taurasi | 384 |
| China Chen Nan | 317 |
| Brazil Alessandra Santos de Oliveira | 290 |
| China Miao Lijie | 284 |
| United States Sheryl Swoopes | |
| China Zheng Haixia | 280 |
| South Korea Jung Sun-min | 276 |
| Player | PTS | GP | PPG |
|---|---|---|---|
| Turkey LaToya Sanders | 132 | 6 | 22.0 |
| Soviet Union Uljana Semjonova | 131 | 6 | 21.8 |
| Nigeria Mfon Udoka | 130 | 6 | 21.7 |
| Greece Evanthia Maltsi | 146 | 7 | 20.9 |
| Poland Margo Dydek | 143 | 7 | 20.4 |
| Japan Keiko Namai | 102 | 5 | |
| Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Sofija Pekić | 121 | 6 | 20.2 |
| Hungary Lenke Jacsó-Kiss | 120 | 6 | 20.0 |
| South Korea Choi Kyung-hee | 98 | 5 | 19.6 |
| Soviet Union Uljana Semjonova | 97 | 5 | 19.4 |
Top scorer per tournament
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Awards
See also
- 3x3 basketball at the Summer Olympics
- Basketball at the Asian Games
- Basketball at the African Games
- Basketball at the Commonwealth Games
- Basketball at the Youth Olympic Games
- Basketball at the Pacific Games
- Basketball at the Pan American Games
- Wheelchair basketball at the Summer Paralympics
References
- ↑ "Presentation". FIBA.basketball.
- ↑ "Tokyo 2020 event programme to see major boost for female participation, youth and urban appeal". International Olympic Committee. 29 April 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
- ↑ "IOC adds 3-on-3 basketball to 2020 Olympics". National Basketball Association. 9 June 2017. Retrieved 10 November 2017.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Naveen Peter (11 February 2023). "History of basketball at Olympics: A tale of American domination". Olympics. Retrieved 6 March 2023.
- ↑ "Before They Were Giants". SLAM. 20 August 2008.
- ↑ "Basketball Hall of Fame – Phog Allen". Archived from the original on 30 December 2007.
- ↑ "Biggest Olympic scandals: The most controversial basketball game of all-time".
- ↑ "10 Things You May Not Know About U.S. Basketball's Shocking 1972 Olympics Loss".
- ↑ "How the Russians break the Olympic rules". The Christian Science Monitor. 15 April 1980.
- ↑ Washburn, J. N. (21 July 1974). "Soviet Amateur Athlete: A Real Pro". The New York Times.
- ↑ "Why Can Pros Complete in International Events". usab.com. Archived from the original on 20 January 2015.
- ↑ "Paris 2024 Men's Olympic Basketball Tournament Media Guide" (PDF). FIBA.basketball. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
- ↑ "Paris 2024 Women's Olympic Basketball Tournament Media Guide" (PDF). FIBA.
- ↑ "Men's Olympics Career Leaders and Records for Points". Basketball-Reference.com.
