Field hockey at the Summer Olympics
| Field hockey at the Summer Olympics | |
|---|---|
| File:Field hockey pictogram.svg | |
| IOC Code | HOC |
| Governing body | FIH |
| Events | 2 (men: 1; women: 1) |
| Summer Olympics | |
Field hockey made its debut at the Modern Olympic Games as a men's competition in the 1908 Games in London. It was removed from the Olympic schedule of the Summer Olympic Games for the 1924 Paris Games and was reintroduced in the 1928 Amsterdam Games. The Women's field hockey was introduced into the Olympic programme at the 1980 Moscow Olympics. The International Hockey Federation (FIH) was founded in 1924 and governs the hockey events. Until the 1988 Olympics, the tournament was invitational but a qualification system was introduced since the 1992 Barcelona Olympics. The last edition at Paris was the 25th occurrence of the men's event and 12th consecutive occurrence of women's event in the Olympics. India holds the record for the most appearances in the Olympic men's competitions (22) while Australia and Netherlands hold the same record in women's competitions (11). India leads the medal tally for the men's events with 13 medals while the Netherlands heads the women's events with 10 medals. Great Britain won the first two editions of the men's event in 1908 and 1920. India won the gold medal in seven out of eight Olympics from 1928 to 1964 with Pakistan winning three gold and silver medals each between the 1956 and 1984 Games. The matches are played on artificial turf since 1976. Since the late 1980s, European nations have dominated the hockey events with Germany and Netherlands having won three gold medals each in the men's event. In the women's event, Netherlands and Australia have been dominant, having won five and three gold medals respectively since its introduction in 1980.
History
Field hockey was introduced at the Modern Olympic Games as a men's competition at the 1908 Games in London. Great Britain won the first two editions in 1908 (as England) and 1920.[1] It was removed from the Olympic schedule of the Summer Olympic Games for the 1924 Paris Games because of the lack of an international sporting structure. The International Hockey Federation (FIH) was founded in Paris that year as a response to the same.[2] Men's field hockey was added to the Olympics for the next Olympic Games in 1928 Games held at Amsterdam.[1][3]
Starting in 1928, India won the gold medal in seven out of eight Olympics till 1964 including six consecutive gold medals from the 1928 Olympics to 1956.[4][5] Pakistan won its first gold medal in 1960 and won three gold and silver medals each in a run lasting from 1956 to 1984.[6] West Germany won the gold medal in the 1972 Munich Olympics, for the first gold medal by a non-Asian country since 1928. Olympic field hockey games were first played on artificial turf at the 1976 Montreal Games and was won by New Zealand.[1][7] The domination of both the Asian countries came to an end in the late 1980s with India winning its last gold medal in the competition in 1980 and Pakistan in 1984.[5][6] Though the International Federation of Women’s Hockey Associations (IFWHA) was founded way back in 1927, Women's field hockey made its debut at the Summer Olympics only at the 1980 Moscow Olympics and was won by Zimbabwe. On 23 April 1983, women’s hockey programme was taken over by FIH and the IFWHA was dissolved.[3] Great Britain won its first gold medal in the men's event since 1920 in the 1988 Seoul Olympics.[1]
Until the 1988 Olympics, the tournament was invitational but FIH introduced a qualification system starting from the 1992 Barcelona Olympics. Since the 1990s, European countries have been dominant in the men's sport with the only exceptions being the wins by Australia in 2004 and Argentina in 2016. Both Germany and Netherlands have won three gold medals each, with the only other European winner being Belgium in 2020.[1] In the women's events, Netherlands and Australia have been dominant, having won five and three gold medals respectively since its introduction to the Olympic programme in 1980. The only other winners of the women's event were Spain in 1992, Germany in 2004, and Great Britain in 2016.[1] The last edition of both the men's and women's events were held as a part of the 2024 Paris Olympics with Netherlands winning both the events.[8][9] India holds the record for the most appearances in the Olympic men's competitions (22) and Spain has appeared in the most Olympic men's competitions (19) without winning the men's gold medal with the best place finishes being the silver medal won in 1980, 1996, and 2008.[5][10] Australia and Netherlands hold the record for the most appearances in the Olympic women's competitions (11).[3] India leads the medal tally for the men's events with 13 medals including eight gold medals. Netherlands heads the women's events with 10 medals including five gold medals and also leads the overall medal tally with 20 medals (eight gold, six silver and six bronze).[11][3]
Men
Results
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Men's medal table
Top four statistics
| Team | Winners | Runners-up | Third place | Fourth place |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| File:Flag of India.svg India[lower-alpha 5] | 8 (1928, 1932, 1936, 1948, 1952, 1956, 1964, 1980) | 1 (1960) | 4 (1968, 1972, 2020, 2024) | |
| File:Flag of Germany.svg Germany[lower-alpha 6] | 4 (1972*, 1992, 2008, 2012) | 4 (1936*, 1984, 1988, 2024) | 4 (1928, 1956, 2004, 2016) | 3 (1968, 1996, 2020) |
| File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands | 3 (1996, 2000, 2024) | 4 (1928*, 1952, 2004, 2012) | 3 (1936, 1948, 1988) | 5 (1972, 1976, 1992, 2008, 2016) |
| File:Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan | 3 (1960, 1968, 1984) | 3 (1956, 1964, 1972) | 2 (1976, 1992) | 3 (1948, 1952, 2000) |
| File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Great Britain | 3 (1908*, 1920, 1988) | 2 (1908*, 1948*) | 4 (1908*, 1908*, 1952, 1984) | 3 (1956, 1960, 2012*) |
| File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia | 1 (2004) | 4 (1968, 1976, 1992, 2020) | 5 (1964, 1996, 2000*, 2008, 2012) | 2 (1984, 1988) |
| File:Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium | 1 (2020) | 1 (2016) | 1 (1920*) | 1 (1928) |
| File:Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand | 1 (1976) | |||
| File:Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina | 1 (2016) | |||
| File:Flag of Spain.svg Spain | 3 (1980, 1996, 2008) | 1 (1960) | 3 (1964, 2004, 2024) | |
| File:Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark | 1 (1920) | |||
| File:Flag of Japan.svg Japan | 1 (1932) | |||
| File:Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea | 1 (2000) | |||
| File:Flag of the United States.svg United States | 1 (1932*) | |||
| File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union | 1 (1980*) | |||
| File:Flag of France.svg France | 2 (1920, 1936) | |||
| File:Flag of Poland.svg Poland | 1 (1980) |
- * = host nation
Team appearances
Since the debut of the hockey programme in 1908, 45 teams have competed in at least one Olympic Games.
| Team | United Kingdom 1908 |
Belgium 1920 |
Netherlands 1928 |
United States 1932 |
Nazi Germany 1936 |
United Kingdom 1948 |
Finland 1952 |
Australia 1956 |
Italy 1960 |
Japan 1964 |
Mexico 1968 |
West Germany 1972 |
Canada 1976 |
Soviet Union 1980 |
United States 1984 |
South Korea 1988 |
Spain 1992 |
United States 1996 |
Australia 2000 |
Greece 2004 |
China 2008 |
United Kingdom 2012 |
Brazil 2016 |
Japan 2020 |
France 2024 |
Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| File:Flag of Afghanistan (2013–2021).svg Afghanistan | – | – | – | – | 6th | 8th | – | 11th | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3 |
| File:Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina | – | – | – | – | – | 5th | – | – | – | – | 14th | 14th | 11th | – | – | 8th | 11th | 9th | 8th | 11th | – | 10th | 1st | 7th | 8th | 13 |
| File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 5th | 6th | 3rd | 2nd | 5th | 2nd | – | 4th | 4th | 2nd | 3rd | 3rd | 1st | 3rd | 3rd | 6th | 2nd | 6th | 17 |
| File:Flag of Austria.svg Austria | – | – | 9th | – | – | 8th | 7th | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3 |
| File:Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium | – | 3rd | 4th | – | 9th | 5th | 9th | 7th | 11th | 11th | 9th | 10th | 9th | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 9th | 5th | 2nd | 1st | 5th | 16 |
| File:Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 12th | – | – | 1 |
| File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 13th | – | – | 10th | – | 12th | 11th | – | – | 10th | – | 10th | – | 11th | 12th | – | 8 |
| File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 11th | – | – | – | – | 1 |
| File:Flag of the CIS.svg CIS | – | 10th | Defunct | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| File:Flag of Cuba.svg Cuba | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 5th | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 |
| File:Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark | – | 2nd | 5th | – | 10th | 11th | – | – | 16th | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 5 |
| File:Flag of East Germany.svg East Germany | – | 11th | – | – | – | – | – | Defunct | 1 | |||||||||||||||||
| File:Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 12th | – | – | 12th | – | – | – | – | – | 2 |
| File:Flag of England.svg England | 1st | Part of Great Britain | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| File:Flag of Finland.svg Finland | – | – | – | – | – | – | 9th | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 |
| File:Flag of France.svg France | 6th | 4th | 5th | – | 4th | 8th | 11th | – | 10th | – | 10th | 12th | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 11th | 10 |
| File:Flag of Germany.svg Germany | 5th | – | 3rd | – | 2nd | – | 5th | – | 1st | 4th | 5th | 3rd | 1st | 1st | 3rd | 4th | 2nd | 13 | ||||||||
| File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Great Britain | – | 1st | – | – | – | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 4th | 9th | 12th | 6th | – | – | 3rd | 1st | 6th | 7th | 6th | 9th | 5th | 4th | 9th | 5th | 7th | 19 |
| File:Flag of Hong Kong.svg Hong Kong | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 15th | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 |
| File:Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary | – | – | – | – | 8th | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 |
| File:Flag of India.svg India | – | – | 1st | 1st | 1st | 1st | 1st | 1st | 2nd | 1st | 3rd | 3rd | 7th | 1st | 5th | 6th | 7th | 8th | 7th | 7th | – | 12th | 8th | 3rd | 3rd | 22 |
| File:Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland | 2nd | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 10th | – | 10th | 3 |
| File:Flag of Italy.svg Italy | – | – | – | – | – | – | 11th | – | 13th | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 |
| File:Flag of Japan.svg Japan | – | – | – | 2nd | 7th | – | – | – | 14th | 7th | 13th | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 11th | – | 6 |
| File:Flag of Kenya.svg Kenya | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 10th | 7th | 6th | 8th | 13th | – | – | 9th | 12th | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 7 |
| File:Flag of Malaysia.svg Malaysia | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 9th | – | 9th | 15th | 8th | 8th | – | 10th | – | 9th | 11th | 11th | – | – | – | – | – | – | 9 |
| File:Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 16th | 16th | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 |
| File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands | – | – | 2nd | – | 3rd | 3rd | 2nd | – | 9th | 7th | 5th | 4th | 4th | – | 6th | 3rd | 4th | 1st | 1st | 2nd | 4th | 2nd | 4th | 6th | 1st | 20 |
| File:Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 6th | 5th | 13th | 7th | 9th | 1st | – | 7th | – | 8th | – | – | 6th | 7th | 9th | 7th | 9th | 12th | 14 |
| File:Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan | – | – | – | – | – | 4th | 4th | 2nd | 1st | 2nd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | – | 1st | 5th | 3rd | 6th | 4th | 5th | 8th | 7th | – | – | – | 16 |
| File:Flag of Poland.svg Poland | – | – | – | – | – | – | 6th | – | 12th | – | – | 11th | – | 4th | – | – | – | – | 12th | – | – | – | – | – | – | 5 |
| File:Flag of Rhodesia (1964–1968).svg Rhodesia | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 11th | Defunct | 1 | ||||||||||||||
| File:Flag of Scotland.svg Scotland | 3rd | Part of Great Britain | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| File:Flag of Singapore.svg Singapore | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 8th | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 |
| File:Flag of South Africa.svg South Africa | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 10th | – | 10th | 12th | 11th | – | 10th | 9th | 6 |
| File:Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 10th | – | 5th | 2nd | 8th | 6th | 8th | – | – | – | 6 |
| File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union# | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3rd | – | 7th | Defunct | 2 | ||||||||
| File:Flag of Spain.svg Spain | – | – | 7th | – | – | 11th | – | – | 3rd | 4th | 6th | 7th | 6th | 2nd | 8th | 9th | 5th | 2nd | 9th | 4th | 2nd | 6th | 5th | 8th | 4th | 19 |
| File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Switzerland | – | – | 7th | – | 5th | 5th | 7th | – | 15th | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 5 |
| File:Flag of Tanzania.svg Tanzania | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 6th | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 |
| File:Flag of Uganda.svg Uganda | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 15th | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 |
| File:Flag of the United States.svg United States | – | – | – | 3rd | 11th | 11th | – | 12th | – | – | – | – | – | – | 12th | – | – | 12th | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 6 |
| File:German Olympic flag (1959-1968).svg United Team of Germany | – | 3rd | 7th | 5th | Defunct | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| File:Flag of Wales (1959–present).svg Wales | 3rd | Part of Great Britain | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| File:Flag of Germany.svg West Germany | – | 4th | 1st | 5th | – | 2nd | 2nd | Defunct | 5 | |||||||||||||||||
| Total | 6 | 4 | 9 | 3 | 11 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 16 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 11 | 6 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | |
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- # = states or teams that have since split into two or more independent teams
Debut of teams
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Women
Results
Women's medal table
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands | 5 | 2 | 3 | 10 |
| 2 | File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| 3 | File:Flag of Germany.svg Germany | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 4 | File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Great Britain | 1 | 0 | 3 | 4 |
| 5 | File:Flag of Spain.svg Spain | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| File:Flag of Zimbabwe.svg Zimbabwe | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
| 7 | File:Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina | 0 | 3 | 3 | 6 |
| 8 | File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| File:Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | |
| 10 | File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czechoslovakia | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| File:Flag of Germany.svg West Germany | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
| 12 | File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| File:Flag of the United States.svg United States | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
| Totals (13 entries) | 12 | 12 | 12 | 36 | |
Top four statistics
- * = host nation
Team appearances
Since its debut at the 1980 Games, 23 teams have competed in at least one Olympic Games.
- # = states or teams that have since split into two or more independent teams
Debut of teams
- * = Defunct Team
Medal table
Source:[12]
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- * = Defunct Team
Olympic records
Men
- Most appearances : India (22)[5][13]
- Most consecutive appearances : India (18, 1928 Amsterdam – 2004 Athens)[5][13]
- Most medals : India (13)[5][13]
- Most titles : India (8)[5][13]
- Longest winning streak : 30 matches (India, 1928 Amsterdam – 1960 Rome)[5]
- Most goals scored in a single tournament : India (43, 1980 Moscow)[14][13]
- Fewest goals conceded in a single tournament: India (nil, (1928 Amsterdam, 1956 Melbourne)[14][13]
- Biggest margin of victory : India 24–1 United States (1932 Los Angeles)[14]
- Biggest margin of victory at an Olympic final : India 8–1 Germany (1936 Berlin)[14]
- Most appearances by a player: Teun de Nooijer (Netherlands), Ric Charlesworth (Australia), David Alegre and Pol Amat (Spain) (5 appearances)[13]
- Most goals scored by a player in a match : Roop Singh (India, 10 goals vs United States at 1932 Los Angeles)[14]
- Most goals scored by a player in an Olympic final : Balbir Singh Sr. (India, 5 goals vs Netherlands at 1952 Helsinki)[15]
Women
- Most appearances : Australia and Netherlands (11)[16]
- Most consecutive appearances : Australia and Netherlands (11, 1980 Moscow – 2024 Paris)[16]
- Most medals : Netherlands (10)[16]
- Most titles : Netherlands (5)[16]
- Most goals scored : Netherlands (192)[16]
- Most goals scored in a single tournament : Netherlands (29, 2020 Tokyo)[16]
- Most appearances by a player: Natascha Keller (Germany, 5 appearances)[16]
- Most goals by a player: Maartje Paumen (Netherlands, 19 goals)[16]
- Most goals scored by a player in a single tournament: Maartje Paumen (Netherlands, 11 goals at 2008 Beijing)[16]
See also
Notes
- ↑ There was no bronze medal match for the 1908 Games in London.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 The 1920 tournament was played in a round-robin format, so there were no gold medal or bronze medal matches.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Three teams participated in the 1932 tournament, so they played a round-robin format.
- ↑ The United Team of Germany was the combined team from West Germany and East Germany that competed together at the Olympic Games from 1956 to 1964. Then each country sent independent teams from 1968 to 1988.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Includes three gold medals as British India
- ↑ Includes results representing the United Team of Germany from 1956 to 1964 and West Germany from 1968 to 1988
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Round-robin format play in 1980 for women's tournament
- ↑ Round Robin format use in 1984 women's tournament
- ↑ The final standings show both the United States and Australia were tied in points and had same margin in goal difference (both having scored 9 goals and conceded 7 goals), therefore a penalty stroke competition was played to decide the bronze medal winner, with the United States winning.
- ↑ Includes representing West Germany from 1984 to 1988
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 "Field hockey Olympic records and results". NBC Olympics. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
- ↑ "History | FIH". International Hockey Federation. Archived from the original on 2 February 2024. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "Hockey at the Olympics". Olympedia. Archived from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
- ↑ "How Indian hockey cast a spell to win the 1928 Olympics gold". Olympics.com. 3 April 2021. Archived from the original on 21 August 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 "Indian hockey men at the Olympics: A gold-laden history". Olympics.com. 20 March 2020. Archived from the original on 21 August 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 "How many Olympic medals have Pakistan won". Olympics.com. Archived from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
- ↑ "Olympic history: How artificial surfaces altered the balance of power in world hockey". Money Control. 27 July 2024. Archived from the original on 30 July 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
- ↑ "Netherlands women secure Olympic gold". International Hockey Federation. 9 August 2024. Archived from the original on 26 August 2024. Retrieved 10 August 2024.
- ↑ "Netherlands men's team strike Olympic gold". International Hockey Federation. 10 August 2024. Archived from the original on 26 August 2024. Retrieved 10 August 2024.
- ↑ "Spanish on course to realise Olympic dream". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 19 August 2008. Archived from the original on 26 August 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
- ↑ "Indian field hockey records". Khel Now. Archived from the original on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
- ↑ "Olympic Analytics – Medals by Countries". Olympanalyt.com. Archived from the original on 4 February 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 "Men's Hockey at the Olympic Games: A statistical rewind". International Hockey Federation. Archived from the original on 14 June 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 "Indian field hockey records". Khelnow. Archived from the original on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
- ↑ "Most goals scored by an individual in an Olympic hockey final (male)". Guinness World Records. Archived from the original on 26 August 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.8 "Women's Hockey at the Olympic Games: A statistical rewind". International Hockey Federation. Archived from the original on 26 August 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
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