Gentianaceae
| Gentianaceae | |
|---|---|
| File:GentianaAcaulisRannoch.jpg | |
| Gentiana acaulis | |
| Scientific classification Edit this classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Gentianaceae Juss.[1] |
| Type genus | |
| Gentiana | |
Gentianaceae is a family of flowering plants of 105 genera and about 1600 species.[2][3]
Etymology
The family takes its name from the genus Gentiana, named after the Illyrian king Gentius.[citation needed]
Distribution
Distribution is cosmopolitan.[citation needed]
Characteristics
Ecology
Some of these plants have limited ranges and are protected under governmental oversight.[which?] For example, Gentianella uliginosa (Dune Gentian), which occurs in some limited areas of Wales and Scotland, is a priority species under the Biodiversity Action Plan of the United Kingdom.[4]
Biogeographic history
Gentianaceae are distributed worldwide, but most species occur in temperate zones. According to Merckx et al.,[5] the neotropics were an important area for the early diversification events in Gentianaceae, most of which occurring during the Eocene. However, Pirie et al.[6] suggested that ancient vicariance cannot be ruled out as an explanation for the early origins of Exaceae across Africa, Madagascar and the Indian subcontinent unless a strong assumption is made about the maximum age of Gentianales.
Uses
Economically, some species are cultivated ornamental plants and many species yield bitter principles used medicinally and in flavorings.[citation needed]
Taxonomy
The family was first described by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in 1789.[2]
Tribes
- tribe Chironieae (G.Don) Endl.
- tribe Exaceae Colla
- tribe Gentianeae Colla
- tribe Helieae Gilg
- tribe Potalieae Rchb.
- tribe Saccifolieae (Maguire & Pires) Struwe, Thiv, V.A.Albert & Kadereit
- incertae sedis Voyria
Genera
105 genera are accepted.[2]
- Adenolisianthus (Spruce ex Progel) Gilg
- Anthocleista Afzel. ex R.Br.
- Aripuana Struwe, Maas & V.A.Albert
- Bartonia Muhl. ex Willd.
- Bisgoeppertia Kuntze
- Blackstonia Huds.
- Calolisianthus Gilg
- Canscora Lam.
- Celiantha Maguire
- Centaurium Hill
- Chelonanthus (Griseb.) Gilg
- Chironia L.
- Chorisepalum Gleason & Wodehouse
- Cicendia Adans.
- Comastoma Toyok.
- Congolanthus A.Raynal
- Coutoubea Aubl.
- Cracosna Gagnep.
- Crawfurdia Wall.
- Curtia Cham. & Schltdl.
- Cyrtophyllum Reinw.
- Deianira Cham. & Schltdl.
- Djaloniella P.Taylor
- Duplipetala Thiv
- Enicostema Blume
- Eustoma Salisb.
- Exaculum Caruel
- Exacum L.
- Exochaenium Griseb.
- Fagraea Thunb.
- Faroa Welw.
- Frasera Walter
- Geniostemon Engelm. & A.Gray
- Gentiana Tourn. ex L.
- Gentianella Moench
- Gentianopsis Ma
- Gentianothamnus Humbert
- Gyrandra Griseb.
- Halenia Borkh.
- Helia Mart.
- Hockinia Gardner
- Hoppea Willd.
- Irlbachia Mart.
- Ixanthus Griseb.
- Jaeschkea Kurz
- Karina Boutique
- Klackenbergia Kissling
- Kuepferia Adr.Favre
- Lagenanthus Gilg
- Lagenias E.Mey.
- Latouchea Franch.
- Lehmanniella Gilg
- Limahlania K.M.Wong & Sugumaran
- Lisianthius P.Browne
- Lomatogoniopsis T.N.Ho & S.W.Liu
- Lomatogonium A.Braun
- Macrocarpaea (Griseb.) Gilg
- Megacodon (Hemsl.) Harry Sm.
- Metagentiana T.N.Ho & S.W.Liu
- Microrphium C.B.Clarke
- Neblinantha Maguire
- Neurotheca Salisb. ex Benth. & Hook.f.
- Obolaria L.
- Oreonesion A.Raynal
- Ornichia Klack.
- Orphium E.Mey.
- Phyllocyclus Kurz
- Picrophloeus Blume
- Potalia Aubl.
- Prepusa Mart.
- Pterygocalyx Maxim.
- Purdieanthus Gilg
- Pycnosphaera Gilg
- Rogersonanthus Maguire & B.M.Boom
- Roraimaea Struwe, S.Nilsson & V.A.Albert
- Sabatia Adans.
- Saccifolium Maguire & Pires
- Schenkia Griseb.
- Schinziella Gilg
- Schultesia Mart.
- Sebaea Sol. ex R.Br.
- Senaea Taub.
- Sinogentiana Adr.Favre & Y.M.Yuan
- Sinoswertia T.N.Ho, S.W.Liu & J.Q.Liu
- Sipapoantha Maguire & B.M.Boom
- Swertia L.
- Symbolanthus G.Don
- Symphyllophyton Gilg
- Tachia Aubl.
- Tachiadenus Griseb.
- Tapeinostemon Benth.
- Tetrapollinia Maguire & B.M.Boom
- Tripterospermum Blume
- Tubella Archila
- Urogentias Gilg & Gilg-Ben.
- Utania G.Don
- Valdesiana Z.Díaz & M.Escudero
- Veratrilla Franch.
- Voyria Aubl.
- Voyriella (Miq.) Miq.
- Xestaea Griseb.
- Yanomamua J.R.Grant, Maas & Struwe
- Zeltnera G.Mans.
- Zonanthus Griseb.
- Zygostigma Griseb.
Phylogeny
| Gentianaceae | |
References
- ↑ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. hdl:10654/18083.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Gentianaceae Juss". Plants of the World Online (POWO). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 22 July 2024.
- ↑ Struwe L, Albert VA (2002). Gentianaceae: systematics and natural history. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80999-3.
- ↑ "Report on the Species and Habitat Review (UK BAP) | JNCC Resource Hub". hub.jncc.gov.uk. Retrieved 2021-01-31.
- ↑ Merckx, Vincent S.F.T.; Kissling, Jonathan; Hentrich, Heiko; Janssens, Steven B.; Mennes, Constantijn B.; Specht, Chelsea D.; Smets, Erik F. (2013). "Phylogenetic relationships of the mycoheterotrophic genus Voyria and the implication for the biogeographic history of Gentianaceae". American Journal of Botany. 100 (4): 712–721. doi:10.3732/ajb.1200330. PMID 23535773.
- ↑ Pirie, Michael; Litsios, Glenn; Bellstedt, Dirk; Salamin, Nicolas; Kissling, Jonathan (2015). "Back to Gondwanaland: can ancient vicariance explain (some) Indian Ocean disjunct plant distributions?". Biology Letters. 11 (6): 20150086. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2015.0086. PMC 4528461. PMID 26063747.
