Abortion law
Legal on request: | |
No gestational limit | |
Gestational limit after the first 17 weeks | |
Gestational limit in the first 17 weeks | |
Unclear gestational limit | |
Legally restricted to cases of: | |
Risk to woman's life, to her health*, rape*, fetal impairment*, or socioeconomic factors | |
Risk to woman's life, to her health*, rape, or fetal impairment | |
Risk to woman's life, to her health*, or fetal impairment | |
Risk to woman's life*, to her health*, or rape | |
Risk to woman's life or to her health | |
Risk to woman's life | |
Illegal with no exceptions | |
No information | |
* Does not apply to some countries or territories in that category |
Abortion laws vary widely among countries and territories, and have changed over time. Such laws range from abortion being freely available on request, to regulation or restrictions of various kinds, to outright prohibition in all circumstances. Many countries and territories that allow abortion have gestational limits for the procedure depending on the reason; with the majority being up to 12 weeks for abortion on request, up to 24 weeks for rape, incest, or socioeconomic reasons, and more for fetal impairment or risk to the woman's health or life. As of 2022, countries that legally allow abortion on request or for socioeconomic reasons comprise about 60% of the world's population. In 2024, France became the first country to explicitly protect abortion rights in its constitution,[1] while Yugoslavia implicitly inscribed abortion rights in its constitution in 1974.[2] Abortion continues to be a controversial subject in many societies on religious, moral, ethical, practical, and political grounds. Though it has been banned and otherwise limited by law in many jurisdictions, abortions continue to be common in many areas, even where they are illegal. According to a 2007 study conducted by the Guttmacher Institute and the World Health Organization, abortion rates are similar in countries where the procedure is legal and in countries where it is not,[3][4] due to unavailability of modern contraceptives in areas where abortion is illegal.[5] Also according to the study, the number of abortions worldwide is declining due to increased access to contraception.[3][4]
History
This section needs additional citations for verification. (July 2017) |
Abortion has existed since ancient times, with natural abortifacients being found amongst a wide variety of tribal people and in most written sources. The earliest known records of abortion techniques and general reproductive regulation date as far back as 2700 BC in China, and 1550 BC in Egypt.[6] Early texts contain little mention of abortion or abortion law. When it does appear, it is entailed in concerns about male property rights, preservation of social order, and the duty to produce fit citizens for the state or community. The harshest penalties were generally reserved for a woman who procured an abortion against her husband's wishes, and for slaves who produced abortion in a woman of high status. Religious texts often contained severe condemnations of abortion, recommending penance but seldom enforcing secular punishment. As a matter of common law in England and the United States, abortion was illegal anytime after quickening—when the movements of the fetus could first be felt by the woman. Under the born alive rule, the fetus was not considered a "reasonable being" in rerum natura; and abortion was not treated as murder in English law. In the 19th century, many Western countries began to codify abortion laws or place further restrictions on the practice. Anti-abortion movements were led by a combination of groups opposed to abortion on moral grounds, and by medical professionals who were concerned about the danger presented by the procedure and the regular involvement of non-medical personnel in performing abortions. Nevertheless, it became clear that illegal abortions continued to take place in large numbers even where abortions were rigorously restricted. It was difficult to obtain sufficient evidence to prosecute the women and abortion doctors, and judges and juries were often reluctant to convict. For example, Henry Morgentaler, a Canadian pro-choice advocate, was never convicted by a jury. He was acquitted by a jury in the 1973 court case, but the acquittal was overturned by five judges on the Quebec Court of Appeal in 1974. He went to prison, appealed, and was again acquitted. In total, he served 10 months, suffering a heart attack while in solitary confinement. Many were also outraged at the invasion of privacy and the medical problems resulting from abortions taking place illegally in medically dangerous circumstances. Political movements soon coalesced around the legalization of abortion and liberalization of existing laws. By the first half of the 20th century, many countries had begun to liberalize abortion laws, at least when performed to protect the woman's life and in some cases on the woman's request. Under Vladimir Lenin, the Soviet Union became the first modern state in legalizing abortions on request—the law was first introduced in the Russian SFSR in 1920, in the Ukrainian SSR in July 1921, and then in the whole country.[7][8] The Bolsheviks saw abortion as a social evil created by the capitalist system, which left women without the economic means to raise children, forcing them to perform abortions. The Soviet state initially preserved the tsarist ban on abortion, which treated the practice as premeditated murder. However, abortion had been practiced by Russian women for decades and its incidence skyrocketed further as a result of the Russian Civil War, which had left the country economically devastated and made it extremely difficult for many people to have children. The Soviet state recognized that banning abortion would not stop the practice because women would continue using the services of private abortionists. In rural areas, these were often old women who had no medical training, which made their services very dangerous to women's health. In November 1920, the Soviet government legalized abortion in state hospitals. The state considered abortion as a temporary necessary evil, which would disappear in the future communist society, which would be able to provide for all the children conceived.[9][page needed] In 1936, Joseph Stalin placed prohibitions on abortions, which restricted them to medically recommended cases only, in order to increase population growth after the enormous loss of life in World War I and the Russian Civil War.[10][11][8] In the 1930s, several countries (Poland, Turkey, Denmark, Sweden, Iceland, Mexico) legalized abortion in some special cases (pregnancy from rape, threat to mother's health, fetal malformation). In Japan, abortion was legalized in 1948 by the Eugenic Protection Law,[12] amended in May 1949 to allow abortions for economic reasons.[13] Abortion was legalized in 1952 in Yugoslavia (on a limited basis[which?]), and again in 1955 in the Soviet Union on request. Some Soviet allies (Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Romania) legalized abortion in the late 1950s under pressure from the Soviets.[how?][14][additional citation(s) needed] In the United Kingdom, the Abortion Act of 1967 clarified and prescribed abortions as legal up to 28 weeks (later reduced to 24 weeks). Other countries soon followed, including Canada (1969), the United States (1973 in most states, pursuant to Roe v. Wade—the U.S. Supreme Court decision which legalized abortion nationwide), Tunisia and Denmark (1973), Austria (1974), France and Sweden (1975), New Zealand (1977), Italy (1978), the Netherlands (1984), and Belgium (1990). However, these countries vary greatly in the circumstances under which abortion was to be permitted. In 1975, the West German Supreme Court struck down a law legalizing abortion, holding that they contradict the constitution's human rights guarantees. In 1976, a law was adopted which enabled abortions up to 12 weeks. After Germany's reunification, despite the legal status of abortion in former East Germany, a compromise was reached which deemed most abortions up to 12 weeks legal, but this law was struck down by the Federal Constitutional Court and amended to only remove the punishment in such cases, without any statement to legality. In jurisdictions governed under sharia law, abortion after the 120th day from conception (19 weeks from LMP) is illegal, especially for those who follow the recommendations of the Hanafi legal school, while most jurists of the Maliki legal school "believe that ensoulment occurs at the moment of conception, and they tend to forbid abortion at any point [similar to the Roman Catholic Church]. The other schools hold intermediate positions. ... The penalty prescribed for an illegal abortion varies according to particular circumstances involved. According to sharia, it should be limited to a fine that is paid to the father or heirs of the fetus."[15]
Timeline of abortion on request
The table below lists in chronological order the United Nations member states that have legalized abortion on request in at least some initial part of the pregnancy, or that have fully decriminalized abortion. As of 2024, 67 countries have legalized or decriminalized abortion on request.
- Notes
Where a country has legalized abortion on request, prohibited it, and legalized it again (e.g., former Soviet Union, Romania), only the later year is included. Countries that result from the merger of states where abortion on request was legal at the moment of unification show the year when it became legal across the whole national territory (e.g., Germany, Vietnam). Similarly, countries where not all subnational jurisdictions have legalized abortion on request are not included, leading to the exclusion of Australia, Mexico, and the United Kingdom. Countries where abortion on request was once legalized nationwide but has since been prohibited in at least part of the country, such as the United States and Poland, are also excluded. Countries are counted even if they were not yet independent at the time. The year refers to when the relevant law or judicial decision came into force, which may be different from the year when it was approved.
International law
There are no international or multinational treaties that deal directly with abortion but human rights law and international criminal law touch on the issues. The Nuremberg Military Tribunal decided the case of United States v Greifelt and Others (1948) on the basis that abortion was a crime within its jurisdiction according to the law defining crimes against humanity and thus within its definition of murder and extermination.[37] The Catholic Church remains highly influential in Latin America, and opposes the legalisation of abortion.[38] The American Convention on Human Rights, which in 2013 had 23 Latin American parties, declares human life as commencing with conception. In Latin America, abortion on request is only legal in Cuba (1965), Uruguay (2012),[39] Argentina (2021),[36] Colombia (2022)[40] and in parts of Mexico.[41][42] Abortions are completely banned in the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua, and only allowed in certain restricted circumstances in most other Latin American nations.[38] In the 2010 case of A, B and C v Ireland, the European Court of Human Rights found that the European Convention on Human Rights did not include a right to an abortion. In 2005, the United Nations Human Rights Committee (UN HRC) ordered Peru to compensate a woman (known as K.L.) for denying her a medically indicated abortion; this was the first time a United Nations Committee had held any country accountable for not ensuring access to safe, legal abortion, and the first time the committee affirmed that abortion is a human right.[43] K.L. received the compensation in 2016.[43] In the 2016 case of Mellet v Ireland, the UN HRC found Ireland's abortion laws violated the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights because Irish law banned abortion in cases of fatal fetal abnormalities.
National laws
While abortions are legal at least under certain conditions in almost all countries, these conditions vary widely. According to a United Nations (UN) report with data gathered up to 2019,[44] abortion is allowed in 98% of countries in order to save a woman's life. Other commonly-accepted reasons are preserving physical (72%) or mental health (69%), in cases of rape or incest (61%), and in cases of fetal impairment (61%). Performing an abortion because of economic or social reasons is accepted in 37% of countries. Performing abortion only on the basis of a woman's request is allowed in 34% of countries, including in Canada, most European countries and China.[44] The exact scope of each legal ground also varies. For example, the laws of some countries cite health risks and fetal impairment as general grounds for abortion and allow a broad interpretation of such terms in practice, while other countries restrict them to a specific list of medical conditions or subcategories. Many countries that allow abortion have gestational limits for the procedure depending on the reason; with the majority being up to 12 weeks for abortion on request, up to 24 weeks for social, economic, rape, or incest reasons, and more for fetal impairment or threats to the woman's health or life.[44]: 26 In some countries, additional procedures must be followed before the abortion can be carried out even if the basic grounds for it are met. How strictly all of the procedures dictated in the legislation are followed in practice is another matter. For example, in the United Kingdom, a Care Quality Commission's report in 2012 found that several NHS clinics were circumventing the law, using forms pre-signed by one doctor, thus allowing abortions to patients who only met with one doctor.[45]
Summary tables
permitted | In many cases, abortion is permitted only up to a certain gestational age. If this limit is known and does not vary by subdivision, it is shown instead of "permitted". |
permitted, with complex legality or practice | |
varies by subdivision | |
prohibited, with complex legality or practice | |
prohibited | |
unknown or unclear |
Countries
The table below summarizes the legal grounds for abortion in all United Nations member states and United Nations General Assembly observer states and some countries with limited recognition. This table is mostly based on data compiled by the United Nations up to 2019,[46] with some updates, additions and clarifications citing other sources.
Autonomous jurisdictions
The table below summarizes the legal grounds for abortion in autonomous jurisdictions not included in the previous table.
Country | Risk to life | Risk to health | Rape | Fetal impairment | Economic or social | On request |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
File:Flag of the Republic of Abkhazia.svg Abkhazia[47] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited |
File:Flag of the Taliban.svg Afghanistan | permitted[lower-alpha 15] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited[lower-alpha 15] | prohibited[lower-alpha 15] | prohibited |
File:Flag of Albania.svg Albania[32] | 22 weeks | 22 weeks | 22 weeks | no limit | 22 weeks | 12 weeks |
File:Flag of Algeria.svg Algeria[54] | permitted | permitted | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited |
File:Flag of Andorra.svg Andorra | prohibited[lower-alpha 16] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited |
File:Flag of Angola.svg Angola[lower-alpha 17] | permitted | permitted | 16 weeks | permitted | prohibited | prohibited |
File:Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg Antigua and Barbuda[59] | permitted[lower-alpha 18] | prohibited[lower-alpha 19] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited |
File:Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina[36][62] | permitted | permitted | permitted | 14 weeks | permitted | 14 weeks |
File:Flag of Armenia.svg Armenia[63] | permitted | permitted | permitted | permitted | 22 weeks | 12 weeks |
File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia [subdivisions] | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | varies[lower-alpha 20] |
File:Flag of the Australian Capital Territory.svg Australian Capital Territory[66][67] | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit |
File:Flag of Christmas Island.svg Christmas Island[lower-alpha 21] | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | 23 weeks |
File:Flag of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands.svg Cocos Islands[lower-alpha 22] | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | 23 weeks |
Jervis Bay Territory[lower-alpha 23] | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit |
File:Flag of New South Wales.svg New South Wales[71] | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | 22 weeks |
File:Flag of Norfolk Island.svg Norfolk Island[lower-alpha 24] | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit |
File:Flag of the Northern Territory.svg Northern Territory[75] | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | prohibited[lower-alpha 25] |
File:Flag of Queensland.svg Queensland[76] | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | 22 weeks |
File:Flag of South Australia.svg South Australia[77] | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | 22 weeks and 6 days |
File:Flag of Tasmania.svg Tasmania[78] | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | 16 weeks |
File:Flag of Victoria (Australia).svg Victoria[79] | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | 24 weeks |
File:Flag of Western Australia.svg Western Australia[80] | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | 23 weeks |
File:Flag of Austria.svg Austria[81] | no limit | no limit | 3 months[lower-alpha 26] | no limit | 3 months[lower-alpha 26] | 3 months[lower-alpha 26] |
File:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Azerbaijan[82] | no limit | no limit | permitted | permitted | 22 weeks | 12 weeks |
File:Flag of the Bahamas.svg Bahamas[83] | permitted | permitted[lower-alpha 27] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited |
File:Flag of Bahrain.svg Bahrain | permitted | prohibited[lower-alpha 28] | prohibited[lower-alpha 28] | prohibited[lower-alpha 28] | prohibited[lower-alpha 28] | prohibited[lower-alpha 28] |
File:Flag of Bangladesh.svg Bangladesh | no limit | prohibited[lower-alpha 29] | prohibited[lower-alpha 29] | prohibited[lower-alpha 29] | prohibited[lower-alpha 29] | prohibited[lower-alpha 29] |
File:Flag of Barbados.svg Barbados[86] | no limit | no limit | 12 weeks | no limit | 12 weeks | prohibited |
File:Flag of Belarus.svg Belarus[lower-alpha 30] | no limit | no limit | 22 weeks | no limit | 22 weeks | 12 weeks |
File:Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium[90] | no limit | no limit | 14 weeks[lower-alpha 31] | no limit | 14 weeks[lower-alpha 31] | 14 weeks[lower-alpha 31] |
File:Flag of Belize.svg Belize[92] | no limit | no limit | prohibited | no limit | permitted | prohibited |
File:Flag of Benin.svg Benin[93] | permitted | permitted | permitted | permitted | 12 weeks | prohibited |
File:Flag of Bhutan.svg Bhutan[lower-alpha 32] | 180 days | 180 days[lower-alpha 33] | 180 days | 180 days[lower-alpha 33] | prohibited | prohibited |
File:Flag of Bolivia.svg Bolivia | 22 weeks | 22 weeks | 22 weeks | 22 weeks[lower-alpha 34] | prohibited | prohibited |
File:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg Bosnia and Herzegovina [subdivisions] | no limit | no limit | permitted | permitted | permitted | 10 weeks |
Brčko District[lower-alpha 35] | no limit | no limit | 20 weeks | 20 weeks | 10 weeks | 10 weeks |
Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina[lower-alpha 35] | no limit | no limit | 20 weeks | 20 weeks | 10 weeks | 10 weeks |
File:Flag of the Republika Srpska.svg Republika Srpska[99] | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | 10 weeks |
File:Flag of Botswana.svg Botswana[100] | 16 weeks | 16 weeks | 16 weeks | 16 weeks | prohibited | prohibited |
File:Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil[101][102] | no limit | prohibited | no limit | prohibited[lower-alpha 36] | prohibited | prohibited |
File:Flag of Brunei.svg Brunei[105] | permitted | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited |
File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria[106] | no limit | 20 weeks | permitted | no limit | 12 weeks | 12 weeks |
File:Flag of Burkina Faso.svg Burkina Faso[107] | no limit | no limit | 14 weeks | no limit | prohibited | prohibited |
File:Flag of Burundi.svg Burundi | permitted | permitted | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited[lower-alpha 37] | prohibited |
File:Flag of Cambodia.svg Cambodia[109] | no limit | 12 weeks | no limit | no limit | 12 weeks | 12 weeks |
File:Flag of Cameroon.svg Cameroon[110] | permitted | 28 weeks | 28 weeks | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited |
File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada[lower-alpha 38] | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit |
File:Flag of Cape Verde.svg Cape Verde[114] | no limit | no limit | 12 weeks | permitted | 12 weeks | 12 weeks |
File:Flag of the Central African Republic.svg Central African Republic | 8 weeks | prohibited[lower-alpha 39] | 8 weeks | 8 weeks | prohibited | prohibited |
File:Flag of Chad.svg Chad[116][117] | permitted | permitted | permitted | permitted | prohibited | prohibited |
File:Flag of Chile.svg Chile[118] | no limit | prohibited | 12 weeks[lower-alpha 40] | permitted | prohibited | prohibited |
File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China [subdivisions] | permitted | permitted | permitted | permitted | varies[lower-alpha 41] | varies[lower-alpha 42] |
Mainland China[119][120][lower-alpha 2] | permitted | permitted | permitted | permitted | permitted | permitted |
File:Flag of Hong Kong.svg Hong Kong[121] | no limit | 24 weeks | 24 weeks | 24 weeks | 24 weeks | prohibited |
File:Flag of Macau.svg Macau[122] | no limit | no limit | 24 weeks | 24 weeks | prohibited | prohibited |
File:Flag of Colombia.svg Colombia | no limit[lower-alpha 43] | no limit[lower-alpha 43] | no limit[lower-alpha 43] | no limit[lower-alpha 43] | 24 weeks[lower-alpha 43] | 24 weeks[lower-alpha 43] |
File:Flag of the Comoros.svg Comoros[125] | permitted | permitted | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited |
File:Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg Congo | permitted[lower-alpha 44] | prohibited[lower-alpha 44] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited |
File:Flag of Costa Rica.svg Costa Rica | permitted | permitted | prohibited[lower-alpha 45] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited |
File:Flag of Croatia.svg Croatia[129] | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | 10 weeks | 10 weeks |
File:Flag of Cuba.svg Cuba[130][131] | no limit | 22 weeks | no limit | 35 weeks | 22 weeks | 12 weeks |
File:Flag of Cyprus.svg Cyprus[132] | permitted | permitted | 19 weeks | permitted | 12 weeks | 12 weeks |
File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czech Republic[133][134] | no limit | permitted[lower-alpha 46] | 12 weeks | no limit | 12 weeks | 12 weeks |
File:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg Democratic Republic of the Congo | permitted[lower-alpha 47] | permitted[lower-alpha 48] | permitted[lower-alpha 48] | permitted[lower-alpha 48] | prohibited | prohibited |
File:Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark[138] | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | 12 weeks[lower-alpha 49] |
File:Flag of Djibouti.svg Djibouti[139][140][141] | permitted | permitted[lower-alpha 27] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited |
File:Flag of Dominica.svg Dominica[142] | permitted | prohibited[lower-alpha 50] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited |
File:Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg Dominican Republic[144] | prohibited[lower-alpha 51] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited |
File:Flag of East Timor.svg East Timor[lower-alpha 52] | no limit | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited |
File:Flag of Ecuador.svg Ecuador | permitted | permitted | permitted[lower-alpha 53] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited |
File:Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt[152][153] | permitted | permitted | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited |
Comparative limits for countries with elective abortions
The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with Europe and North America and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (July 2022) |
Legal limits may not be directly comparable. Limits may be expressed in trimesters, months, weeks of pregnancy (implantation), weeks from fertilization, or weeks from last menstrual period (LMP).
Illegal Legal but generally unavailable (Northern Ireland) Legal first 5 weeks (Turkmenistan) Legal first 10 weeks Legal first 11 weeks (Estonia) Legal first 12 weeks Legal first 13 weeks (3 months, Austria, Tunisia) Legal first 14 weeks Legal first 18 weeks Legal first 22 weeks (Iceland) Legal first 24 weeks |
Illegal, limited exceptions[lower-alpha 74] Legal, but no providers Legal through 12th week LMP* Legal through 15th week LMP* (1st trimester) Legal through 18th week LMP* Legal through 22nd week LMP* (5 months) Legal through 24th week LMP* (5½ months) Legal through second trimester[lower-alpha 77] Legal at any stage *LMP is the time since the last menstrual period began. |
Available first 12 weeks (PEI) Available first 13 weeks Available first 16 weeks Available first 19 weeks Available first 20 weeks Available first 24 weeks Available first 25 weeks |
Available first 16 weeks Available first 22 weeks Available first 23 weeks Available first 24 weeks Legal at any stage if provided by medical doctor. |
Countries with more restrictive laws
According to a report by Women on Waves,[better source needed] approximately 25% of the world's population[as of?] lives in countries with "highly restrictive abortion laws"—that is, laws which either completely ban abortion, or allow it only to save the mother's life. This category includes several countries in Latin America, Africa, Asia and Oceania, as well as Andorra and Malta in Europe.[206] The Center for Reproductive Rights report that "[t]he inability to access safe and legal abortion care impacts 700 million women of reproductive age."[207] Some of the countries of Central America, notably El Salvador, have also come to international attention due to very forceful enforcement of the laws, including the incarceration of a gang-rape victim for homicide when she gave birth to a stillborn son and was accused of attempting an illegal abortion.[208][209][210] El Salvador has some of the strictest abortion laws of any country. Abortion under all circumstances, including rape, incest, and risk to the mother's health, is illegal. Women can be criminalized and penalized to up to 40 years in prison after being found guilty of an abortion. El Salvador's abortion laws are so severe that miscarriages and stillbirths can sometimes be enough for conviction. The Inter-American Court has already ruled that El Salvador was responsible for the death of Manuela, who was sentenced to 30 years in prison in 2008 for aggravated homicide after suffering an obstetric emergency that resulted in her losing her pregnancy.[211][212]
Beginning of pregnancy controversy
Controversy over the beginning of pregnancy occurs in different contexts, particularly in a legal context, and is particularly discussed within the abortion debate from the point of measuring the gestational age of the pregnancy. Pregnancy can be measured from a number of convenient points, including the day of last menstruation, ovulation, fertilization, implantation and chemical detection. A common medical way to calculate gestational age is to measure pregnancy from the first day of the last menstrual cycle.[lower-alpha 78] However, not all legal systems use this measure for the purpose of abortion law; for example countries such as Belgium, France, and Luxembourg use the term "pregnancy" in the abortion law to refer to the time elapsed from the sexual act that led to conception, which is presumed to be 2 weeks after the end of the last menstrual period.[lower-alpha 79]
Exceptions in abortion law
Exceptions in abortion laws occur either in countries where abortion is as a general rule illegal or in countries that have abortion on request with gestational limits. For example, if a country allows abortion on request until 12 weeks, it may create exceptions to this general gestation limit for later abortions in specific circumstances.[219] There are a few exceptions commonly found in abortion laws. Legal domains which do not have abortion on demand will often allow it when the health of the mother is at stake. "Health of the mother" may mean something different in different areas: for example, prior to December 2018, Ireland allowed abortion only to save the mother's life, whereas abortion opponents in the United States argue health exceptions are used so broadly as to render a ban essentially meaningless.[220] Laws allowing abortion in cases of rape or incest often differ. For example, before Roe v. Wade, thirteen U.S. states allowed abortion in the case of either rape or incest, but only Mississippi permitted abortion of pregnancies due to rape, and no state permitted it for just incest.[221] Many[vague] countries allow abortion only through the first or second trimester, and some may allow abortion in cases of fetal defects, e.g., Down syndrome, or where the pregnancy is the result of a sexual crime.
Laws in some countries with liberal abortion laws protect access to abortion services. Such legislation often seeks to guard abortion clinics against obstruction, vandalism, picketing, and other actions, or to protect patients and employees of such facilities from threats and harassment. Other laws create a perimeter around a facility, known variously as a "buffer zone", "bubble zone", or "access zone", where demonstrations opposing abortion are not permitted. Protests and other displays are restricted to a certain distance from the building, which varies depending on the law. Similar zones have also been created to protect the homes of abortion providers and clinic staff. Bubble zone laws are divided into "fixed" and "floating" categories. Fixed bubble zone laws apply to the static area around the facility itself, and floating laws to objects in transit, such as people or cars.[222] Because of conflicts between anti-abortion activists on one side and women seeking abortion and medical staff who provides abortion on the other side, some laws are quite strict: in South Africa for instance, any person who prevents the lawful termination of a pregnancy or obstructs access to a facility for the termination of a pregnancy faces up to 10 years in prison (section 10.1 (c) of the Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act[223]). On 3 November 2020, an association of 20 Kenyan charities urged the government of Kenya to withdraw from the Geneva Consensus Declaration (GCD), a US-led international accord that sought to limit access to abortion for girls and women around the world. GCD was signed by 33 nations, on 22 October 2020.[224]
Judicial decisions
This section has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these messages)
|
See also
Notes
- ↑ Mainland China.
- ↑ Jump up to: 2.0 2.1 In 2021, the Chinese government issued guidelines reducing "non-medically necessary" abortions as a "step toward women's development".[17] The guidelines do not provide detail on what a "non-medically necessary" abortion is, nor what specific policies the government has planned to achieve this goal.[18][19]
- ↑ The law from 1957 legalizing the abortion on request was limited in 1962 when additional approval for each abortion had to be obtained from so called Abort Commission (which rejected about 15% of the requests). The Abort Commissions were abolished by law in 1986. Until 1993 each approved abortion was paid by state.[20][21]
- ↑ In some parts of Overseas France, abortion on request became legal in 2001.[23][24][25]
- ↑ Year when all subnational jurisdictions legalized abortion on request.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>
tag; no text was provided for refs namedno
- ↑ The law legalizing abortion on request was approved in 1978 and came into force in 1979.[26]
- ↑ In the Caribbean Netherlands, abortion on request became legal in 2011.[27][28]
- ↑ After explicit legalization struck down by supreme court decision, the law only removes punishment for abortion on request but with no statement about its legality.
- ↑ The law legalizing abortion on request was approved in 1995 and came into force in 1996.[32]
- ↑ The law legalizing abortion on request was approved in 2014 and came into force in 2015.[34]
- ↑ The law legalizing abortion on request was approved in 2018 and came into force in 2019.[35]
- ↑ The law legalizing abortion on request was approved in 2020 and came into force in 2021.[36]
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>
tag; no text was provided for refs namedfi
- ↑ Jump up to: 15.0 15.1 15.2 The law of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan consisted primarily of statutory law and a limited use of Islamic jurisprudence.[48] The Afghan penal code criminalized abortion and only removed the penalty if the abortion was prescribed by a doctor to save the woman's life,[49][50] but other sources said that Afghanistan also allowed abortion in case of fetal impairment,[51] and rarely for economic reasons if accepted by a religious council.[52] After the 2021 Taliban offensive, the new government announced its intention to implement Islamic law exclusively, and it is unclear which legal grounds for abortion it accepts.[53]
- ↑ The UN source says that this ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle.[55] However, other sources say that abortion is not legally allowed under any circumstance in Andorra.[56]
- ↑ The UN source incorrectly shows Angola as allowing abortion on request, citing a penal code draft from 2014 that did not become law.[57] The version of the penal code enacted in 2020 and entered into force in 2021 allows abortion only in certain circumstances.[58]
- ↑ A 2001 UN source says that abortion must be performed within the first 16 weeks and that it may be permitted after this period under very exceptional circumstances.[60]
- ↑ Before independence, a judicial decision in the parent country allowed abortion for this ground, but the decision has not been explicitly recognized by Antigua and Barbuda.[60][61]: 14
- ↑ Abortion for this ground is permitted in all subdivisions except the Northern Territory.[64][65]
- ↑ Applies the laws of Western Australia.[68]
- ↑ Applies the laws of Western Australia.[69]
- ↑ Applies the laws of the Australian Capital Territory.[70]
- ↑ Most laws of New South Wales and Queensland, including their abortion laws, are set to apply to Norfolk Island after 2026.[72][73] The Criminal Code of Norfolk Island, which remains in force in the territory, does not prohibit abortion.[74]
- ↑ Abortion up to 24 weeks may be performed if the medical practitioner considers the abortion is appropriate in all the circumstances, having regard to all relevant medical circumstances, the woman's current and future physical, psychological and social circumstances, and professional standards and guidelines. Later abortion may be performed, if two medical practitioners consider the abortion is appropriate in all the circumstances, having regard to the mentioned matters.[75] These criteria are not considered as allowing abortion on request.[64][65]
- ↑ Jump up to: 26.0 26.1 26.2 If the woman was under age 14 when getting pregnant, no limit is specified.
- ↑ Jump up to: 27.0 27.1 The penal code says that abortion is permitted for therapeutic purposes but is unclear whether it means only to save the woman's life or also to preserve her health. The UN source marks it as a permitted ground.
- ↑ Jump up to: 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 The UN source marks it as a legal ground because the Penal Code explicitly prohibits abortion only if performed without the consent of the woman and of a medical practitioner.[84] However, the decree regulating medical practice prohibits abortion unless the pregnancy threatens the woman's life.[85]
- ↑ Jump up to: 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 29.4 The UN source does not explicitly mark this legal ground for abortion but says that "Menstrual regulation is available on request for women with a last menstrual period of 10 weeks or less."[46]
- ↑ The law permits abortion for medical reasons without gestational limit, for social reasons up to 22 weeks of gestation, and on request up to 12 weeks of gestation.[87] By regulation, fetal impairment is included as a medical reason,[88] and rape is included as a social reason.[89]
- ↑ Jump up to: 31.0 31.1 31.2 Defined as 12 weeks from conception, considered as 14 weeks from the last menstrual period.[91]
- ↑ The penal code prohibits abortion except to save the woman's life, when the pregnancy is a result of rape or incest, or when the woman is of unsound mental condition.[94] Guidelines for health workers mention grounds of risk to the woman's health and fetal impairment, and define a gestational limit of 180 days.[95]
- ↑ Jump up to: 33.0 33.1 This ground is only cited in guidelines for health workers, not by law.[94][95]
- ↑ This ground is established by a regulation implementing a judicial decision, although it is not mentioned in the decision itself or in the law.[96]
- ↑ Jump up to: 35.0 35.1 Continues to apply the abortion law of the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.[97][98]
- ↑ The penal code criminalizes abortion except if done to save the woman's life or if the pregnancy is the result of rape.[101] Due to a decision by the Supreme Federal Court, abortion is also permitted in case of anencephaly, and it may also be authorized by court order in other fatal cases of fetal impairment.[102][103][104]
- ↑ The penal code says that social demands are taken into account in a conviction for abortion.[108] It is unclear if this circumstance reduces the penalty or may remove it.
- ↑ There is no abortion law in Canada, but medical guidelines of its subdivisions and individual providers may limit the abortion services that they offer depending on gestational age and medical reasons.[111][112][113]
- ↑ The penal code says that abortion may be permitted to an underage woman in a state of grave distress up to 8 weeks.[115]
- ↑ If the woman is under age 14, the gestational limit is 14 weeks.
- ↑ Abortion for this ground is permitted in mainland China and Hong Kong, but not in Macau.
- ↑ Abortion for this ground is permitted in mainland China, but not in Hong Kong or Macau.
- ↑ Jump up to: 43.0 43.1 43.2 43.3 43.4 43.5 This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.[123][124][40]
- ↑ Jump up to: 44.0 44.1 This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law.[126] The Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which is declared to be an integral part of the constitution, says that "Abortion, other than therapeutic, is prohibited and punishable by law."[127] It is unclear whether the therapeutic ground means only to save the woman's life or also to preserve her health. The UN source says that only the ground to save the woman's life is accepted as a general legal principle.[44]
- ↑ A judicial pardon may be granted to the woman for an abortion on this ground.[128]
- ↑ In some cases, the gestational limit is 12 or 24 weeks.
- ↑ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle, allowed by regulation and established by treaty.[135][136]
- ↑ Jump up to: 48.0 48.1 48.2 This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by treaty, whose application is requested by the Constitutional Court.[135][137]
- ↑ If the woman is of young age or immature and so unable to care for the child in a proper way, no limit is specified.
- ↑ Before independence, a judicial decision in the parent country allowed abortion for this ground, but the decision has not been explicitly recognized by Dominica.[143]
- ↑ The UN source says that this ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle. However, other sources say that abortion is not legally allowed under any circumstance in the Dominican Republic.[145][146]
- ↑ The UN source shows East Timor as allowing abortion also in case of risk to the woman's health or fetal impairment, citing the penal code enacted in March 2009 and entered into force in June 2009.[147][148] However, the penal code was amended in July 2009 to restrict abortion only to save the woman's life.[149][148][150]
- ↑ This ground is explicitly mentioned in the law only in case of rape of a woman with a mental disability, but it is also established by judicial decision in case of rape of any woman.[151]
- ↑ Jump up to: 54.0 54.1 54.2 54.3 54.4 54.5 54.6 This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law, but the identical text in the law of the parent country is considered to include this ground in a ground for preserving physical or mental health.[155][156][157]
- ↑ Jump up to: 55.0 55.1 55.2 This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle.[61]
- ↑ The parliament has proposed a law allowing abortion also in case of risk to health, rape and fetal impairment,[165] but it has not yet been approved.[166]
- ↑ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law, but it is established by a judicial decision in the parent country. A UN source states this it in unclear whether this judicial precedent also applies to the Cook Islands, but it lists this ground as permitted there.[167]
- ↑ Jump up to: 58.0 58.1 58.2 58.3 58.4 Although illegal, the government does not prosecute abortions performed under rules similar to other countries, including on request.[169]
- ↑ Permitted up to 16 weeks of gestation if medical circumstances make the woman unfit to care for her child.[171]
- ↑ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is considered to be included in the ground for preserving physical or mental health.[172][173]
- ↑ Jump up to: 61.0 61.1 61.2 61.3 61.4 Although the law permits abortions on request, no medical providers in the territory perform them except to save the woman's life.[177][178]
- ↑ Jump up to: 62.0 62.1 62.2 62.3 62.4 62.5 In Alderney and Sark, this ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law.[179] A judicial decision on an identical law in the parent country clarified that the law always implicitly allowed abortion at least to save the woman's life, and the decision allowed it also to preserve her health.[180] It is unclear whether Alderney and Sark apply only the original legal principle or also the judicial decision.
- ↑ Jump up to: 63.0 63.1 63.2 Abortion for this ground is permitted in the jurisdiction of Guernsey, but not in Alderney or Sark.[179][181]
- ↑ Jump up to: 64.0 64.1 64.2 64.3 Although not allowed by Alderney law, abortions are provided in Alderney under the same conditions as in Guernsey, as health services in Alderney operate under Guernsey law.[182] To resolve the legal contradiction, in 2022 the States of Alderney passed an abortion law identical to the one in Guernsey, and it awaits a regulation to establish the effective date.[183]
- ↑ Jump up to: 65.0 65.1 A law enacted by New Zealand for Niue in 1966 prohibited abortion done "unlawfully", without defining it,[187] but a judicial decision applicable in New Zealand allowed abortion in case of risk to the woman's life or health, and a UN source states this judicial precedent probably applies to Niue as well.[188] In 2007, New Zealand repealed the sections of law that prohibited abortion in Niue,[189] but they remain in force in Niue[190] as legislation enacted by New Zealand after 1974 does not apply to Niue without its consent.[191]
- ↑ Jump up to: 66.0 66.1 66.2 66.3 66.4 66.5 The territory's constitution prohibits abortion "except as provided by law", and the territory has no law about the subject.[192] A law from the predecessor of the territory prohibited abortion done "unlawfully" without defining it, and although predecessor laws remain in force in the territory unless modified, a judicial decision ruled this abortion law invalid for being too vague.[193] As a result, although abortion remains prohibited in principle by the constitution, abortion providers cannot be prosecuted for it as there is no law specifying a penalty. Still, in practice, authorized medical providers in the territory perform abortions only to save the woman's life and possibly in case of rape.[194] In 1995, an opinion issued by the territory's attorney general concluded that U.S. judicial decisions allowing abortion on request also applied to the territory, but these decisions were overturned in 2022.[192]
- ↑ Applies English law in force in 2010 unless locally modified.[195]
- ↑ Jump up to: 68.0 68.1 68.2 68.3 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>
tag; no text was provided for refs namedgb
- ↑ Jump up to: 69.0 69.1 69.2 69.3 The penal code prohibits abortion except in case of risk to the woman's life or health.[196] In 1980, a decision by the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico expanded the health criteria to also include mental health, including emotional, psychological, family and age aspects, with no gestational limit. However, the decision still maintained the prohibition on abortion if done without any therapeutic consideration.[197][198]
- ↑ Applies English law in force on 1 January 2006 unless locally modified, in each part of the territory.[199] Tristan da Cunha explicitly applies the abortion law of the United Kingdom with minor modifications.[200]
- ↑ Jump up to: 71.0 71.1 71.2 71.3 71.4 Although illegal, the government does not prosecute abortions performed under rules similar to other countries, including on request.[61]
- ↑ Jump up to: 72.0 72.1 This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law. The judicial handbook says that abortion is permitted for medical reasons but is unclear whether it means only to save the woman's life or also to preserve her health.[203]
- ↑ Jump up to: 73.0 73.1 This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law. A judicial decision on an identical law in the parent country clarified that the law always implicitly allowed abortion at least to save the woman's life, and the decision allowed it also to preserve her health.[180] It is unclear whether the territory applies only the original legal principle or also the judicial decision.
- ↑ Jump up to: 74.0 74.1 All states allow abortion to prevent the woman's imminent death, and some if the pregnancy is a less-immediate threat to their life.
• Additional allowance for risk to the woman's physical health: Alabama, Arizona, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.
• Allowance for risk to the woman's general health: California, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Indiana, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Nevada, New York, Rhode Island, Virginia, Washington.
• Allowance for pregnancy due to rape or incest: Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Mississippi, North Dakota, South Carolina, West Virginia, Utah, and Wyoming.
• Allowance for lethal fetal abnormality: Alabama, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, South Carolina, West Virginia, Wyoming, and Utah.
Note that these allowances may have a time limit, which may be as early as cardiac-cell activity (approximately 6 weeks LMP); others may have no limit. Different allowances may have different limits in the same state. - ↑ Cardiac-cell activity is generally detectable in the 6th week LMP.
Allowance beyond this limit is made, at minimum, for an immediate threat to the woman's life. In general, states that permit limited elective abortion may allow abortion beyond that limit for some or all of the reasons listed above. - ↑ Typically, fetal viability begins in the 23rd or 24th week LMP.
- ↑ The second trimester is variously defined as through 27th or 28th week LMP. In Massachusetts, the law allows elective abortion up to 24 weeks from implantation, which is approx. 27 weeks LMP.
- ↑ Some examples of gestational age calculated from the first day of the last menstrual cycle:[213][214][215][216][217][excessive citations]
- ↑ For example Luxembourg abortion law states: "Avant la fin de la 12e semaine de grossesse ou avant la fin de la 14e semaine d'aménorrhée ...", which translates to "Before the end of the 12th week of pregnancy or before the end of the 14th week of amenorrhea".[218]
- ↑ Also known as the "Menhennitt ruling".
References
- ↑ Niewiarowski, Erik (5 March 2024). "France makes abortion a constitutional right in historic vote". PinkNews. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
- ↑ "As France guarantees the right to abortion, other European countries look to expand access". AP News. 5 March 2024. Retrieved 8 October 2024.
- ↑ Jump up to: 3.0 3.1 "Abortion Rates Similar In Countries That Legalize, Prohibit Procedure, Study Says". International Consortium for Medical Abortion (ICMA). Archived from the original on 23 March 2014. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
- ↑ Jump up to: 4.0 4.1 Sedgh, Gilda; Henshaw, Stanley; Singh, Susheela; Åhman, Elisabeth; Shah, Iqbal H. (13 August 2007). "Induced abortion: estimated rates and trends worldwide". The Lancet. 370 (9595): 1338–1345. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61575-X. PMID 17933648. S2CID 28458527.
- ↑ Susheela, Signh; Darroch, Jacqueline E.; Ashford, Lori S.; Vlassoff, Michael (2009). Adding It Up: The Costs and Benefits of Investing in Family Planning and Newborn Health (PDF). New York: Guttmacher Institute and United Nations Population Fund. pp. 17, 19, 27.
Some 215 million women in the developing world as a whole have an unmet need for modern contraceptives ... If the 215 million women with unmet need used modern family planning methods ... [that] would result in about 22 million fewer unplanned births; 25 million fewer abortions; and seven million fewer miscarriages....If women's contraceptive needs were addressed (and assuming no changes in abortion laws) ... the number of unsafe abortions would decline by 73% from 20 million to 5.5 million.
A few of the findings in that report were subsequently changed, and are available at "Facts on Investing in Family Planning and Maternal and Newborn Health" (PDF). Guttmacher Institute. November 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 March 2012. - ↑ Joffe, Carole (3 April 2009). "Abortion and Medicine: A Sociopolitical History". Management of Unintended and Abnormal Pregnancy: Comprehensive Abortion Care. pp. 1–9. doi:10.1002/9781444313031.ch1. ISBN 9781444313031 – via Wiley Online Library.
{{cite book}}
:|url-access=
requires|url=
(help) - ↑ "Decree on Women's Healthcare". People's Commissariat of Health. 18 November 1920. Archived from the original on 18 December 2021.
- ↑ Jump up to: 8.0 8.1 Avdeev, Alexandre; Blum, Alain; Troitskaya, Irina (1995). "The History of Abortion Statistics in Russia and the USSR from 1900 to 1991". Population: An English Selection. 7: 39–66. JSTOR 2949057.
- ↑ Goldman, Wendy Z. (2004). Women, the State and Revolution: Soviet Family Policy and Social Life, 1917–1936. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521458160.
- ↑ Overy, Richard (2004). The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia. W. W. Norton Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0141912240.
- ↑ Heer, David M. (1965). "Abortion, Contraception, and Population Policy in the Soviet Union". Demography. 2: 531–539. doi:10.2307/2060137. JSTOR 2060137. S2CID 46960030.
- ↑ "Status of abortion in Japan". IPPF Medical Bulletin. 1 (6): 3. 1967. PMID 12304993. Archived from the original on 5 February 2009. Retrieved 10 December 2008.
- ↑ "Eugenic Protection Law in Japan" (PDF). Institute of Population Problems, Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan. 1960. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
- ↑ M., Akrivopoulou, Christina (2015). Protecting the Genetic Self from Biometric Threats: Autonomy, Identity, and Genetic Privacy: Autonomy, Identity, and Genetic Privacy. IGI Global. p. 160. ISBN 978-1-4666-8154-5.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Campo, Juan Eduardo (2009). Encyclopedia of Islam. Infobase Publishing. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-4381-2696-8.
- ↑ Various sources:
- China, Population Policy Data Bank, Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations, 2001. Archived from the original on 27 December 2005.
- Religion and the State: An International Analysis of Roles and Relationships. Abc-Clio. 14 July 2009. ISBN 9781598841343.
- China's Changing Population. Stanford University Press. 1987. ISBN 9780804718875.
- Fertility, Family Planning and Population Policy in China. Routledge. 16 December 2005. ISBN 9781134349760.
- ↑ 国务院关于印发中国妇女发展纲要和中国儿童发展纲要的通知, Government of the People's Republic of China, 2021 (in Chinese).
- ↑ Yaqiu, Wang (27 September 2021). "Beijing to Reduce 'Non-Medically Necessary' Abortions". Human Rights Watch.
- ↑ Ahmed, Kaamil (27 September 2021). "China to clamp down on abortions for 'non-medical purposes'". The Guardian.
- ↑ "Zákon č. 68/1957 Sb., o umělém přerušení těhotenství". Zákony pro lidi (in Czech). 1957. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ↑ "Vývoj potratovosti v České republice 2003 - 2014". Český statistický úřad. 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>
tag; no text was provided for refs namedtn
- ↑ Law no. 2001-588 of 4 July 2001 regarding voluntary interruption of pregnancy and contraception, Légifrance (in French).
- ↑ Voluntary interruption of pregnancy legal in Polynesia since 2001, Tahiti Infos, 4 September 2017 (in French).
- ↑ 26 years after the Veil Act, New Caledonia legalized abortion, France TV, 27 November 2014 (in French).
- ↑ Law on interruption of pregnancy (abortion law), Lovdata. "[A]mending law of 16 June 1978 no. 66 from 1 January 1979 according to resolution of 1 December 1978" (in Norwegian).
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>
tag; no text was provided for refs namedbq1
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>
tag; no text was provided for refs namedbq2
- ↑ Tsogt, Bazarragchaa; Seded, Khishgee; Johnson, Brooke R.; Strategic Assessment Team (2 September 2008). "Applying the WHO Strategic Approach to Strengthening First and Second Trimester Abortion Services in Mongolia". Reproductive Health Matters. 16 (31 Suppl): 127–134. doi:10.1016/S0968-8080(08)31383-4. eISSN 1460-9576. ISSN 0968-8080. PMID 18772093. S2CID 206112339 – via Taylor & Francis Group.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>
tag; no text was provided for refs namedgw
- ↑ Portuguese Penal Code of 1886, University of Coimbra, 1919. Article 358 (in Portuguese).
- ↑ Jump up to: 32.0 32.1 "Për ndërprerjen e shtatëzënësisë" [On the Interruption of Pregnancy]. Law No. 8045 of 7 December 1995 (in Albanian). Parliament of Albania.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>
tag; no text was provided for refs namedst
- ↑ Law of revision of the Penal Code, Gazette of the Republic of Mozambique, 31 December 2014. "The present law enters into force one hundred and eighty days after its publication." (in Portuguese)
- ↑ Health (Regulation of Termination of Pregnancy) Act 2018 (Commencement) Order 2018 (PDF) (S.I. 594). 2018.
- ↑ Jump up to: 36.0 36.1 36.2 "Acceso a la Interrupción Voluntaria del Embarazo" [Access to Voluntary Termination of Pregnancy]. Law No. 27.610 of 30 December 2020 (in Spanish). National Congress of Argentina.
- ↑ Law Reports of Trials of War Criminals (PDF). Vol. XIII. London: United Nations War Crimes Commission. 1949. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
- ↑ Jump up to: 38.0 38.1 "Argentina abortion: Senate approves legalisation in historic decision". BBC. 30 December 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
- ↑ "En Uruguay, le Parlement vote la dépénalisation de l'avortement". Le Monde (in français). 17 October 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
- ↑ Jump up to: 40.0 40.1 40.2 Colombia decriminalizes abortion in historic ruling, Colombia Reports, 21 February 2022.
- ↑ Jump up to: 41.0 41.1 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>
tag; no text was provided for refs namedmx1
- ↑ Jump up to: 42.0 42.1 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>
tag; no text was provided for refs namedmx2
- ↑ Jump up to: 43.0 43.1 Grimes, David A. (25 January 2016). "United Nations Committee Affirms Abortion As A Human Right". HuffPost. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
- ↑ Jump up to: 44.0 44.1 44.2 44.3 World Population Policies 2017: Abortion Laws and Policies, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2020.
- ↑ "Findings of termination of pregnancy inspections published". Care Quality Commission. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
- ↑ Jump up to: 46.0 46.1 Table 2: Countries by legal grounds for abortion (recoded), United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019). World Population Policies 2017: Abortion laws and policies.
- ↑ "О здравоохранении" [On Health Care]. Article 40, Law of 29 January 2016 (in Russian). People's Assembly of Abkhazia.
- ↑ Afghanistan's Constitution of 2004, Constitute.
- ↑ Penal Code, Government of the Republic of Afghanistan, 7 October 1976.
- ↑ Penal Code, Official Gazette of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, 15 May 2017 (in Pashto and Dari).
- ↑ Hasrat-Nazimi, Waslat (5 May 2012). "Afghan women use abortion as a way out". Deutsche Welle.
- ↑ Engel Rasmussen, Sune; Faizi, Fatima (26 April 2017). "'I am a criminal. What is my crime?': the human toll of abortion in Afghanistan". The Guardian.
- ↑ Explainer: The Taliban and Islamic law in Afghanistan, Al Jazeera, 23 August 2021.
- ↑ Collection of Regulatory Texts relative to the Management of Health Establishments, Med Ould-Kada, December 2020. Law 85-05 of 16 February 1985 regarding the protection and promotion of health. Article 72 (in French).
- ↑ Law 9/2005, of 21 February, qualified of the Penal code, Official Gazette of the Principality of Andorra, number 25, year 17, 23 March 2005. Articles 27, 107–109 (in Catalan).
- ↑ Bernhard, Meg (22 October 2019). "Andorra's abortion rights revolution". Politico Europe. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
- ↑ Penal code draft, Global Abortion Policies Database, World Health Organization (in Portuguese).
- ↑ Law that approves the Angolan Penal Code, Journal of the Republic of Angola, 11 November 2020. Articles 154–158 (in Portuguese).
- ↑ Infant Life (Preservation) Act, Laws of Antigua and Barbuda.
- ↑ Jump up to: 60.0 60.1 Antigua and Barbuda, Population Policy Data Bank, Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations, 2001. Archived from the original on 27 December 2005.
- ↑ Jump up to: 61.0 61.1 61.2 Pheterson, Gail; Azize, Yamila (c. 2005). "Safe Illegal Abortion: An Inter-Island Study in the Northeast Caribbean". Archived from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
- ↑ "Protocolo para la atención integral de las personas con derecho a la interrupción voluntaria y legal del embarazo" [Protocol for the comprehensive care of people with the right to voluntary and legal interruption of pregnancy] (PDF) (in español). Ministry of Health. 2022. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 June 2024.
- ↑ Law of Armenia on Reproductive Health and Reproductive Rights, Government of Armenia (in Armenian).
- ↑ Jump up to: 64.0 64.1 Abortion law: a national perspective, Tom Gotsis and Laura Ismay, NSW Parliamentary Research Service, May 2017, pp. 13, 40. This government publication, reflecting laws up to 2017 (including the Termination of Pregnancy Law Reform Act 2017 in the Northern Territory), lists New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia and the Northern Territory as the subdivisions of Australia not allowing abortion on request. Since then, laws allowing abortion on request have entered into force in Queensland (2018), New South Wales (2019) and South Australia (2022). The abortion law in the Northern Territory was amended in 2021 but still requires approval by a medical professional based on the same criteria as in 2017, thus it is still not considered as allowing abortion on request.
- ↑ Jump up to: 65.0 65.1 Abortion is no longer a crime in Australia. But legal hurdles to access remain, The Conversation, 3 March 2021. "With the exception of the Northern Territory, where abortion remains a medical practitioner's decision regardless of the gestation, and the ACT, where no gestational limits apply, Australian jurisdictions now permit abortion on request up to varying points in a pregnancy."
- ↑ Crimes Act 1900, ACT Legislation Register.
- ↑ Health Act 1993, ACT Legislation Register.
- ↑ Christmas Island Act 1958, Federal Register of Legislation.
- ↑ Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act 1955, Federal Register of Legislation.
- ↑ Jervis Bay Territory Acceptance Act 1915, Federal Register of Legislation.
- ↑ Abortion Law Reform Act 2019 No 11, NSW legislation.
- ↑ Norfolk Island Applied Laws Ordinance 2016, Federal Register of Legislation.
- ↑ Norfolk Island Applied Laws and Service Delivery (Queensland) Ordinance 2021, Federal Register of Legislation.
- ↑ Criminal Code 2007 (NI), Federal Register of Legislation.
- ↑ Jump up to: 75.0 75.1 Termination of Pregnancy Law Reform Act 2017, Northern Territory Legislation.
- ↑ Termination of Pregnancy Act 2018, Queensland Legislation.
- ↑ Termination of Pregnancy Act 2021, South Australian Legislation.
- ↑ Reproductive Health (Access to Terminations) Act 2013, Tasmanian Legislation.
- ↑ Abortion Law Reform Act 2008, Victorian Legislation.
- ↑ Public Health Act 2016, Western Australian Legislation. Sections 202MC to 202ME.
- ↑ Criminal Code, Federal Legal Information System of Austria. Sections 96–98 (in German).
- ↑ Law of the Republic of Azerbaijan on Protection of Public Health, Ministry of Public Health (in Azerbaijani).
- ↑ Penal Code, Statute Law of the Bahamas. Article 313.
- ↑ Bahrain Penal Code, 1976, Global Abortion Policies Database, World Health Organization.
- ↑ Legislative decree no. 7 for 1989 on the practice of human medicine and dentistry, Ministry of Health of Bahrain, Global Abortion Policies Database, World Health Organization.
- ↑ Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, Government of Barbados, 10 May 1983.
- ↑ Law of the Republic of Belarus on health care, National Legal Internet Portal of the Republic of Belarus (in Russian).
- ↑ Resolution of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Belarus on the establishment of a list of medical indications for artificial termination of pregnancy, National Legal Internet Portal of the Republic of Belarus, 24 December 2014 (in Russian).
- ↑ Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus on the establishment of a list of social indications for artificial termination of pregnancy, National Legal Internet Portal of the Republic of Belarus (in Russian).
- ↑ "LOI – WET". www.ejustice.just.fgov.be.
- ↑ Family planning, Belgian Federal Public Service (in French).
- ↑ Criminal Code, Chapter 101 of the Laws of Belize (Revised Edition 2020), Belize Crime Observatory.
- ↑ Law no. 2012-12 of 20 December 2021, General Secretariat of the Government of Benin (in French). Published on 7 January 2022.
- ↑ Jump up to: 94.0 94.1 Penal Code of Bhutan, Judiciary of Bhutan.
- ↑ Jump up to: 95.0 95.1 Standard Guidelines for the Health Workers on Management of Complication of Abortion, Ministry of Health of Bhutan.
- ↑ Technical procedure for the provision of health services in the framework of the Plurinational Constitutional Sentence 0206/2014, Ministry of Health of Bolivia, 2015. (in Spanish)
- ↑ Human rights in the field of sexual and reproductive health in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Human Rights Ombudsman of Bosnia and Herzegovina, United Nations Population Fund, January 2021 (in Serbo-Croatian).
- ↑ Abortion Legislation, Bosnia Herzegovina, Russia, Ukraine, Law Library of Congress, July 2007.
- ↑ Law on the conditions and procedure for interruption of pregnancy, National Assembly of Republika Srpska.
- ↑ Penal Code, Government of Botswana. Article 160.
- ↑ Jump up to: 101.0 101.1 Penal Code, Decree-Law no. 2848, of 7 December 1940, Presidency of Brazil. Articles 124 to 128 (in Portuguese).
- ↑ Jump up to: 102.0 102.1 Reproductive rights: legal abortion, Public Defenders' Office of the State of São Paulo, December 2023 (in Portuguese).
- ↑ Malformation that renders baby's life inviable justifies authorization for abortion, judge decides, Consultor Jurídico, 20 January 2020 (in Portuguese).
- ↑ Woman obtains judicial authorization to interrupt risky pregnancy, Brazilian Family Law Institute, 11 August 2020 (in Portuguese).
- ↑ Syariah Penal Code Order, 2013, Brunei Darussalam Government Gazette, 22 October 2013. Articles 158–164.
- ↑ Ordinance no. 2 of 1 February 1990 on the conditions and procedure for artificial termination of pregnancy, Lex.bg (in Bulgarian).
- ↑ Law no. 025-018/AN bearing the penal code, Police Academy of Burkina Faso. Articles 513-10 to 513–19 (in French).
- ↑ Law no. 1/27 of 29 December 2017 bearing revision of the penal code, President of the Republic of Burundi. Article 534 (in French).
- ↑ "Royal Kram on Abortion". Royal Kram of 6 October 1997. National Assembly of Cambodia.
- ↑ Norms and Standards in Reproductive Health-Family Planning in Cameroon, Ministry of Health of Cameroon, 2018 (in French).
- ↑ "Abortion in Canada". Government of Canada.
- ↑ Abortion Coverage by Region, National Abortion Federation Canada.
- ↑ "Access at a Glance: Abortion Services in Canada | Action Canada for Sexual Health and Rights". Action Canada for Sexual Health & Rights.
- ↑ https://abortion-policies.srhr.org/documents/countries/01-Cape-Verde-Law-and-Regulation-on-Voluntary-Interruption-of-Pregnancy-1987.pdf law no. 9/iii/86 & decree no. 7/87 https://abortion-policies.srhr.org/documents/countries/15-Cabo-Verde-Resolution-ratifying-Maputo-Protocol-2005.pdf resolution no. 131/vi/2005 https://www.parlamento.cv/GDRevisoesContitucionais.aspx?ImagemId=30
- ↑ Penal Code, 2010. Article 79 (in French).
- ↑ Penal Code of Chad, 2017, Droit-Afrique (in French).
- ↑ Law on the Promotion of Reproductive Health, 2002, Droit-Afrique (in French).
- ↑ Jump up to: 118.0 118.1 Law 21,030, Depenalisation of Voluntary Interruption of Pregnancy in Three Causes, Ministry of Health of Chile, 23 September 2017 (in Spanish).
- ↑ "中华人民共和国母婴保健法" [Maternal and Child Health Care Law of the People's Republic of China] (in 中文). Government of China. 27 October 1994.
- ↑ "中华人民共和国人口与计划生育法_中国人大网" [Population and Family Planning Law of the People's Republic of China] (in 中文). National People's Congress. 29 December 2001. Archived from the original on 10 May 2023.
- ↑ Cap. 212 Offences against the person ordinance, Hong Kong e-Legislation.
- ↑ Decree-Law no. 59/95/M, Official Press of Macau, 2004. (in Portuguese)
- ↑ Colombian Penal Code (Law 599 of 2000), compiled by José Fernando Botero Bernal, University of Medellín. Article 122 (in Spanish).
- ↑ Jump up to: 124.0 124.1 Sentencia C-355/06 (Constitutional Court 10 May 2006).
- ↑ Penal Code, University of Alicante Intellectual Property and Information Technologyart. Article 304 (in French).
- ↑ Penal Code, Ministry of Justice of the Republic of the Congo. Article 317 (in French).
- ↑ Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 19 of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, The Republic of the Congo, United Nations, 1 May 2014.
- ↑ Penal Code, Government of Costa Rica. Article 93 (in Spanish).
- ↑ Law on Health Measures for Exercising the Right to Freely Decide on the Birth of Children, Zakon.hr (in Croatian).
- ↑ Ministerial resolution no. 24, Ministry of Public Health of Cuba, 1 April 2004 (in Spanish).
- ↑ Methodological guides for the instrumentation of all types of voluntary termination of pregnancy, Ministry of Public Health of Cuba (in Spanish).
- ↑ "ΝΟΜΟΣ ΠΟΥ ΤΡΟΠΟΠΟΙΕΙ ΤΟΝ ΠΟΙΝΙΚΟ ΚΩΔΙΚΑ" [AN ACT TO AMEND THE CRIMINAL CODE] (PDF). CyLaw - All Cyprus Bar Association (in Ελληνικά). 16 April 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 November 2021.
- ↑ "Zákon České národní rady o umělém přerušení těhotenství" [Act of the Czech National Council on Abortion]. Act No. 66 of 20 October 1986 (in Czech). Czech National Council.
- ↑ "Vyhláška ministerstva zdravotnictví České socialistické republiky, kterou se provádí zákon České národní rady č. 66/1986 Sb., o umělém přerušení těhotenství" [Decree of the Ministry of Health of the Czech Socialist Republic, which implements the Act of the Czech National Council No. 66/1986 Coll., On Abortion]. Decree No. 75 of 7 November 1986 (in Czech). Ministry of Health
- ↑ Jump up to: 135.0 135.1 Is the abortion of a rape victim permitted in Congolese law?, Leganews.cd, 29 October 2019. (in French)
- ↑ Ordinance 70–158 of 30 April 1970 determining the rules of medical deontology, Leganet.cd. (in French)
- ↑ Memorandum no. 04/SPCSM/CFLS/EER/2018 of 6 April 2018 regarding the execution of the provisions of article 14 of the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa, Official Journal of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 5 June 2008. (in French)
- ↑ Health law, Ministry of Health of Denmark, 26 August 2019 (in Danish).
- ↑ Law 59/AN/94 of 5 January 1995 bearing the Penal Code, VERTIC (in French).
- ↑ Decree no. 2008-0098/PR/MS regarding the Code of Medical Deontology, National Order of Medical Professions of Djibouti (in French).
- ↑ Abortion in Djibouti, Human Village, April 2015 (in French).
- ↑ Offences Against the Person Act, Government of Dominica, version of 1995. Sections 8, 56, 57.
- ↑ Dominica, Population Policy Data Bank, Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations, 2001. Archived from the original on 27 December 2005.
- ↑ "Los diputados dominicanos rechazan ley polémica por el aborto" [Dominican deputies reject controversial abortion law] (in español). Swissinfo. 16 December 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
- ↑ The total criminalization of abortion in the Dominican Republic, Human Rights Watch, 19 November 2018.
- ↑ Presa Release: Dominican Republic: Chamber of Deputies puts life and health of millions of women and girls at risk, Amnesty International, 20 June 2021.
- ↑ Penal code of the Democratic Republic of Timor Leste, Global Abortion Policies Database, World Health Organization.
- ↑ Jump up to: 148.0 148.1 Penal Code, Court of Appeals of East Timor, March 2010 (in Portuguese).
- ↑ Attitudes towards the legal context of unsafe abortion in Timor-Leste, Suzanne Belton, Andrea Whittaker, Zulmira Fonseca, Tanya Wells-Brown, and Patricia Pais, Reproductive Health Matters 17(34):55–64, November 2009.
- ↑ Abortion Policy Landscape: Timor Leste, World Health Organization.
- ↑ Jump up to: 151.0 151.1 Sentence No. 34-19-IN/21 and accumulated, Constitutional Court of Ecuador, 28 Abril 2021 (in Spanish).
- ↑ "قانون العقوبات" [Penal Code]. Article 61 and Chapter 3, Law 58 of 1937 (in Arabic). Parliament of Egypt. With amendments as 15 August 2021.
- ↑ Profession Ethics Regulations. Archived from the original on 3 November 2021.
- ↑ Abortion Ordinance, Sovereign Base Areas Gazette, 21 October 1974.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>
tag; no text was provided for refs namedgb1
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>
tag; no text was provided for refs namedgb2
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>
tag; no text was provided for refs namedgb3
- ↑ 46.3903 Authorized abortions, Annotated Code of American Samoa, American Samoa Bar Association.
- ↑ Criminal Code of Anguilla, Government of Anguilla, 15 December 2014.
- ↑ Criminal Code of Aruba, Government of Aruba, 28 September 2021. Articles 2:270 to 2:272 (in Dutch).
- ↑ Criminal Code Act 1907, Bermuda Laws Online, 30 August 2020.
- ↑ Criminal Code of the Virgin Islands, Government of the British Virgin Islands, 1997.
- ↑ Penal Code, Government of the Cayman Islands, 2019.
- ↑ Crimes Act 1969, Cook Islands Sessional Legislation, Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute. Sections 202–207.
- ↑ Crimes Bill 2017, Cook Islands Parliament.
- ↑ Bills, Cook Islands Parliament.
- ↑ Cook Islands, Population Policy Data Bank, Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011.
- ↑ Criminal Code, Government of Curaçao, 2019. (in Dutch)
- ↑ Much-needed abortion law is missing, Antilliaans Dagblad, 17 February 2015. (in Dutch)
- ↑ Crimes Ordinance 2014, Falkland Islands Government, 2019.
- ↑ Jump up to: 171.0 171.1 Law no. 177 of 23 June 1956 on measures in connection with pregnancy etc., last amended by assembly law no. 168 from 16 December 2021, Løgting (in Danish and Faroese).
- ↑ Jump up to: 172.0 172.1 Crimes (Amendment) Act 2019, Government of Gibraltar.
- ↑ Gibraltar votes 'yes' to easing abortion laws, The Guardian, 25 June 2021.
- ↑ Law No. 232, Law for Greenland about Termination of Pregnancy, Government of Greenland, 12 June 1975 (in Danish and Greenlandic).
- ↑ Offenses against the family, Compiler of Laws of Guam, 2018.
- ↑ AG: Old abortion ban was always void; Legislature can now decide, The Guam Daily Post, 9 July 2022.
- ↑ Abortions are legal in Guam, but doctors won't perform them, Associated Press, 7 June 2019.
- ↑ No abortion providers on Guam, Pacific Daily News, 30 June 2018.
- ↑ Jump up to: 179.0 179.1 179.2 179.3 Law on abortion, Guernsey Legal Resources, 1910. (in French)
- ↑ Jump up to: 180.0 180.1 180.2 Rex v. Bourne, Central Criminal Court of England and Wales, 18–19 July 1938.
- ↑ Jump up to: 181.0 181.1 Abortion (Guernsey) Law, 1997, Guernsey Legal Resources, consolidated text effective 2 February 2022.
- ↑ Billet d'État (state note), States of Alderney, 20 July 2022.
- ↑ Abortion (Alderney) Law, 2022, Guernsey Legal Resources.
- ↑ Abortion Reform Act 2019, Isle of Man Legislation.
- ↑ Termination of Pregnancy (Jersey) Law 1997, Jersey Legal Information Board, 2019.
- ↑ "Penal Code" (PDF). Government of Montserrat. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2018.
- ↑ Niue Laws, Volume 3, Government of Niue, December 2006, p. 1168. Niue Act 1966, sections 166–168.
- ↑ Niue, Population Policy Data Bank, Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations. Archived from the original on 11 January 2005.
- ↑ Niue Act 1966, New Zealand Government, reprint as of 1 March 2017.
- ↑ Table of Acts in Force, Government of Niue, 1 June 2016.
- ↑ Niue Laws, Volume 1, Government of Niue, December 2006, pp. 15–16. Constitution of Niue, section 36.
- ↑ Jump up to: 192.0 192.1 192.2 Attorney General Opinion, Commonwealth Law Revision Commission, 10 March 1995.
- ↑ Crimes and punishments, Trust Territory Code, chapter 2.
- ↑ Health clinics performing abortions?, Saipan Tribune, 25 May 2000.
- ↑ Pitcairn laws, Government of the Pitcairn Islands.
- ↑ Jump up to: 196.0 196.1 196.2 Penal Code of Puerto Rico of 2012, Government of Puerto Rico, 7 June 2022. Articles 98 to 100 (in Spanish).
- ↑ El Pueblo de Puerto Rico v. Pablo Duarte Mendoza, Decisiones de Puerto Rico, 17 April 1980 (in Spanish).
- ↑ Department of Justice will not prosecute women and health professionals for the practice of abortion in Puerto Rico, Department of Justice of Puerto Rico, 26 June 2022 (in Spanish).
- ↑ General Introduction to Legislation, Saint Helena Government.
- ↑ Abortion Act (UK) (Tristan da Cunha) Ordinance, 1967, Saint Helena Government, 2017.
- ↑ Criminal Code, Government of Sint Maarten, 2013. (in Dutch)
- ↑ Crimes, Procedure and Evidence Rules 2003, Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute, 2016.
- ↑ Handbook for the Law Commissioners of Tokelau, Government of Tokelau, August 2008.
- ↑ Offences Against the Person Ordinance, Government of the Turks and Caicos Islands, 31 March 2018.
- ↑ Abortion, 2019 US Virgin Islands Code, Title 14 § 151.
- ↑ Worrell, Marc. "Abortion Laws Worldwide". Women on Waves.
- ↑ "The World's Abortion Laws | Center for Reproductive Rights". reproductiverights.org. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
- ↑ "El Salvador will seek third trial of woman accused of 'murdering' stillborn". The Guardian. Reuters. 6 September 2019. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
- ↑ "El Salvador: Rape survivor sentenced to 30 years in jail under extreme anti-abortion law". www.amnesty.org. 6 July 2017.
- ↑ "El Salvador: Women jailed for miscarriages". BBC News. 28 April 2015.
- ↑ "El Salvador: Court Hears Case on Total Abortion Ban | Human Rights Watch". 23 March 2023.
- ↑ "El Salvador: Court Hears Case on Total Abortion Ban". Human Rights Watch. 23 March 2023. Retrieved 4 May 2023.
- ↑ "How Doctors Date Pregnancies, Explained". Rewire. 17 October 2013.
- ↑ Choices, NHS (18 October 2017). "Abortion". www.nhs.uk.
- ↑ "Pregnancy—first day of the last menstrual period". meteor.aihw.gov.au.
- ↑ "Estimated Date of Delivery (EDD) Pregnancy Calculator". reference.medscape.com.
- ↑ "gestational age". TheFreeDictionary.com.
- ↑ Law of 17 December 2014 amending 1) of the Penal Code and 2) of the law of 15 November 1978 relating to sexual information, the prevention of clandestine abortion and the regulation of voluntary termination of pregnancy, Government of Luxembourg, 17 December 2014 (in French).
- ↑ "About the Abortion Act". Government.no. 18 May 2000.
- ↑ Kliff, Sarah (15 October 2008). "Abortion: What the 'Health' Exemption Really Means". Newsweek.
- ↑ "States Probe Limits of Abortion Policy". The Pew Charitable Trusts. 22 June 2006. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
- ↑ Center for Reproductive Rights. (n.d.). Picketing and Harassment. Retrieved 14 December 2006. Archived 30 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ "Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1996 [No. 92 of 1996] – G 17602". www.saflii.org.
- ↑ Bhalla, Nita (3 November 2020). "Kenyan charities urge government to quit U.S.-led anti-abortion pact". Reuters. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
- ↑ Azoulay v. The Queen, 1952 CanLII 4, [1952] 2 S.C.R. 495 (11 April 1952), Supreme Court (Canada)
- ↑ R v Davidson (Menhennitt ruling) [1969] VicRp 85, VR 667, Supreme Court (Vic, Australia)
- ↑ Order of the Second Senate of 28 May 1993 – 2 BvF 2/90, Federal Constitutional Court of Germany.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>
tag; no text was provided for refs namedpl1
- ↑ T., S. c/ Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires s/ amparo, Supreme Court of Argentina, 11 January 2001 (in Spanish).
- ↑ R v Sood (No 3) [2006] NSWSC 762, Supreme Court (NSW, Australia)
- ↑ Tysiąc v Poland, Council of Europe, 20 March 2007.
- ↑ Women's Rights in the Abortion Decision of the Slovak Constitutional Court, 2014.
- ↑ Advocate Achyut Prasad Kharel v. Office of Prime-minister and Council of Ministers, Kathmandu and Ors. (Supreme Court of Nepal 4 August 2008), Text.
- ↑ Nepal Supreme Court: Abortion Is a Right, 3 January 2011.
- ↑ "British Pregnancy Advisory Service v Secretary of State for Health [2011] EWHC 235 (Admin) (14 February 2011)".
- ↑ F., A. L. s/medida autosatisfactiva, Supreme Court of Argentina, 13 March 2012 (in Spanish).
- ↑ "INTERRUPÇÃO DA GRAVIDEZ" [PREGNANCY INTERRUPTION]. Supremo Tribunal Federal - Justice - Brazil (in português). 26 April 2013. Archived from the original on 27 June 2014.
- ↑ "P. and S. v. Poland" (PDF). Center for Reproductive Rights. 11 April 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 May 2013.
- ↑ "Sala de lo Constitucional de la Corte Suprema de Justicia" [Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice] (PDF). Government of San Salvador (in español). 28 May 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 January 2021.
- ↑ Sentence 0206/2014, Plurinational Constitutional Court, 5 February 2014 (in Spanish).
- ↑ Dominican Republic Constitutional Court Repeals Abortion Law, 12 April 2015.
- ↑ RPA 0787/15/HC/KIG, Women's Link Worldwide, 30 October 2015.
- ↑ Decision of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia No. UI-60/1991 and others of 21 February 2017 and Separate opinion, Narodne novine (in Croatian).
- ↑ "In the matter of an application by the NI Human Rights Commission for JR (NI) and Reference by the Court of Appeal in NI pursuant to Paragraph 33 of Schedule 10 to the NI Act 1998 (Abortion) (NI)" (PDF). The Supreme Court (UKSC). 7 June 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 June 2018.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>
tag; no text was provided for refs namedkr
- ↑ FIDA-Kenya and Others v. Attorney General and Others, Kenyalaw.org, 12 June 2019.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>
tag; no text was provided for refs namedpl2
- ↑ Ruling No. 4/2563 (2020), Constitutional Court of Thailand, 19 February B.E. 2563 (2020). Archived from the original on 10 November 2021.
- ↑ Sentence C-088/20, Constitutional Court of Colombia, 2 March 2020 (in Spanish).
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>
tag; no text was provided for refs namedmx3
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>
tag; no text was provided for refs namedmx4
- ↑ Press Release No. 273/2021: SCJN invalidates provision of the Sinaloa Constitution that protected the right to life from conception and limited the right of women to reproductive autonomy, Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation, 9 September 2021 (in Spanish).
- ↑ Manetto, Francesco (21 September 2021). "La Suprema Corte invalida la objeción de conciencia médica e insta al Congreso a revisar la ley" [The Supreme Court invalidates medical conscientious objection and urges Congress to review the law]. El País (in español).
- ↑ Press Release No. 276/2021: The SCJN invalidates the precept of the general health law that provided for conscious objection of medical and nursing personnel without establishing the necessary safeguards to guarantee the right to health, Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation, 20 September 2021 (in Spanish).
- ↑ Manuela and Others v. El Salvador, Inter-American Court of Human Rights, 2 November 2021 (in Spanish).
- ↑ India's top court gives equal abortion access to all women, Associated Press, 29 September 2022.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>
tag; no text was provided for refs namedmx5
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>
tag; no text was provided for refs namedmx6
Other sources
- Appel, Jacob M. (August 2005). "Judicial diagnosis 'conscience' vs. care how refusal clauses are reshaping the rights revolution". Medicine and Health. 88 (8): 279–281. PMID 16273974.
- Rahman, Anika; Katzive, Laura; Henshaw, Stanley K. (2 June 1998). "A Global Review of Laws on Induced Abortion, 1985–1997". International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 24 (2): 56–64. doi:10.2307/2991926. JSTOR 2991926. PMID 14627052.
- Center for Reproductive Rights. (2005). law sidebars10.pdf Abortion and the Law: Ten Years of Reform. Retrieved 22 November 2006. (archived from the original on 2009-03-27)
- The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. (November 2006). Abortion Laws Around The World. Retrieved 18 April 2007.
- Europe's Abortion Laws. (12 February 2007). BBC News. Retrieved 12 February 2007.
- United Nations Population Division. (2007). World Abortion Policies 2007. Retrieved 3 October 2007.
- Pollitt, Katha (2014). Pro: Reclaiming Abortion Rights. New York: Picador. ISBN 978-0-312-62054-7.
External links
- Global Abortion Policies Database of the World Health Organization
- The World's Abortion Laws, interactive website of the Center for Reproductive Rights
- Abortion Policies: A Global Review, United Nations. Archived from the original on 27 December 2005.
- Laws on Abortion in the Second Trimesters, The International Consortium for Medical Abortion (ICMA)
- Abortion: Judicial History and Legislative Response, Congressional Research Service
- "Despite overall expansion in the legal grounds for abortion, Policies remain restrictive in many countries" (PDF). Population Facts. 2014 (1). Population Division, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. August 2014.
- Abortion Laws of the World, Harvard University
- Abortion legislation in Europe Archived 5 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine, International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF), September 2012
- Abortion Laws, United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, Division for Gender Affairs