Khải Định

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Emperor Khải Định
啓定帝
File:Khai Dinh throne.jpg
The Emperor on his throne and holding hốt.
Emperor of Đại Nam under French protectorate of Annam and Tonkin
Reign18 May 1916 – 6 November 1925
PredecessorDuy Tân
SuccessorBảo Đại
Emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty
Reign18 May 1916 – 6 November 1925
PredecessorDuy Tân
SuccessorBảo Đại
Born(1885-10-08)8 October 1885
Imperial City of Huế, French protectorate of Annam
Died6 November 1925(1925-11-06) (aged 40)
Kien Trung palace, Imperial City of Huế, French Indochina
Burial
Ứng Lăng (應陵)
Spouse12 including Trương Như Thị Tịnh
Noble Consort of First Rank, Ân phi Hồ Thị Chỉ
Hoàng Thị Cúc, Empress Mother Đoan Huy
IssueNguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thụy
Names
Nguyễn Phúc Bửu Đảo (阮福寶嶹)
Nguyễn Phúc Tuấn (阮福晙)
Era name and dates
Khải Định (啓定): 1916 – 1925
Posthumous name
Tự Thiên Gia Vận Thánh Minh Thần Trí Nhân Hiếu Thành Kính Di Mô Thừa Liệt Tuyên Hoàng Đế (嗣天嘉運聖明神智仁孝誠敬貽謨承烈宣皇帝)
Temple name
Hoằng Tông (弘宗)
HouseNguyễn Phúc
FatherĐồng Khánh
MotherEmpress Hựu Thiên
ReligionBuddhism, Ruism
SignatureEmperor Khải Định 啓定帝's signature

Khải Định (Vietnamese: [xa᷉ːj ɗîŋ̟ˀ]; chữ Hán: 啓定; born Nguyễn Phúc Bửu Đảo; 8 October 1885 – 6 November 1925) was the 12th emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty in Vietnam, reigning from 1916 to 1925. His name at birth was Prince Nguyễn Phúc Bửu Đảo. He was the son of Emperor Đồng Khánh, but he did not succeed him immediately.

Biography

Before Emperor Đồng Khánh's era came the eras of Emperor Thành Thái and Emperor Duy Tân, both of whom were exiled by the French for their resistance to the colonial regime. After this trouble, the French decided to enthrone Bửu Đảo as he was the son of the monarch who was the most submissive Nguyễn collaborator with the colonial regime, standing with the French colonizers and opposing any independence movements, Emperor Đồng Khánh. Nguyễn Phúc Bửu Đảo became the nominal ruler of Annam on 18 May 1916, after the exile of Duy Tân (Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh San) and took the name Khải Định for his reign, meaning "auger of peace and stability." He said he wanted to restore the prestige of the empire, but this was not possible with his close collaboration with the French occupiers. Although not satisfied with his position, Khải Định enacted a policy of close collaboration with the French government and was effectively a puppet political figurehead for the French colonial rulers, following all of their instructions to give "legitimacy" to French policies.

Because of this, Khải Định was very unpopular with the Vietnamese people. The nationalist leader Phan Châu Trinh accused him of selling out his country to the French and living in imperial luxury while the people were exploited by France. Nguyễn Ái Quốc (later known as Hồ Chí Minh) wrote a play about Khải Định called "The Bamboo Dragon" that ridiculed him as being all grand appearance and ceremony but a powerless puppet of the French government. In 1918, the Emperor made a decree that Vietnam cease to use Chinese as official written language and was replaced by Romanized Vietnamese. In 1922, the Emperor's visit to France to see the Marseilles Colonial Exhibition was also ridiculed by nationalist leaders, who hated Vietnam's status as a colonial subject of France and saw nothing in the exhibition worth celebrating. Emperor Khải Định's unpopularity reached its peak in 1923 when he authorized the French to raise taxes on the Vietnamese peasants, part of which was to pay for the building of his palatial tomb, and which caused a great deal of hardship. He also signed the orders of arrest against many nationalist leaders, such as Phan Bội Châu, forcing them into exile and having their followers who were captured beheaded.

Death

File:Khải Định, empereur d'Annam.jpg
Picture of Emperor Khải Định
File:Cờ long tinh tại lễ an táng Hoàng đế Khải Định (1925) , đoàn quan chức.jpg
Funeral of Emperor Khải Định

Khải Định suffered poor health like his father and became a drug addict. He died of tuberculosis in the Imperial City of Huế, according to his concubine Ba Phi, who described him as "not interested in sex" and "physically weak".[1]

Reign symbols

Symbols created and / or used during the reign of Khải Định
Symbol Image Description
Emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty
Seal of Khải Định
(Chinese-style)		 File:Traditional Chinese characters seal of the Khải Định Emperor (Khải Định 7).png The inscription Khải Định thần khuê written in Traditional Chinese characters (as opposed to seal script usually used on Nguyễn dynasty period seals).
Seal of Khải Định
(French-style), a total of 12 imperial seals were created under Khải Định.[2]		 File:Seal of Emperor Khai Dinh NMVH EDAV n1.jpg See: Seals of the Nguyễn dynasty.
Personal standard of emperors Khải Định and Bảo Đại File:Imperial Standard of Nguyen Dynasty1.svg Flag ratio: 2:3.
Personal coat of arms of Khải Định. File:Personal coat of arms of the Khải Định Emperor.svg The personalised version of the coat of arms of the Nguyễn dynasty, a sword per fess charged with the ramparts of the Purple Forbidden City in Huế, inscribed with six Traditional Chinese characters (啟定大南皇帝) and supported by a single Vietnamese dragon surrounded by clouds.
Influences: File:Coat of arms of Annam - S.M. Bao Daï, Le Dragon d'Annam (1980) colour scheme - Đại Nam (大南).svg
Khải Định Thông Bảo
(啓定通寶)		 File:啓定通寶 Khai-Dinh-Thong-Bao 02.gif A series of cash coins bearing his reign era.
Khải Định Bảo Giám
(啓定寳鑑)		 File:7 Tiền (錢) - Khải Định Thông Bảo (啓定通寶) 01.jpg A series silver coins bearing his reign era.

Gallery

See also

File:Commons-logo.svg
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Emperor Khải Định.

References

  1. ↑ "In Vietnam, the Queen Mother Clings to a Faded Court Life". The New York Times. 28 August 1973. p. 30.
  2. ↑ VietNamNet Bridge (10 February 2016). "No royal seal left in Hue today. VietNamNet Bridge – It is a great regret that none of more than 100 seals of the Nguyen emperors are in Hue City today". VietNam Breaking News. Retrieved 8 March 2021.

External links

File:Commons-logo.svg Media related to Khải Định at Wikimedia Commons

Khải Định
Born: 8 October 1885 Died: 6 November 1925
Regnal titles
Preceded by Emperor of Vietnam
18 May 1916 – 6 November 1925 		Succeeded by
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