Libyan Army

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See also: Libyan Army (1951–2011) and Libyan National Army

Libyan Army
الجيش الليبي
File:Flag of the Libyan Ground Forces.svg
Libyan Army Flag
Active1951 (Cyrenaica Liberation Army)
2016 (current form)
CountryFile:Flag of Libya.svg Libya
Allegiance

Formerly

TypeArmy
RoleLand warfare
Size
  • 6000 (Greater Tripoli, Aug 2019)[1]: 7 
  • 2200–2400 (Sirte, Aug 2019)[1]: 8 
Part ofLibyan Armed Forces
Garrison/HQTripoli
ColorsBlack, red
Commanders
Commander-in ChiefMohamed al-Menfi
Chief of General StaffMohammad Ali al-Haddad

The Libyan Army[2] (Arabic: الجيش الليبي) is the brand for a number of separate military forces in Libya, which were under the command of the internationally recognised Government of National Accord (GNA) and the Government of National Unity (GNU). Since December 2015 the groups of the Libyan Army has been nominally subordinated to the internationally recognised Government of National Accord (GNA) based in Tripoli. Due to the instability in the country in 2011 civil war and the outbreak of a new conflict in 2014, the Libyan ground forces remain structurally divided, with components constituting the Tobruk-based Libyan National Army (LNA) under the command of Khalifa Haftar.[3] The forces loyal to the GNA have been fighting against various other factions in Libya, including the Islamic State.[4][5] Some efforts have been made to create a truly national army, but most of the forces under the Tripoli government's command consist of various militia groups, such as the Tripoli Protection Force, and local factions from cities like Misrata and Zintan.[6][7]

Organization

There are two main warfare organizations in Libya: GNA Libyan army and LNA. The other major military force in Libya is the Libyan National Army (LNA), which in 2014 evolved from what was originally called the LNA in 2011 following the fall of Muammar Gaddafi. In 2014, the LNA came under the control of Marshal Khalifa Haftar and the House of Representatives, whose geographical location is in the eastern Libyan city of Tobruk. In 2017, there was no truly unified army or air force under the Presidential Council's command, and only the Libyan Navy was fully operating under the GNA's control.[8] The Tripoli government aimed to integrate many different militia groups into a regular command structure,[4][9][10] and created a Presidential Guard. Prime Minister Sarraj hold the role of supreme commander of the army.[11] The Libyan Army is commanded by the GNA Defense Ministry, which was initially led by Colonel Al-Mahdi Al-Barghathi from 2016[12] until he was removed in July 2018, at which point GNA Prime Minister Fayez al-Sarraj took on the role of defense minister.[13][7] The Chief of the General Staff was Major General Abdel Rahman al-Taweel,[8] from September 2017 until his removal in February 2019, being replaced by Lieutenant General Mohammed al-Shareef.[14]

2017–2018

Since the establishment of the Government of National Accord in 2016 clashes continued to occur between different factions in Tripoli nominally loyal to the new UN-backed unity government, leaving hundreds dead. Khalifa al-Ghawil proclaimed the creation of a new government consisting of the former General National Congress.[15] Elements of the Presidential Guard defected to the rebels and took over key buildings in the capital.[16][17] Pro-GNA forces eventually were able to defeat the GNC coup attempt.[18][19] Around mid-2017, militias allied to the GNA fully secured the capital. In August 2018 fighting broke out between different groups in Tripoli that were all nominally subordinated to the GNA's defense ministry, forcing Prime Minister Sarraj to call in other militias from different towns outside the capital. A unit called the 7th Brigade had rebelled, leading to its dissolution.[7][20]

2019

On 6 April 2019, a joint operations room was formed in response to Khalifa Haftar's attack on Tripoli to coordinate their military forces. It is led by Western military zone commander Osama al-Juwaili and includes the heads of the Tripoli and Central military zones, the Counter-Terrorism Force, and representatives from the Presidential Guard and Military Intelligence Bureau.[11] In response to a common interest in defending Tripoli against the LNA, the armed militias that in mid 2019 composed the armed forces of the GNA coordinated with one another mainly by agreement among armed group commanders rather than by the official command structure. The militias remained mostly autonomous in decision-making while formally being integrated into the GNA chain of command. Lacher Wolfram, writing in a Security Assessment in North Africa publication, described this as "bottom-up integration" and a "remarkable development" that "could potentially serve as a starting point for the creation of properly integrated forces ... [with] loyalty to a unified command structure".[1]

Military zones

On 1 June 2017, the GNA announced the creation of seven military zones throughout Libya. They include Tripoli, Benghazi, Tobruk, Sabha (Southern), Kufra, Central (from Misrata to Zuwetina), and Western (west of Tripoli to Jebel Nafusa) . The commanders of each zone were responsible for training and preparation of the forces in their area and answered to the Libyan army chief of staff. Not all of the territories accounted for were under the GNA's control at the time.[21][22][23] The leaders of the military zones are as follows.

Known units

Allies

One of the GNA main allies is Turkey. Turkey had deployed weapons and equipment to GNA troops even before the Government of National Accord (GNA) requested Turkish military support in December 2019.[33] Turkey's engagement for the GNA is linked to its broader strategic interests in the Eastern Mediterranean: in November, Turkey and GNA leader Fayez al-Serraj signed a defense cooperation deal. At the same time GNA and Turkey agreed one on maritime boundaries in the Eastern Mediterranean, where Turkey is locked in a dispute with regional rivals Greece, Cyprus, Egypt and Israel over access to sea regions rich in natural gas.

Equipment

Weapons

Model image type Calibre Quantity Origin Notes
Pistol
TT-33[34] File:TT 33 Pistol.jpg Semi-automatic pistol 7.62×26mm File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union
Makarov PM[35] File:Пистолет Макарова.png Semi-automatic pistol 9×18mm Makarov File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union
Browning Hi-Power[36] File:High power Inglis (6971784217).jpg Semi-automatic pistol 9mm parabellum File:Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium
Glock 17[citation needed] File:GLOCK 17 Gen 4 Pistol MOD 45160305.jpg Automatic Pistol 9mm parabellum File:Flag of Austria.svg Austria
SAR 9[citation needed] File:HK-SFP9 LSH.JPG Semi-automatic pistol 9×19mm Parabellum File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey
Caracal F File:Caracal F.JPG Semi-automatic pistol 9x19mm Parabellum File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg United Arab Emirates Purchased and issued to the Ministry of Interior of Libya staff.[37]
Submachine gun
Heckler & Koch MP5[36] File:Heckler Koch MP5.jpg Submachine gun 9mm parabellum File:Flag of Germany.svg West Germany
FN P90[38] File:FN-P90 noBG.jpg Submachine gun 5.7×28mm File:Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium
Shotgun
Benelli M4 Super 90[39][40] File:Benelli m4 2.jpg Semi-Auto Shotgun 12 gauge 1800 File:Flag of Italy.svg Italy An order were delivered prior of the start of the Libyan revolution of 2011, later used by Libyan special forces.
Winchester Model 1200[41] File:Winchester 1200 Defender.png Pump-Action Shotgun 12 gauge File:Flag of the United States (23px).png United States
Battle rifle and assault rifle
MPT File:Turkish mpt 55 silhouette.png Battle rifle 7.62×51mm NATO File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey MPT-55K assault rifles supplied by Turkey.[42]
G3[43] File:HK G3.jpg Battle rifle 7.62×51mm NATO File:Flag of Germany.svg West Germany
File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey
M4A1[44] File:M4A1-flattop.png Carbine rifle 5.56×45mm NATO File:Flag of the United States (23px).png United States
M16[44] File:M16A1 brimob.jpg Carbine rifle 5.56×45mm NATO File:Flag of the United States (23px).png United States
Heckler & Koch G36[45][46][47][48][49] File:Gewehr G36 noBG.png Assault rifle 5.56×45mm NATO 600 File:Flag of Germany.svg Germany G36 (variants KV and E) were legally sold from Egypt in 2003, pressumably used by the Khamis Brigade/Special Forces (although this remains unclear), anti-Gaddafi forces, most notably the Tripoli Brigade, would later capture an unknown number of stockpiled G36 from the Bab al-Azizia armory.
AK-47[50] File:AK-47 type II noBG.png Assault rifle 7.62×39mm File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union
AKM[51] File:AKM automatkarbin - 7,62x39mm.jpg Assault rifle 7.62×39mm File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union
AK-103[52] File:AK-103.JPG Assault rifle 7.62×39mm File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia Formerly used by Gaddafi Loyalists and later captured by anti-Gaddafi forces.
PM md. 63[53] File:An Afghan Uniformed Police officer fires his AK-47 assault rifle at his assigned target while a Czech military police instructor watches and assists him on Swanson Small-Arms Range, Forward Operations Base 120201-A-BZ540-039.jpg Assault rifle 7.62×39mm File:Flag of Romania.svg Romania
Zastava M70[36] File:Zastava M70 AB2 noBG.png Assault rifle 7.62×39mm File:Flag of Yugoslavia (1946-1992).svg Yugoslavia
Norinco CQ[54] File:NORINCO Type CQ 5'56x45mm assault rifle.jpg Assault rifle 5.56×45mm NATO File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China Chinese unlicensed copy of M16 rifle, used by the National Liberation Army.
Type 65[55] File:TwT65.JPG Assault rifle 5.56×45mm NATO File:Flag of the Republic of China.svg Taiwan Taiwanese copy of the M16 rifle
Beretta AR70/90[citation needed] File:Beretta AR70 noBG.png Assault rifle 5.56×45mm NATO File:Flag of Italy.svg Italy
FN F2000[56][57] File:FN F2000S noBG.png Bullpup assault rifle 5.56×45mm NATO 367 File:Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium Purchased from FN Herstal in 2008, delivery commenced in 2009, durning the Libyan Civil War of 2011, Libyan rebels captured an unknown number of F2000 from Gaddafi loyalists.
FN FAL[36] File:FN-FAL belgian noBG.png Battle rifle 7.62×51mm NATO File:Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium
Sniper rifle
M82[citation needed] File:Barrett-M82A1-Independence-Day-2017-IZE-048-white.jpg Sniper rifle 50 BMG File:Flag of the United States (23px).png United States
SVD Dragunov[51] File:SVD Dragunov-removebg-preview.png Sniper rifle 7.62×54mmR File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union
PSL[58] File:Psl sniper rifle.jpeg Sniper rifle 7.62×54mmR File:Flag of Romania.svg Romania Formerly used by anti-Gaddafi forces.
Machine gun
PK machine gun[36] File:PKM Machine Gun Iraq.jpg General-purpose machine gun 7.62×54mmR File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union
RPK[34] Light machine gun 7.62×39mm File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union
RPD[34] File:LMG-RPD-44.jpg Light machine gun 7.62×39mm File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union
FN Minimi[59][36] File:FN MINIMI Standard Right.jpg Light machine gun 5.56×45mm File:Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium
FN MAG[36] File:FN MAG white background.jpg General-purpose machine gun 7.62×51mm File:Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium
M2 Browning[44] File:M2 machine gun at Musee de l Armee-IMG 7566-white.jpg Heavy machine gun 12.7 mm File:Flag of the United States (23px).png United States
DShK[43] File:Mitraliera DShK UM Cugir.jpg Heavy machine gun 12.7 mm File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union
Grenade-based weapon
GM-94 File:Гранатомет ГМ-94 - Интерполитех-2012 01.jpg Pump-action grenade launcher 43×30mm File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia Used by anti-Gaddafi forces.[60]
Daewoo K4[61] File:K-4 Auto Grenade Launcher.jpg Automatic grenade launcher 40mm File:Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea First export customer
Anti-tank weapons
RPG-7[34] File:Rpg-7.jpg Rocket-propelled grenade launcher 40mm File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union Used by both sides durning the Libyan Civil War.
M40 recoilless rifle[62] File:M40 105 mm RR.jpg Recoilless gun 105mm File:Flag of the United States (23px).png United States US, Chinese and Iran made variants used.
SPG-9[62] File:Spg 9 from libya.jpg Recoilless gun 73mm smoothbore File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union
9M14 Malyutka[63] File:AT-3A Sagger missile.JPG Anti-tank guided missile 125mm File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union
9K115 Metis File:POLK 9K115 Metis.jpg Anti-tank guided missile 94mm File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union Supplied by Turkey to the GNA.[64]
MILAN File:MILAN-VBLA.jpg Anti-tank guided missile 115mm File:Flag of France.svg France
File:Flag of Germany.svg West Germany 		Supplied by Qatar during the 2011 Libyan Civil War.[65]

Artillery

Name Image Type Origin Quantity Notes
Rocket artillery
Type 63 multiple rocket launcher File:H12 Type 63 multiple rocket launcher.JPG 107mm MLRS File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg People's Republic of China 1+ Some were captured from the LNA.[66]
BM-21 Grad File:Russian BM-21 Grad in Saint Petersburg.JPG 122mm MLRS File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union 4+ Some were captured from the LNA.[66]
T-122 Sakarya[67] File:RoketsanIDEF2015 (6).JPG 122mm MLRS File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey 20+ Supplied by Turkey
Self-propelled howitzer
2S1 Gvozdika File:6742 - Moscow - Poklonnaya Hill - Tank.JPG 122mm File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union 1+ Formerly used by Gaddafi forces. Some were captured from the LNA.[66]
Palmaria[68] File:VCA Palmaria 155 mm.JPG 155mm File:Flag of Italy.svg Italy 9+ Some were captured from the LNA.[66]
T-155 Fırtına File:Firtina obus kzlsngr.JPG 155mm File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey Unknown amount supplied by Turkey.[42]
Towed howitzer
M114 File:MAFM M114(M1) 155 mm Towed Howitzer.jpg 155mm File:Flag of the United States (23px).png United States Donated to the Libyan Army by Turkey.[69]
D-30[68] File:122 mm Howitzer D-30 2017-12-24.JPG 122mm File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union 2+ Some were captured from the LNA.[66]
M-46 File:M46 130mm Gun of the Army of Republika Srpska.JPEG 130mm File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union 6 Captured from the LNA.[66]
Mortar
M1938 File:Mortar-batey-haosef-3-2.jpg 120mm File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union Unknown Used by anti-Gaddafi Forces during the 2011 Libyan Civil War.[70]
Anti-aircraft systems
ZPU File:Soviet-built ZPU-4 anti-aircraft machine gun.JPEG 14.5mm Anti-aircraft gun File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union Used by both sides durning the 2011 Libyan Civil War.[71] Mounted on technicals.[68]
ZU-23-2 File:Ali Hassan al-Jaber Brigade.jpg 23mm Anti-aircraft gun File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union Mounted on technicals.[68]
ZSU-23-4 File:ZSU 23-4 'Shilka' mobile anti-aircraft vehicle - Museum of Army Flying, Hampshire, England.jpg 23mm Self-propelled anti-aircraft gun File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union Used by both sides durning the 2011 Libyan Civil War.[72]
KORKUT 35mm Self-propelled anti-aircraft gun File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey Supplied by Turkey.[42]
QW-13 File:QW-12 MANPADS Army-2022 2022-08-20 2261.jpg Man-portable air-defense system File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China [68]
MIM-23 Hawk File:Romanian MIM-23 Hawk.jpg Medium-range Surface-to-air missile system File:Flag of the United States (23px).png United States Supplied by Turkey.[42]
Hisar O+ File:Rocketlauncer.jpg Medium-range Surface-to-air missile system File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey Supplied by Turkey to replace MIM-23 Hawk.[73]

Vehicles

Model Image Origin Variant Number Details
Main battle tanks
T-54/T-55[68] File:T-55 4.jpg File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union
File:Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt 		T-55A
T-55E 		59+ Some were captured from the LNA.[66]
T-62 File:Soviet T-62M MBT Standard Battle Tank (28072746444).jpg File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union
File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia 		T-62M
T-62MV 		20 Captured from LNA forces.[66]
T-72[68] File:ParkPatriot2015part2-19.jpg File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union T-72
T-72M1 		3+ Some were captured from LNA forces.[66]
M60 Patton File:Egyptian Army M60A1 tank.jpg File:Flag of the United States (23px).png United States
File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey 		M60A1 3 Supplied by Turkey.[42][74]
Infantry fighting vehicles
BMP-1 File:Tanks outside of Misrata (18) (8289625370).jpg File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union Some were captured from the LNA.[66]
BMP-2[68] File:BMP-2 - TankBiathlon14part1-12.jpg File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union
Ratel IFV File:SANDF Armed Forces Day 2017 - South African Army Ratel IFV (32921886001).jpg File:Flag of South Africa.svg South Africa Ratel 20
Ratel 60 		2 Captured from the LNA.[66]
Armored cars
EE-9 Cascavel File:EE-9 Cascavel 2 in the Musée des Blindés, France, pic-5.JPG File:Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil 2+ Some were captured from the LNA.[66]
Armoured personnel carriers
FNSS ACV-15[68] File:RoketsanIDEF2015 (13).JPG File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey ACV-AAPC Supplied by Turkey.[69]
Steyr 4K-7FA[68] File:Flag of Austria.svg Austria
Mbombe 6[68] File:Mbombe-infanteriegevegsvoertuig, Waterkloof Lugmagbasis.jpg File:Flag of South Africa.svg South Africa
KADDB Al-Wahsh[68] File:Royal Tank Museum 98.jpg File:Flag of Jordan.svg Jordan 5+ Captured from the LNA.[66]
BMC Kirpi[68] File:Patrouille turque Kobané 5 novembre 2019.jpg File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey Kirpi II Supplied by Turkey.[69]
BMC Vuran[68] File:Kirpi.jpg File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey Supplied by Turkey.[69]
Lenco BearCat[68] File:Cleveland Police SWAT-Rescue Lenco Bearcat G3 - Ohio (52915399058).jpg File:Flag of the United States (23px).png United States G3
Nimr[68] File:AJBAN 440A - IDET 2017 (1).JPG File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg United Arab Emirates Ajban 1+ Captured from the LNA.[66]
STREIT Group Cougar File:Kraz-Cougar.jpg File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada 4 Captured from the LNA.[66]
STREIT Group Spartan File:Spartan-APC UAE Desert Sand.jpg File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada 3 Captured from the LNA.[66]
Panthera T6 File:UA 47th bde Panthera T6.jpg File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg United Arab Emirates 3 Captured from the LNA.[66]
Panthera F9 File:Сирийский перелом в Новосибирске 21.jpg File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg United Arab Emirates 1 Captured from the LNA.[66]
HMMWV File:High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV).tiff File:Flag of the United States (23px).png United States 3+ Part of a batch of 200 vehicles sent by the US to Libya in 2012. Some were captured from the LNA.[66]
Military engineering vehicles
Centurion AVRE[68] File:Centurion-AVRE-165-Fosgene.jpg File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom AVRE 105
Tank destroyers
9P157-2 Khrizantema-S[68] File:Oboronexpo2014part3-33.jpg File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia
Trucks
Toyota Land Cruiser File:Toyota Land Cruiser 16.09.20 JM (3).jpg File:Flag of Japan.svg Japan HZJ 79 Used as technicals.[75]
Iveco Trakker File:Bangladesh Army Iveco 380 prime mover (24456581804).jpg File:Flag of Italy.svg Italy Trakker 380 1 Captured from the LNA.[66]
KAMAZ File:KAMAZ-5350 military truck of Russia.jpg File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia ? 2 Captured from the LNA.[66]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Lacher, Wolfram (2019). "Who is fighting whom in Tripoli? How the 2019 civil war is transforming Libya's military landscape" (PDF). Security Assessment in North Africa Briefing Paper. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 November 2019. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
  2. ↑ Assad, Abdulkader (8 October 2019). "Al-Sarraj orders military support for Libyan Army forces on frontlines". The Libya Observer. Archived from the original on 15 November 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
  3. ↑ Ali H. M.Abo Rezeg (20 March 2018). Cairo eyes unification of Libyan military establishment. Anadolu Agency.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Lewis, Aidan (31 August 2016). Libyan forces prepare for last push against Islamic State in Sirte. Reuters.
  5. ↑ Nicholas Norbrook (22 June 2016). Libyan army gains ground against IS in Sirte. The Africa Report.
  6. ↑ Wehrey, Frederic (19 March 2019). A Minister, a General, and the Militias: Libya's Shifting Balance of Power. The New York Review of Books.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Dozens dead after days of clashes near Libyan capital. France24. Published 31 August 2018.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Serraj appoints military chief of staff. Libya Herald. Published 1 September 2017.
  9. ↑ Szuba, Jared (5 April 2019). Haftar's Libyan National Army advances on Tripoli as western militias mobilize. The Defense Post.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Pro-Karah Office Tipped for Top Military Post. The Libya Times. Published 14 March 2018.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 PC President forms joint military operations room as war rocks Tripoli yet again. Libya Observer. Published 6 April 2019.
  12. ↑ Ayyub, Saber.Opposing reactions to appointment of unity government’s defence minister Archived 18 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Libya Herald. Published 21 January 2016.
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  23. ↑ Libya to be divided into 7 military zones. Middle East Monitor. Published 2 June 2017.
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  26. ↑ Libya: Al-Sirraj appoints Ali Kanna commander of Sabha military zone. Libya Observer. Published 6 February 2019.
  27. ↑ Kufra tribes gather for peace and vow support to LNA. Libya Herald. Published 2 May 2018.
  28. ↑ Carlino, Ludovico (7 February 2019). Appointment of anti-LNA commander in southern Libya indicates Tripoli’s intent to recover territory taken by the LNA. Jane's.
  29. ↑ Dabbashi: Ali Kanna wanted to grant Libyan nationality to Malian Tuaregs in 2011. Address Libya. Published 7 February 2019.
  30. ↑ "Tripoli Revolutionaries Brigade seizes Hadba Prison, kills two guards as fighting intensifies". Libyan Express. 27 May 2017.
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  33. ↑ Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche, Turkish parliament approves sending troops to Libya | DW | 02.01.2020, retrieved 15 January 2022
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  35. ↑ "Libyan Makarov". Archived from the original on 25 February 2021.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 36.4 36.5 36.6 Jenzen-Jones, N.R.; McCollum, Ian. "Web Trafficking: Analysing the Online Trade of Small Arms and Light Weapons in Libya" (PDF). Small Arms Survey. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2017.
  37. ↑ Morajea, Hassan; Smallwood, Michael (9 March 2015). "Arms diversion in Libya: An update". Armament Research Services (ARES). Retrieved 8 June 2023.
  38. ↑ Fux, Eric (1 May 2011). "deredactie.be - ANALYSE » Blog Archive » Bericht van het front in Libië". deredactie.be. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  39. ↑ "Benelli M4 Super 90 (M1014 JSCS)". www.militaryfactory.com. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  40. ↑ Giorgio Beretta Mercoledì, 09 Marzo 2011 (27 February 2011). "L'Italia ha inviato 11mila Beretta semiautomatici al regime di Gheddafi / Notizie / Home - Unimondo". www.unimondo.org. Retrieved 4 October 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  41. ↑ "Winchester Model 1200". www.militaryfactory.com. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 42.4 "Turkey continues to send arms to Libya in violation of UN Security Council resolutions - Nordic Monitor". Nordic Research and Monitoring Network. 23 June 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Jones, Richard D.; Ness, Leland S., eds. (27 January 2009). Jane's Infantry Weapons 2009/2010 (35th ed.). Coulsdon: Jane's Information Group. ISBN 978-0-7106-2869-5.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 "Libya - SALW Guide". salw-guide.bicc.de. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
  45. ↑ NACHRICHTEN, n-tv. "Gewehre kommen aus Ägypten". n-tv.de (in Deutsch). Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  46. ↑ NACHRICHTEN, n-tv. "Rebellen nutzen G36-Gewehre". n-tv.de (in Deutsch). Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  47. ↑ NACHRICHTEN, n-tv. "Heckler & Koch schickt Ermittler". n-tv.de (in Deutsch). Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  48. ↑ NACHRICHTEN, n-tv. "Regierung sieht keine Fehler". n-tv.de (in Deutsch). Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  49. ↑ "G36 in use by Trippoli Bridade". Al-Jazera. Archived from the original on 7 July 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
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Further reading

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