List of metropolitans and patriarchs of Moscow
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This article lists the metropolitans and patriarchs of Moscow, spiritual heads of the Russian Orthodox Church. Since 1308, there have been 59.
History
The Russian Orthodox Church traces its beginnings to the Christianization of Kievan Rusʹ at Kiev in 988 AD. In 1316 the Metropolitan of Kiev changed his see to the city of Vladimir, and in 1322 moved again to Moscow. In 1589, the see was elevated to a Patriarchate. The Patriarchate was abolished by the Church reform of Peter the Great in 1721 and replaced by the Most Holy Governing Synod, and the Bishop of Moscow came to be called a Metropolitan again. The Patriarchate was restored by the 1917–18 Local Council and suspended by the Soviet government in 1925. It was reintroduced for the last time by the 1943 Bishops' Council, during World War II by the initiative of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin. To this date, 19 of the Metropolitans have been glorified in the Russian Orthodox Church.
Metropolitans of Kiev and all Rus' (permanent residence in Moscow, 1325–1441)
For a list of metropolitans before the seat of the Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus' was moved to Moscow, see List of metropolitans and patriarchs of Kyiv.
| No. | Primate | Portrait | Reign | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | St. Peter | File:Mitropolit petr of Moscow.jpg | 1308–1326 | |
| Seat vacant 1326–1328 | ||||
| 2 | St. Theognostus | File:Metropolitan Theognost - wooden figure.jpg | 1328–1353 | |
| 3 | St. Alexius | File:Dionisius 002.jpg | 1354–1378 | |
| Mikhail (Mityay) (ru) | File:No image.png | 1378–1379 | Locum tenens | |
| Seat vacant 1379–1381 | ||||
| 4 | St. Cyprian | File:Kyprian.jpg | 1381–1382 | First tenure |
| 5 | Pimen | File:No image.png | 1382–1384 | In opposition |
| 6 | St. Dionysius I | File:Dionisiy.jpg | 1384–1385 | In opposition |
| Seat vacant 1385–1390 | ||||
| St. Cyprian | File:Kyprian.jpg | 1390–1406 | Second tenure | |
| Seat vacant 1406–1408 | ||||
| 7 | St. Photius | File:Photiy.jpg | 1408–1431 | |
| Seat vacant 1431–1433 | ||||
| 8 | Gerasim (ru) | File:No image.png | 1433–1435 | |
| 9 | Isidore of Kiev | File:Isidore of Kiev.jpg | 1436–1441 | Deposed by the Grand Prince of Moscow, Vasily II, over his acceptance of the Council of Florence. The deposition was not recognized by the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople. |
| Seat vacant 1441–1448 (according to the Grand Duke of Moscow) | ||||
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Isidore of Kiev, who was of Greek origin, submitted to the articles of the Bull of Union with the Greeks which united the Orthodox Church in Russia with the Latin Church. Following his acceptance of the Council of Florence, Isidore returned to Moscow in 1441 as a Ruthenian cardinal. He was arrested by the Grand Prince of Moscow — Vasily II, and accused of apostasy. The Grand Duke deposed Isidore and in 1448 installed his own candidate as Metropolitan of Kiev — Jonah. This was carried out without the approval of Patriarch Gregory III of Constantinople. When Isidore died in 1458, the Orthodox dioceses within the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, including Kiev, were reorganized. The metropolitan see was moved to Vilnius, the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. A parallel succession to the title ensued between Moscow and Vilnius.
Metropolitans of Moscow and all Rus' (1448–1589)
The Grand Prince of Moscow voided the Union of Florence and imprisoned Metropolitan Isidore for some time. Following that incident, the Grand Prince removed Isidore from office and appointed his own man — Jonah. These decisions were not recognised by Patriarch Gregory III of Constantinople who continued to recognise Isidore as the canonical metropolitan. As a result, in 1448, Jonah unilaterally changed his title to "Metropolitan of Moscow and all Rus' " which was tantamount to a declaration of independence of the Church in eastern Rus' from the Patriarchate of Constantinople. All sixteen successive hierarchs of the Metropolis of Moscow and all Rus' were selected by the civil power and installed without the approval of Patriarchate of Constantinople. Successive patriarchs continued to recognize Isidore and his successors as hierarchs of the Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus'.
| No. | Primate | Portrait | Reign | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | St. Jonah | File:Jonah Metropolitan.jpg | 1448 | 1461 | Installed without the approval of Patriarch Gregory III of Constantinople who continued to recognize Isidore until his death in 1458. |
| 2 | Theodosius | File:No image.png | 3 May 1461 | 13 September 1464 | Became the second Metropolitan to be appointed by the Grand Duke of Moscow. He was not recognised by the Patriarch of Constantinople. |
| 3 | St. Philip I | File:Philip of Moscow.jpeg | 11 November 1464 | 5 April 1473 | |
| 4 | St. Gerontius | File:Митрополит Геронтий.jpg | 29 June 1473 | 28 May 1489 | |
| 5 | Zosimus | File:No image.png | 26 September 1490 | 17 May 1494 | Removed from the metropolitan throne on charges of heresy |
| 6 | Simon | File:Elena Voloshanka's pelena - detail 08.jpg | 22 September 1495 | 30 April 1511 | |
| 7 | Varlaam | File:No image.png | 3 August 1511 | 18 December 1521 | |
| 8 | Daniel 1492–1547 |
File:Metropolitan Daniel of Moscow Engraving.png | 27 February 1522 | 2 February 1539 | Deposed by the Shuyskys after the death of de facto regent Elena Glinskaya and the fall of her favorite Ivan Ovchina-Telepnev. |
| 9 | St. Joasaphus Skripitsyn died 1555 |
File:No image.png | 6 February 1539 | January 1542 | Deposed by the Shuysky |
| 10 | St. Macarius | File:Metropolitan Macarius.jpg | 19 March 1542 | 31 December 1563 | |
| 11 | Athanasius died 1575 |
File:No image.png | 5 March 1564 | 16 May 1566 | |
| 12 | St. Herman Grigory Sadyrev-Polyev |
File:German of Kazan.jpg | July 1566 | Metropolitan-elect. Expelled from Moscow after a dispute with Ivan IV | |
| 13 | St. Philip II Feodor Kolychyov 1507–1569 |
File:Filipp, mitropolitt of Moscow.jpg | 25 July 1566 | 4 November 1568 | Deposed and believed to have been later killed by Ivan IV's officials |
| 14 | Cyril III (IV) 1492–1572 |
File:No image.png | 11 November 1568 | 8 February 1572 | |
| 15 | Anthony | File:No image.png | May 1572 | 1581 | |
| 16 | Dionysius II died 1591 |
File:No image.png | 1581 | 13 October 1587 | Deposed |
| 17 | St. Job | File:Patriarch Job of Moscow.jpg | 11 December 1587 | 23 January 1589 | Elevated to "Patriarch of Moscow" |
Patriarchs of Moscow and all Rus' (1589–1721)
| No. | Primate | Portrait | Reign | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | St. Job | File:Patriarch Job of Moscow.jpg | 23 January 1589 | June 1605 | |
| — | Ignatius | File:Патриарх Игнатий.jpg | 30 June 1605 | 16 May 1606 | |
| 2 | St. Hermogenes | File:Patriarch Germogen (tsarskiy titulyarnik) 2.jpg | 3 July 1606 | 17 February 1612 | |
| Seat vacant 1612–1619 | |||||
| 3 | Filaret Fyodor Romanov 1553–1633 |
File:Philaret.jpg | 24 June 1619 | 1 October 1633 | Father of Michael of Russia |
| 4 | Joasaphus I | File:Joasaphus I from Tsarsky titulyarnik.jpg | 6 February 1634 | 28 November 1640 | |
| Seat vacant 1640–1642 | |||||
| 5 | Joseph Ignaty Dyakov |
File:Patriarch Iosif.jpg | 27 May 1642 | 15 April 1652 | |
| 6 | Nikon Nikita Minin 1605–1681 |
File:Portrait of Patriarch Nikon.jpg | 25 July 1652 | 12 December 1666 | |
| — | Pitirim | File:Pitirim.jpg | 1658 | 1667 | locum tenens |
| 7 | Joasaphus II | File:Joasaphus II from Tsarsky titulyarnik.jpg | 31 January 1667 | 17 February 1672 | |
| 8 | Pitirim | File:Pitirim.jpg | 7 July 1672 | 19 April 1673 | |
| 9 | Joachim Ivan Savyolov 1620–1690 |
File:Icon 02044 Patriarh Ioakim Moskovskij 1620-1690. Neizv. hud. XVII v. Rossiya.jpg | 26 July 1674 | 17 March 1690 | |
| 10 | Adrian | File:Patriarkh Adrian.jpg | 26 August 1690 | 16 October 1700 | |
| — | Stefan | File:Stephen Yavorsky.jpg | 1700 | 1721 | Locum tenens |
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Metropolitans and archbishops of Moscow (1721–1917)
| No. | Primate | Portrait | Reign | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Stefan Simeon Yavorsky (1658–1722) |
File:Stephen Yavorsky.jpg | 1721 | 1722 | President of the Most Holy Synod. Stefan refused to sign the Synod's documents, did not attend its meetings. Peter I apparently appointed him only to give a certain sanction to the new institution. |
| 2 | Theophan Prokopovich (1681–1736) |
File:Feofan Prokopovich.jpg | 1722 | 1736 | Vice president of the Synod and its prime member since 15 July 1726 |
| Seat vacant 1736–1742 | |||||
| 3 | Joseph (ru) Volchansky |
File:Иосиф (Волчанский).jpg | 1 September 1742 | 10 June 1745 | Archbishop of Moscow and Vladimir [1] |
| 4 | Plato I (ru) Pavel Malinovsky |
File:No image.png | 5 April 1748 | 14 June 1754 | Archbishop of Moscow and Sevsk [2] |
| Hilarion (ru) Grigorovich (1696–1759) |
File:No image.png | 1754–1757 | Coadjutor | ||
| 5 | Timothy (ru) Tikhon Shcherbatsky (1698–1767) |
File:Тимофей (Щербацкий).jpg | 22 October 1757 | 3 January 1767 | Metropolitan of Moscow and Kaluga |
| 6 | Ambrosius Andrey Sertis-Kamensky (1708–1771) |
File:Ambrosius of Moscow.jpg | 18 January 1768 | 16 September 1771 | Archbishop of Moscow. Murdered during the Moscow plague riot of 1771 |
| Samoel (ru) | File:Самуил (Миславский).jpg | 1771–1775 | Coadjutor | ||
| 7 | Plato II Levshin (1737–1812) |
File:Mitropolit Platon.jpg | 20 January 1775 | 13 June 1812 | Metropolitan of Moscow and Kolomna since 1787 |
| Seat vacant 1812–1818 | |||||
| 8 | Augustine (ru) Alexey Vinogradsky (1766–1819) |
File:Августин (Виноградский).jpg | 19 February 1818 | 15 March 1819 | Archbishop of Moscow and Kolomna |
| 9 | Seraphim (ru) Stefan Glagolevsky (1763–1843) |
File:Серафим (Глаголевский).jpg | 15 March 1819 | 19 June 1821 | Metropolitan of Moscow and Kolomna |
| 10 | St. Philaret Vasily Drozdov (1783–1867) |
File:Filaret, Metropolitan of Moscow.jpg | 15 July 1821 | 2 December 1867 | Archbishop of Moscow and Kolomna, metropolitan since 1826 |
| 11 | St. Innocent Ivan Veniaminov (1797–1879) |
File:St Innocent of Alaska.JPG | 5 January 1868 | 12 April 1879 | |
| 12 | Macarius I Mikhail Bulgakov (1816–1882) |
File:Mitropolitan Macarius (Bulgakov).jpg | 20 April 1879 | 21 June 1882 | |
| 13 | Joannicius (ru) Ivan Rudnev (1826–1900) |
File:Иоанникий (Руднев).jpg | 27 June 1882 | 17 November 1891 | |
| 14 | Leontius (ru) Ivan Lebedinsky (1822–1893) |
File:Леонтий (Лебединский).jpg | 17 November 1891 | 13 August 1893 | |
| 15 | Sergius (ru) Nikolay Lyapidevsky (1820–1898) |
File:Сергий (Ляпидевский).jpg | 21 August 1893 | 23 February 1898 | |
| 16 | St. Vladimir Vasily Bogoyavlensky (1848–1918) |
File:Владимир (Богоявленский).jpg | 5 March 1898 | 6 December 1912 | |
| 17 | St. Macarius II Mikhail Nevsky (1835–1926) |
File:Metropolitan of Moscow Makariy Nevskiy.jpg | 8 December 1912 | 2 April 1917 | |
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Patriarchs of Moscow and all Rus' (restored, 1917–present)
| No. | Primate | Portrait | Election | Reign | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 11 | St. Tikhon Vasily Bellavin (1865–1925) |
File:Tikhon of Moscow.jpg | 1917–18 | 4 December 1917[1] | 7 April 1925[2] | 7 years, 4 months and 3 days | |
| — | Peter Pyotr Polyansky (1862–1937) |
File:Митрополит Крутицкий Петр (Полянский). 1925.jpg | — | 12 April 1925 | December 1925 / 11 September 1936 |
10–11 years | Metropolitan of Krutitsy, locum tenens |
| — | Sergius Ivan Stragorodsky (1867–1944) |
File:Митрополит Сергий (ЖМП).jpg | — | December 1925 | 27 December 1936 | 17 years, 9 months | Metropolitan of Nizhny Novgorod, acting locum tenens |
| 27 December 1936 | 12 September 1943 | Metropolitan of Moscow and Kolomna, locum tenens | |||||
| 12 | Sergius Ivan Stragorodsky (1867–1944) |
File:Патриарх Сергий.jpg | 1943 | 12 September 1943[3] | 15 May 1944[4] | 8 months and 3 days | |
| 13 | Alexy I Sergey Simansky (1877–1970) |
File:Патриарх Алексий I.jpg | 1945 | 4 February 1945[5] | 17 April 1970[6] | 25 years, 2 months and 13 days | |
| 14 | Pimen Sergey Izvekov (1910–1990) |
File:Patriarch Pimen of Moscow and all Rus'.jpg | 1971 | 3 June 1971[7] | 3 May 1990[8] | 18 years and 11 months | During Pimen's reign the 1000th anniversary of the Christianization of Rus' was celebrated, and the 1988 Local Council was held in connection with the celebration. |
| 15 | Alexy II Aleksei Ridiger (1929–2008) |
File:Tema Pühadus Moskva ja kogu Venemaa Patriarh Aleksius II.jpeg | 1990 | 10 June 1990 | 5 December 2008 | 18 years, 5 months and 25 days | |
| 16 | Kirill Vladimir Gundyayev (born 1946) |
File:Patriarch Kirill of Moscow 2021 (cropped).jpg | 2009 | 1 February 2009 | Incumbent | 15 years, 11 months and 10 days (as of 11 January 2025) |
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Timeline of patriarchs
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See also
- Russian Orthodox Church
- List of metropolitans and patriarchs of Kyiv
- List of current popes and patriarchs
- List of current Christian leaders
- Eastern Orthodox Church
- Organization of the Eastern Orthodox Church
References
- ↑ "Tikhon Russian Patriarch". The New York Times. 25 November 1917. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
- ↑ "Patriarch Tikhon Dies Near Moscow". The New York Times. 9 April 1925. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
- ↑ "The Russian Patriarch". The New York Times. 14 September 1943. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
- ↑ "Sergius, Patriarch of Russia, Dies 78". The New York Times. 16 May 1944. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
- ↑ "Alexei Is Elected Russian Patriarch". The New York Times. 3 February 1945. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
- ↑ "Patriarch Alexis Is Dead at 92". The New York Times. 19 April 1970. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
- ↑ "Metropolitan Pimen Elected Patriarch of Russian Orthodox Church". The New York Times. 3 June 1971. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
- ↑ Bill Keller (4 May 1990). "Patriarch Pimen, 79, the Leader Of the Russian Church Since '71". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
