Neuropeptide S

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An Error has occurred retrieving Wikidata item for infobox Neuropeptide S (NPS) is a neuropeptide found in human and mammalian brain, mainly produced by neurons in the amygdala and between Barrington's nucleus and the locus coeruleus, although NPS-responsive neurons extend projections into many other brain areas.[1][2][3] NPS binds specifically to a G protein-coupled receptor, NPSR.[4][5] Animal studies show that NPS suppresses anxiety and appetite, induces wakefulness[6] and hyperactivity, including hyper-sexuality, and plays a significant role in the extinction of conditioned fear.[7][8][9][10][11][12][13] It has also been shown to significantly enhance dopamine activity in the mesolimbic pathway,[13] and inhibits motility and increases permeability in neurocrine fashion acting through NO in the myenteric plexus in rats and humans.[14]

Synthetic ligands

The non-peptide NPS receptor antagonist SHA-68 blocks the effects of NPS in animals and is anxiogenic.[15] Several peptide derived NPS agonists and antagonists have also been developed.[16][17][18][19][20]

Peptide sequence

Below are the sequences of mature neuropeptide S in several representative species in which it is expressed:

Neuropeptide S
Identifiers
SymbolNeuropeptide_S
PfamPF14993
InterProIPR028138
Available protein structures:
Pfam  structures / ECOD  
PDBRCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj
PDBsumstructure summary
species sequence MW
human SFRNGVGTGMKKTSFQRAKS 2187.5
rat SFRNGVGSGVKKTSFRRAKQ 2210.5
mouse SFRNGVGSGAKKTSFRRAKQ 2182.5
dog, chimp SFRNGVGTGMKKTSFRRAKS 2215.6
chicken SFRNGVGSGIKKTSFRRAKS 2183.5
consensus SFRNGVGxGXKKTSFxRAKx N/A

According to Pfam's HMM logo, there is a conserved "KR" cleave site immediately N-terminal to the C-terminal mature peptide.

References

  1. ↑ Xu YL, Gall CM, Jackson VR, Civelli O, Reinscheid RK (Jan 2007). "Distribution of neuropeptide S receptor mRNA and neurochemical characteristics of neuropeptide S-expressing neurons in the rat brain". The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 500 (1): 84–102. doi:10.1002/cne.21159. PMID 17099900. S2CID 23864785.
  2. ↑ Jüngling K, Seidenbecher T, Sosulina L, Lesting J, Sangha S, Clark SD, et al. (Jul 2008). "Neuropeptide S-mediated control of fear expression and extinction: role of intercalated GABAergic neurons in the amygdala". Neuron. 59 (2): 298–310. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.07.002. PMC 2610688. PMID 18667157.
  3. ↑ Meis S, Bergado-Acosta JR, Yanagawa Y, Obata K, Stork O, Munsch T (2008). Grothe B (ed.). "Identification of a neuropeptide S responsive circuitry shaping amygdala activity via the endopiriform nucleus". PLOS ONE. 3 (7): e2695. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.2695M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002695. PMC 2442874. PMID 18628994. Open access icon
  4. ↑ Reinscheid RK, Xu YL (Dec 2005). "Neuropeptide S and its receptor: a newly deorphanized G protein-coupled receptor system". The Neuroscientist. 11 (6): 532–8. doi:10.1177/1073858405276405. PMID 16282594. S2CID 30579961.
  5. ↑ Reinscheid RK (2008). "Neuropeptide S: Anatomy, Pharmacology, Genetics and Physiological Functions". Orphan G Protein-Coupled Receptors and Novel Neuropeptides. Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation. Vol. 46. pp. 145–58. doi:10.1007/400_2007_051. ISBN 978-3-540-78350-3. PMID 18204825.
  6. ↑ Chauveau F, Claverie D, Lardant E, Varin C, Hardy E, Walter A, et al. (January 2020). "Neuropeptide S promotes wakefulness through the inhibition of sleep-promoting ventrolateral preoptic nucleus neurons" (PDF). Sleep. 43 (1). doi:10.1093/sleep/zsz189. PMID 31403694.
  7. ↑ Xu YL, Reinscheid RK, Huitron-Resendiz S, Clark SD, Wang Z, Lin SH, et al. (Aug 2004). "Neuropeptide S: a neuropeptide promoting arousal and anxiolytic-like effects". Neuron. 43 (4): 487–97. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.08.005. PMID 15312648. S2CID 15601843.
  8. ↑ Reinscheid RK, Xu YL (Nov 2005). "Neuropeptide S as a novel arousal promoting peptide transmitter". The FEBS Journal. 272 (22): 5689–93. doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04982.x. PMID 16279934. S2CID 42586325.
  9. ↑ Okamura N, Reinscheid RK (Aug 2007). "Neuropeptide S: a novel modulator of stress and arousal". Stress. 10 (3): 221–6. doi:10.1080/10253890701248673. PMID 17613937. S2CID 39068808.
  10. ↑ Leonard SK, Dwyer JM, Sukoff Rizzo SJ, Platt B, Logue SF, Neal SJ, et al. (May 2008). "Pharmacology of neuropeptide S in mice: therapeutic relevance to anxiety disorders". Psychopharmacology. 197 (4): 601–11. doi:10.1007/s00213-008-1080-4. PMID 18311561. S2CID 21120092.
  11. ↑ Rizzi A, Vergura R, Marzola G, Ruzza C, Guerrini R, Salvadori S, et al. (May 2008). "Neuropeptide S is a stimulatory anxiolytic agent: a behavioural study in mice". British Journal of Pharmacology. 154 (2): 471–9. doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.96. PMC 2442439. PMID 18376418.
  12. ↑ Vitale G, Filaferro M, Ruggieri V, Pennella S, Frigeri C, Rizzi A, et al. (Dec 2008). "Anxiolytic-like effect of neuropeptide S in the rat defensive burying". Peptides. 29 (12): 2286–91. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2008.08.014. hdl:11380/610466. PMID 18793688. S2CID 207356961.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Mochizuki T, Kim J, Sasaki K (May 2010). "Microinjection of neuropeptide S into the rat ventral tegmental area induces hyperactivity and increases extracellular levels of dopamine metabolites in the nucleus accumbens shell". Peptides. 31 (5): 926–31. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2010.02.006. PMID 20156501. S2CID 19981059.
  14. ↑ Wan Saudi WS, Halim MA, Rudholm-Feldreich T, Gillberg L, Rosenqvist E, Tengholm A, et al. (Oct 2015). "Neuropeptide S inhibits gastrointestinal motility and increases mucosal permeability through nitric oxide". Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 309 (9): G625-34. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00104.2015. PMID 26206857. S2CID 5560949.
  15. ↑ Okamura N, Habay SA, Zeng J, Chamberlin AR, Reinscheid RK (Jun 2008). "Synthesis and pharmacological in vitro and in vivo profile of 3-oxo-1,1-diphenyl-tetrahydro-oxazolo[3,4-a]pyrazine-7-carboxylic acid 4-fluoro-benzylamide (SHA 68), a selective antagonist of the neuropeptide S receptor". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 325 (3): 893–901. doi:10.1124/jpet.107.135103. PMC 2583099. PMID 18337476.
  16. ↑ Roth AL, Marzola E, Rizzi A, Arduin M, Trapella C, Corti C, et al. (Jul 2006). "Structure-activity studies on neuropeptide S: identification of the amino acid residues crucial for receptor activation" (PDF). The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 281 (30): 20809–16. doi:10.1074/jbc.M601846200. PMID 16720571.
  17. ↑ Camarda V, Trapella C, Calo G, Guerrini R, Rizzi A, Ruzza C, et al. (Feb 2008). "Synthesis and biological activity of human neuropeptide S analogues modified in position 2". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 51 (3): 655–8. doi:10.1021/jm701204n. PMID 18181564.
  18. ↑ Camarda V, Trapella C, Calo' G, Guerrini R, Rizzi A, Ruzza C, et al. (Oct 2008). "Structure-activity study at positions 3 and 4 of human neuropeptide S". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 16 (19): 8841–5. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2008.08.073. PMID 18793857.
  19. ↑ Guerrini R, Camarda V, Trapella C, Calò G, Rizzi A, Ruzza C, et al. (Jan 2009). "Synthesis and biological activity of human neuropeptide S analogues modified in position 5: identification of potent and pure neuropeptide S receptor antagonists". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 52 (2): 524–9. doi:10.1021/jm8012294. PMC 2653091. PMID 19113861.
  20. ↑ Camarda V, Rizzi A, Ruzza C, Zucchini S, Marzola G, Marzola E, et al. (Feb 2009). "In vitro and in vivo pharmacological characterization of the neuropeptide s receptor antagonist [D-Cys(tBu)5]neuropeptide S". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 328 (2): 549–55. doi:10.1124/jpet.108.143867. PMC 2630366. PMID 18971372.
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