The names used for some major European cities differ in different European and sometimes non-European languages. In some countries where there are two or more languages spoken, such as Belgium or Switzerland, dual forms may be used within the city itself, for example on signage. This is also the case in Ireland, despite a low level of actual usage of the Irish language. In other cases where a regional language is officially recognised, that form of the name may be used in the region, but not nationally. Examples include the Welsh language in Wales in the United Kingdom, and parts of Italy and Spain.
There is a slow trend to return to the local name, which has been going on for a long time.[citation needed] In English Livorno is now used, the old English form of Leghorn having become antiquated at least a century ago. In some cases, such as the replacement of Danzig with Gdansk, the official name has been changed more recently. Since 1995, the government of Ukraine has encouraged the use of Kyiv rather than Kiev.[1]
Saint-Gall (French, Romanian), San Galo (Spanish*), San Gallo (Italian), Sankt Gallen (Dutch, German), São Galo (Portuguese*) Son Gagl (Romansh), Svatý Havel (Czech)
Ayía Petrúpoli - Αγία Πετρούπολη (Greek)*, Cathair Pheadair (Irish), Peterburg and Peyterburg - פּעטערבורג (Yiddish), Peterburi (Estonian), Petroburgo (Esperanto), Petrograd (traditional Serbian, independent of the 1914–1924 renaming)*, Petrohrad (Slovak)*, Petropolis (Latin)*, Pietari (Finnish), Saint-Pétersbourg (French)*, Sangteu Petereubureukeu / Sangt'ŭ P'et'erŭburŭk'ŭ - 상트페테르부르크 (Korean), Sankta Pætursborg or St. Pætursborg (Faroese)*, Sankti Pétursborg (Icelandic)*, Sankt-Peterburg (Croatian*, Sankt-Peterburg - Санкт-Петербург (Russian*), Sankt Peterburg - Санкт Петербург (Serbian)*, Sankt-Peterburg* or Peterburg (Turkish), Sankt Peterburg (Serbo-Croatian*, Slovene*, seldom Slovak), Sanktpēterburga (Latvian), Sankt Peterburgas (Lithuanian), Sankt-Peterburgi - სანქტ-პეტერბურგი (Georgian*), Sankt Petěrburk (Czech), Sankt Petersborg (Danish*, Low German*), Sankt Petersburg (German*, Polish, Romanian, Swedish), Sankt-Pieciarburh - Санкт-Пецярбург (Belarusian), Sankuto Peteruburuku - サンクトペテルブルク (Japanese)*, San Petersburgo (Spanish*, Tagalog*), San Pietroburgo (Italian)*, San Pietruburgu (Maltese), Sānt Bītarsbūrġ - سانت بطرسبرغ (Arabic)*, São Petersburgo (Portuguese)*, Shën Petersburg (Albanian), Shèng Bĭdébāo - 聖彼得堡 (Chinese), Sint-Petersburg (Dutch)*, St. Petersburg (Norwegian)*, Szentpétervár (Hungarian)*, Xanh Pê-téc-bua (Vietnamese)
1638–1703 (a 17th-century town at the site of the present city): Nevanlinna (Finnish), Niyen – Ниен (Russian), Nyen (Swedish)
1914–1924: Petorogurādo - ペトログラード (Japanese), Petrograd (former English, former French, former Russian, former Serbian, former Slovene, former Swedish), Petrogrado (former Spanish, former Portuguese), Petrohrad (former Czech, Slovak), Pietrogrado (former Italian), Piotrogród (former Polish), Pēterpils (former Latvian), Petrapilis (former Lithuanian)
1924–1991: Leningrad (former Czech, former English, former German, former Swedish), Leningrado (former Italian, former Spanish), Leninegrado (former Portuguese), Ленинград - Lenjingrad (former Serbo-Croatian)*, Reningeuradeu / Renin'gŭradŭ - 레닌그라드 (Korean), Reningurādo - レニングラード (Japanese), "Liènínggélè"-列寧格勒 (Chinese)
Sanktmorica (Latvian), Sankt Moritz (German)*, Saint-Moritz (French)*, San Maurizio (Italian)*, San Morittsu - サンモリッツ (Japanese)*, San Murezzan (Romansh), Svatý Mořic (Czech)
Groß Sankt Nikolaus or Großsanktnikolaus (German), Nagyszentmiklós (Hungarian), Sânnicolau Mare or Sân Nicolau Mare (Romanian), Sînnicolau Mare (former Romanian), Veliki Sveti Nikola (Serbian)
Donostia (Basque*, Estonian*), Donostia-San Sebastián (official name, combination of the names in both local languages: Donostia (Basque pronunciation:[doˈnos̺tia]) and San Sebastián (Spanish:[sanseβasˈtjan])),[3]Donostio (Esperanto)*, Saint-Sébastien (French)*, San Sebastian (most common English variant), San Sebastián (Spanish*, Portuguese*, Finnish*, Romanian), Sant Sebastià (Catalan)*, San Sebastijanas (Lithuanian), São Sebastião (Portuguese variant)*
Compostela (former Galician, current use also), Saint-Jacques-de-Compostelle (French), Santiago de Compostela (Galician, Finnish, Portuguese, Spanish), Santiago de Compostel·la (Catalan), Santiago di Compostela (Italian), Santiago di Compostella or San Giacomo di Compostella (old Italian), Sant Jaume de Galícia (former Catalan), Šānt Yāqūb (Arabic)
Slupsk - Слупск (Russian and other languages written in Cyrillic script), Slupska (Latvian), Stolp (German), Stolpe (Latin), Stölpe (Swedish), Stôłpsk (Kashubian)
Igló (Hungarian), Noveysis (Romani), Nowa Wieś Spiska or Spiska Nowa Wieś (Polish), Spiska Nova Ves - Списка Нова Вес (Ukrainian), Spišská Nová Ves (Slovak), Villa Nova (Latin), (Zipser) Neu(-en-)dorf (German)
Castrum Danorum (Latin, 13th century),[9]Kolyvan - Колывань (in Old East Slavic chronicles, whose authenticity and connection with modern Tallinn is disputed), Lindanäs (late medieval Swedish, attested after the Livonian Crusade), Lyndanisse (late medieval Danish, attested in the 13th century),[10][11]Rääveli (former Finnish), Reval (former Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Norwegian, Swedish and Turkish), Revalia (former Latin), Revel' - Ревель (former Russian), Rēvele (former Latvian), Revl - רעוול (Yiddish), Rewel (former Polish), Taillinn (Irish), Tālīn - تالين (Arabic), Tǎlín - 塔林 (Chinese), Talin or Taline (alternative Portuguese, Serbo-Croatian, Slovenian, alternative Turkish), Talinas (Lithuanian), Tallin (Spanish), Tallin was also the alternative transliteration variant of Таллин (Russian) used in many languages during the second half of the 20th century, Tallin / T'allin - 탈린 (Korean), Tallíni - Ταλλίνη (Greek Katharevousa), Tallinn (Azeri, Basque, Catalan, Danish, Dutch, Estonian, French, German, Italian, Maltese, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Slovakian, Swedish and Turkish), Talinny (Hungarian), Tallina (Latvian), Tallinna (Finnish, former Estonian), Tarin - タリン (Japanese)*
Bisánthe - Βισάνθη or Bysánthe - Βυσάνθη (Ancient Greek name of a Thracian town very near the modern city), Raedestus / Rhaedestus (Latin), Rhaidestós - Ῥαιδεστός (Greek), Rodosçuk (early Ottoman Turkish), Rodosto (Italian and various European languages), Rodostó (Hungarian), Tekfurdağı (late Ottoman Turkish), Tekirdağ (Turkish), Visánthi - Βισάνθη (Modern Greek form of Bisánthe)
↑Peter Kosta. Eine russische Kosmographie aus dem 17. Jahrhundert: sprachwissenschaftliche Analyse mit Textedition und Faksimile. Munich, Otto Sagner, 1982. ISBN978-3-87690-200-5.
↑(in German) Reval's ältester Estnischer Name Lindanisse, Verhandlungen der gelehrten estnischen Gesellschaft zu Dorpat. Band 3, Heft 1. Dorpat 1854, p. 46–47
↑Isaac Díaz Pardo; Víctor F. Freixanes; Antón Mascato, eds. (2007). Diciopedia do século 21 (in galego). Editorial Galaxia. ISBN978-84-8289-360-0.
↑ 17.017.1George Landmann. "Treves, or Triers."A universal Gazetteer; or geographical dictionary of the World. Founded on the works of Brookes and Walker, etc. 1835.
↑Tuomo Pekkanen & Reijo Pitkäranta, Lexicon hodiernae Latinitatis Finno-Latino-Finnicum. Societas Litterarum Finnicarum, Helsinki, 2006; Ebbe Vilborg, Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok. Andra upplagan. Norstedts akademiska förlag, Stockholm, 2009. (in Swedish)