National poet

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File:Grave of James Clarence Mangan.jpg
Tomb of James Clarence Mangan, with legend describing him as "Ireland's national poet."

A national poet or national bard is a poet held by tradition and popular acclaim to represent the identity, beliefs and principles of a particular national culture.[1] The national poet as culture hero is a long-standing symbol, to be distinguished from successive holders of a bureaucratically-appointed poet-laureate office. The idea and honoring of national poets emerged primarily during Romanticism, as a figure that helped consolidation of the nation states, as it provided validation of their ethno-linguistic groups.[1] Most national poets are historic figures, though a few contemporary writers working in relatively new or revived national literatures are also considered "national poets". Though not formally elected, national poets play a role in shaping a country's understanding of itself.[2] Some nations may have more than one national poet; the idea of a single one is always a simplification. It has been argued that a national poet "must write poetry that closely identifies with the nation's cause – or is thought to do so",[3] with an additional assumption being that "a national poet must write in a national language".[4] The following is a list of nations, with their associated national poets. It is not a list of sovereign states or countries, though many of the nations listed may also be such. The terms "nation" (as cultural concept), "country" (as geographical concept) and "state" (as political concept) are not synonyms.

Africa

File:Hadrawi.jpg
Hadrawi of Somalia
Country or Territory Poet Sources
File:Flag of Algeria.svg Algeria Si Mohand, Moufdi Zakaria [5][6]
File:Flag of Angola.svg Angola Agostinho Neto [7]
File:Flag of Burkina Faso.svg Burkina Faso Titinga Frédéric Pacéré [8]
File:Flag of Cape Verde.svg Cape Verde Jorge Barbosa [9]
File:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg Democratic Republic of Congo Antoine-Roger Bolamba (J'ongungu) [when the country was known as Congo–Zaire] [10]
File:Flag of Djibouti.svg Djibouti Victor Hugo M'Gonagall [11]
File:Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt Ahmed Shawqi [12]
File:Flag of Ethiopia.svg Ethiopia Gibreab Teferi, Tsegaye Gabre-Medhin [13]
File:Flag of Ghana.svg Ghana Atukwei Okai, Kofi Awoonor [14][15]
File:Flag of Kenya.svg Kenya Abdilatif Abdalla [16]
File:Flag of Lesotho.svg Lesotho Thomas Mofolo [17]
File:Flag of Liberia.svg Liberia Melvin B. Tolson [18]
File:Flag of Libya.svg Libya Ahmed Rafiq Almhadoui [19]
File:Flag of Madagascar.svg Madagascar Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo [20]
File:Flag of Mali.svg Mali Fily Dabo Sissoko [21]
File:Flag of Mauritius.svg Mauritius Léoville L'Homme [22]
File:Flag of Morocco.svg Morocco Mohammed Awzal [23]
File:Flag of Mozambique.svg Mozambique José Craveirinha [24]
File:Flag of Namibia.svg Namibia Mvula ya Nangolo [25]
File:Flag of Nigeria.svg Nigeria Christopher Okigbo [26][27]
File:Flag of São Tomé and Príncipe.svg São Tomé and Príncipe Francisco José Tenreiro, Alda Neves do Espírito Santo [28][29]
File:Flag of Senegal.svg Senegal Léopold Sédar Senghor [30]
File:Flag of Sierra Leone.svg Sierra Leone Davidson Nicol [31]
File:Flag of Somalia.svg Somalia Hadrawi [32]
File:Flag of South Africa.svg South Africa S. E. K. Mqhayi [33]
File:Flag of Tanzania.svg Tanzania Shaaban bin Robert [34]
File:Flag of Tunisia.svg Tunisia Aboul-Qacem Echebbi [35][36]
File:Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg Western Sahara Zaim Allal [37]

Asia

Country (or region) Poet Sources
File:Flag of the Taliban.svg Afghanistan Rumi, Khushal Khattak [38][39]
File:Flag of Bangladesh.svg Bangladesh Kazi Nazrul Islam [40]
File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China Du Fu, Li Bai [41][42][43]
File:Flag of Cambodia.svg Cambodia Preah Botumthera Som [44]
File:Flag of India.svg India Maithili Sharan Gupt, Subramania Bharati, Kalidasa, Ramdhari Singh Dinkar, Rabindranath Tagore [45][46][47][48][49]
File:Flag of Indonesia.svg Indonesia Chairil Anwar [50]
File:Flag of Iran.svg Iran Ferdowsi, Rumi, Hafez, Attar, Omar Khayyám, Saadi, Nizami Ganjavi, Rudaki,Mohammad-Hossein Shahriar,Malek osh-Sho'arā Bahār,Rakhshandeh E'tesami [51][52][53]
File:Flag of Iraq.svg Iraq Muthaffar al-Nawab, Al-Mutanabbi, Muhammad Mahdi al-Jawahiri [54][55][56]
File:Flag of Israel.svg Israel Yehuda Amichai, Hayim Nahman Bialik, Natan Alterman [57][58],[59]
File:Flag of Japan.svg Japan Matsuo Bashō, Lafcadio Hearn, Tanikawa Shuntaro, Ishikawa Takuboku [60][61][62]
File:Flag of Jordan.svg Jordan Mustafa Wahbi al-Tal [63]
File:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Kazakhstan Abai Qunanbaiuli [64]
File:Unification flag of Korea.svg Korea Cho Ki-chon, Yun Dongju, Han Yong-un, Park Mok-wol, Jeong Cheol [65][66]
File:Flag of Kurdistan.svg Kurdistan Hemin Mukriyani, Sherko Bekas, Abdurrahman Sharafkandi, Ehmedê Xanî [67][68][69][70]
File:Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg Kyrgyzstan Toktogul Satylganov [71]
File:Flag of Lebanon.svg Lebanon Kahlil Gibran, Said Akl [72][73]
File:Flag of Malaysia.svg Malaysia Usman Awang [74]
File:Flag of Mongolia.svg Mongolia Ochirbatyn Dashbalbar, Dulduityn Danzanravjaa, Dashdorjiin Natsagdorj, Byambyn Rinchen, Hadaa Sendoo [75][76][77][78][79]
File:Flag of Myanmar.svg Myanmar Min Thu Wun [80]
File:Flag of Nepal.svg   Nepal Madhav Prasad Ghimire [81]
File:Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan Allama Muhammad Iqbal [82]
File:Flag of Palestine.svg Palestine Mahmoud Darwish [83]
File:Flag of the Philippines.svg Philippines Francisco Balagtas [84]
File:Flag of Sri Lanka.svg Sri Lanka Parakrama Kodituwakku [85]
File:Flag of Syria.svg Syria Nizar Qabbani [86]
File:Flag of the Republic of China.svg Taiwan Yang Mu, Yu Youren [87][88]
File:Flag of Tajikistan.svg Tajikistan Sadriddin Ayni, Bozor Sobir, Mirzo Tursunzoda Rudaki, Rumi, Gulnazar Keldi [89][90][91][92][93][94][95]
File:Flag of Thailand.svg Thailand Sunthorn Phu [96][97]
File:Flag of Tibet.svg Tibet Tsering Woeser [98]
File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey Rumi, Nâzım Hikmet, Ziya Gökalp, Mehmet Âkif Ersoy [52][99][100][101]
File:Flag of Turkmenistan.svg Turkmenistan Magtymguly Pyragy [102]
File:Flag of Uzbekistan.svg Uzbekistan Ali-Shir Nava'i, Abdulla Oripov, Erkin Vohidov, Gʻafur Gʻulom, Mirtemir [103]
File:Flag of Vietnam.svg Vietnam Nguyễn Du, Nguyễn Đình Chiểu, Hồ Xuân Hương [104][105][106]
File:Flag of Yemen.svg Yemen Abdullah Al-Baradouni, Waddah al-Yaman [107][108]

Europe

Country (or region) Poet Sources
File:Flag of Albania.svg Albania Gjergj Fishta, Naim Frashëri [109][110]
File:Flag of the Republic of Abkhazia.svg Abkhazia Dmitry Gulia [111]
File:Flag of Armenia.svg Armenia Hovhannes Tumanyan, Sayat-Nova, Yeghishe Charents [112][113][114]
File:Flag of Austria.svg Austria Franz Grillparzer ,Johann Nepomuk Nestroy, Georg Trakl, Rainer Maria Rilke [115][116][117]
File:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Azerbaijan Nizami Ganjavi, Fuzûlî, Imadaddin Nasimi, Samad Vurgun [118][119][120]
File:Flag of Bashkortostan.svg Bashkortostan Rami Garipov, Mustai Karim [121][122][123]
File:Flag of the Basque Country.svg Basque Country Bernard Etxepare [124]
File:Flag of Belarus.svg Belarus Yanka Kupala, Yakub Kolas [125][126]
File:Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium Emile Verhaeren, Maurice Maeterlinck [127][128]
File:Flag of Catalonia.svg Catalonia Ausiàs March, Jacint Verdaguer [129][130]
File:Flag of the Chechen Republic.svg Chechnya Ismail Kerimov [131]
File:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg Bosnia and Herzegovina Abdulah Sidran, Mak Dizdar, Izet Sarajlić [132][133]
File:Flag of Brittany (Gwenn ha du).svg Brittany Théodore Claude Henri, vicomte Hersart de la Villemarqué [134]
File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria Hristo Botev, Ivan Vazov [135][136]
File:Flag of Rusyns 2007.svg Carpathian Ruthenia Alexander Dukhnovych [137]
File:Flag of Croatia.svg Croatia Marko Marulić, Ivan Gundulić [138]
File:Flag of Cyprus.svg Cyprus Vasilis Michaelides [139]
File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czech Republic (Czech lands) Karel Hynek Mácha, Jan Neruda [140][141]
File:Flag of Dagestan.svg Dagestan Rasul Gamzatov [142]
File:Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark Adam Oehlenschläger, Hans Christian Andersen, Søren Kierkegaard, N. F. S. Grundtvig [143][144][145]
File:Flag of the Faroe Islands.svg Faroe Islands William Heinesen, Nólsoyar Páll, Mikkjal á Ryggi [146][147][148]
File:Flag of England.svg England Geoffrey Chaucer, William Shakespeare, William Blake, William Wordsworth, Thomas Hardy, W. H. Auden, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Philip Larkin [149][150][151][152][153][154]
File:Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia Kristjan Jaak Peterson, Lydia Koidula [155][156]
File:Flag of Finland.svg Finland Eino Leino, Elias Lönnrot, Johan Ludvig Runeberg, Edith Södergran [157][158][159]
File:Flag of Flanders.svg Flanders Émile Verhaeren, Hendrik Conscience, Guido Gezelle, Hugo Claus [127]
File:Frisian flag.svg Friesland Gysbert Japicx (or Japiks) [160]
File:Flag of France.svg France Charles Baudelaire, Victor Hugo, Arthur Rimbaud [161][162]
File:Flag of Galicia.svg Galicia Rosalía de Castro, Ramón Cabanillas [163][164]
File:Flag of Georgia.svg Georgia Shota Rustaveli [165]
File:Flag of Germany.svg Germany Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Friedrich von Schiller, Heinrich Heine, Bertolt Brecht, Friedrich Hölderlin, Novalis, Friedrich Nietzsche, Hermann Hesse, Stefan George [166][167][168][169][170][171]
File:Flag of Greece.svg Greece Homer, Sappho, Pindar, Solon, Dionysios Solomos [172][173][174]
File:Flag of Guernsey.svg Guernsey George Métivier [175]
File:Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary Sándor Petőfi, János Arany [176][177]
File:Flag of Iceland.svg Iceland Jónas Hallgrímsson, Hallgrímur Pétursson [178][179]
File:Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland Thomas Moore, William Butler Yeats, Seamus Heaney, Patrick Pearse [180][181][182][183][184][185]
File:Flag of the Isle of Man.svg Isle of Man T. E. Brown [186]
File:Flag of Italy.svg Italy Ovid, Virgil, Horace, Dante Alighieri, Francesco Petrarca, Giosuè Carducci, Giacomo Leopardi, Ugo Foscolo, Gabriele D'Annunzio [187][188][189][190][191][192][193][194]
File:Flag of Jersey.svg Jersey Wace [195]
File:Flag of Kosovo.svg Kosovo Ali Podrimja [196]
File:Flag of Latvia.svg Latvia Rainis, Andrejs Pumpurs [197][198]
File:Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania Kristijonas Donelaitis, Maironis, Justinas Marcinkevičius, Adomas Mickevičius [199][200][201]
File:Flag of Luxembourg.svg Luxembourg Edmond de la Fontaine, Michel Lentz [202][203]
File:Flag of Malta.svg Malta Dun Karm Psaila [204]
File:Flag of Moldova.svg Moldova Grigore Vieru, Mihai Eminescu [205][206]
File:Flag of Monaco.svg Monaco Louis Notari [207]
File:Flag of Montenegro.svg Montenegro Petar II Petrović-Njegoš [140]
File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands Joost van den Vondel, Jacob Cats [208][209]
File:Flag of North Macedonia.svg North Macedonia Kočo Racin [210]
File:Flag of North Ossetia.svg North Ossetia-Alania Kosta Khetagurov [211]
File:Flag of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.svg Northern Cyprus Özker Yaşın [212]
File:Flag of Norway.svg Norway Henrik Wergeland [213]
File:Flag of Occitania (with star).svg Occitania Frédéric Mistral, Arnaut Daniel, Bernart de Ventadorn, Comtessa de Dia [214][215][216][217]
File:Flag of Poland.svg Poland Adam Mickiewicz, Juliusz Słowacki, Zygmunt Krasiński [218]
File:Flag of Portugal.svg Portugal Luís de Camões, Fernando Pessoa [219][220]
File:Flag of Provence.svg Provence Frédéric Mistral, Comtessa de Dia [214][217]
File:Flag of Romania.svg Romania Mihai Eminescu [221]
File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia Alexander Pushkin, Anna Akhmatova, Boris Pasternak, Sergei Yesenin, Ivan Turgenev, Ivan Bunin [222][223][224]
File:Sami flag.svg Sápmi Anders Fjellner [225]
File:Flag of Scotland.svg Scotland Robert Burns, Hugh MacDiarmid [226][227]
File:Flag of Serbia.svg Serbia Desanka Maksimović, Petar II Petrović-Njegoš, Jovan Sterija Popović, Jovan Jovanović Zmaj [228][229][230][231]
File:Flag of Slovakia.svg Slovakia Pavol Országh Hviezdoslav [232]
File:Flag of Slovenia.svg Slovenia France Prešeren [233]
File:Flag of Spain.svg Spain Miguel de Cervantes, Lope de Vega, Federico García Lorca [1][234]
File:Flag of Styria.svg Styria Peter Rosegger [235]
File:Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden Carl Michael Bellman, Gustaf Fröding, Verner von Heidenstam, Esaias Tegnér [236][237][238][239]
File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Switzerland Gottfried Keller, Carl Spitteler [240][241]
File:Flag of Tatarstan.svg Tatarstan Ğabdulla Tuqay, Musa Cälil, Ravil Fayzullin, Fänis Yarullin [tt] [242][243][244][245]
File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey Mehmet Akif Ersoy, Nâzım Hikmet [246][247]
File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine Taras Shevchenko, Ivan Franko, Lesya Ukrainka [248][249][250]
File:Flag of Wales (1959–present).svg Wales Dylan Thomas, Dafydd ap Gwilym [251][252]

North America

Country or Territory Poets Sources
File:Flag of Barbados.svg Barbados Kamau Brathwaite [253]
File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada Margaret Atwood, E. Pauline Johnson, E. J. Pratt, Al Purdy, Milton Acorn [254][255][256]
File:Flag of Costa Rica.svg Costa Rica Aquileo J. Echeverría, Jorge Debravo [257][258]
File:Flag of Cuba.svg Cuba José Martí, Lezama Lima, Agustín Acosta (1955), Nicolás Guillén (1961), Nancy Morejón (2018) [259][260][261][262][263]
File:Flag of Curaçao.svg Curaçao Pierre Lauffer [264]
File:Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg Dominican Republic Pedro Mir [265]
File:Flag of El Salvador.svg El Salvador Roque Dalton [266]
File:Flag of Greenland.svg Greenland Henning Jakob Henrik Lund [267]
File:Flag of France.svg Guadeloupe Guy Tirolien [268]
File:Flag of Guatemala.svg Guatemala Rafael Landívar [269]
File:Flag of Haiti.svg Haiti Oswald Durand [270]
File:Flag of Honduras.svg Honduras Roberto Sosa [271]
File:Flag of Jamaica.svg Jamaica Claude McKay [272]
File:Flag-of-Martinique.svg Martinique Aimé Césaire [273][274]
File:Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico Octavio Paz, Ramón López Velarde [275]
File:Flag of Nicaragua.svg Nicaragua Rubén Darío [276]
File:Flag of Panama.svg Panama Ricardo Miró [277][278]
File:Flag of Puerto Rico.svg Puerto Rico Julia de Burgos, Giannina Braschi, Juan Antonio Corretjer, Lola Rodríguez de Tió, Nimia Vicéns [279][280][281][282][283]
File:Flag of Quebec.svg Quebec Émile Nelligan, Gaston Miron, Gilles Vigneault, Octave Crémazie [284][285][286][287][288]
File:Flag of Saint Lucia.svg Saint Lucia Derek Walcott [289]
File:Flag of Sint Maarten.svg Sint Maarten Lasana M. Sekou [290][291]
File:Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg Trinidad and Tobago E. M. Roach [292]
File:Flag of the United States.svg United States Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson, Robert Frost, William Carlos Williams, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Carl Sandburg, Maya Angelou, Gwendolyn Brooks, Langston Hughes, Jack Kerouac, James Wright, Allen Ginsberg [293][294][295][296][297][298][299][300]

Oceania

Country Poets
File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia Dorothea Mackellar, Mary Gilmore, Judith Wright, Henry Lawson, Adam Lindsay Gordon, A. B. "Banjo" Paterson, C.J. Dennis [301][302][303]
File:Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand James K. Baxter, Thomas Bracken, Allen Curnow [304]
File:Flag of Tonga.svg Tonga Konai Helu Thaman [305]

South America

Country Poets Sources
File:Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina José Hernández, Jorge Luis Borges, Leopoldo Lugones [306]
File:Flag of Bolivia.svg Bolivia Rosendo Villalobos [307]
File:Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil Gonçalves Dias, Olavo Bilac, Carlos Drummond de Andrade, Machado de Assis [308][309][310][311]
File:Flag of Chile.svg Chile Pablo Neruda, Gabriela Mistral [312][313]
File:Flag of Colombia.svg Colombia Rafael Pombo, José Asunción Silva, Álvaro Mutis [314][315]
File:Flag of Ecuador.svg Ecuador José Joaquín de Olmedo, Remigio Crespo Toral [316][317]
File:Flag of Guyana.svg Guyana Martin Carter [318]
File:Flag of Peru.svg Peru César Vallejo [319]
File:Flag of Suriname.svg Suriname Trefossa [320]
File:Flag of Uruguay.svg Uruguay Juan Zorrilla de San Martín [321]
File:Flag of Venezuela.svg Venezuela Andrés Eloy Blanco [322]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Nemoianu, Virgil (2002). Esterhammer, Angela (ed.). "'National Poets' in the Romantic Age: Emergence and Importance." Romantic Poetry. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 537. ISBN 9789027234506.
  2. ↑ "Our National Poets". Poets.org. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
  3. ↑ John Neubauer, "Figures of National Poets", in Marcel Cornis-Pope and John Neubauer, eds., Figures of National Poets (2004), p. 11.
  4. ↑ Michael Baron, Language and Relationship in Wordsworth's Writing (1995), p. 13.
  5. ↑ Brugnatelli, Vermondo (1 November 2016). Vermondo Brugnatelli «Mi spezzo ma non mi piego» - La poesia di Si Mohand (1849-1905) – via www.academia.edu.
  6. ↑ "اكتشف العالم". اكتشف العالم.
  7. ↑ Rehan, Mahmood (22 May 2023). "Angola National Poet: A Tribute to Agostinho Neto".
  8. ↑ "Editorial de Sidwaya : Des signaux forts… ! - leFaso.net". lefaso.net (in français). Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  9. ↑ Almeida, Germano (3 November 2023). "Apenas indeferença? – A Nação – Jornal Independente" (in português). Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  10. ↑ Gikandi, Simon (2 September 2003). Encyclopedia of African Literature. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-58222-8.
  11. ↑ Punch. Punch Publications Limited. 1977.
  12. ↑ Graves, R. (2014). Good-bye to All That: An Autobiography. United Kingdom: Penguin Books Limited.
  13. ↑ "PN Review Print and Online Poetry Magazine - News & Notes - Compiled by Eleanor Crawforth - PN Review 169". www.pnreview.co.uk.
  14. ↑ "Professor John Atukwei Okai An Appreciation Of A Pan-African Bard".
  15. ↑ Awoonor, Kofi; Anyidoho, Kofi; Dawes, Kwame Senu Neville (26 January 2014). The promise of hope: new and selected poems, 1964-2013. African poetry book series. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-5493-0 – via Charlotte Mecklenburg Library.
  16. ↑ England), UMOJA (Political organization : London (1988). Struggle for Democracy in Kenya: Special Report on the 1988 General Elections in Kenya. UMOJA.
  17. ↑ "Lesotho Facts and History and History". 21 April 2020.
  18. ↑ "Robert M. Farnsworth - Melvin B. Tolson : Revisited". www.flashpointmag.com.
  19. ↑ Rothenberg, Jerome; Joris, Pierre; Robinson, Jeffrey Cane; Tengour, Habib (1995). Poems for the Millennium, Volume Four: The University of California Book of North African Literature. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-27385-6.
  20. ↑ "Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo | African Studies Centre Leiden". www.ascleiden.nl.
  21. ↑ "What is the national flower of Mali, Meaning and Symbolism". Symbolic Meaning Of A Flower. 9 October 2023.
  22. ↑ "Indradhanush Magazine: Léoville L'Homme | Pahlad Ramsurrun".
  23. ↑ "Allama Iqbal's philosophy gives depth, height to human imagination: PM". 8 February 2019.
  24. ↑ apa, livia (1 January 2011). Akyeampong, Emmanuel K.; Gates, Henry Louis (eds.). Dictionary of African Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-538207-5 – via www.oxfordreference.com.
  25. ↑ "Mvula Ya NANGOLO – Namibia | Revue Noire". www.revuenoire.com.
  26. ↑ Nwakanma, O. (2010:90). Christopher Okigbo, 1930-67: Thirsting for Sunlight. Nigeria: James Currey.
  27. ↑ The Oxford Handbook of Nigerian Politics. (2018:623). United Kingdom: OUP Oxford.
  28. ↑ "Francisco José de Vasques Tenreiro | Associação Portuguesa de Geógrafos". www.apgeo.pt. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  29. ↑ Hage, Naziha (11 April 2024). "Las mujeres, fundamentales en la lucha anticolonial portuguesa". Es África (in español). Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  30. ↑ Moore, G. (1980:38). Twelve African Writers. United Kingdom: Hutchinson University Library for Africa.
  31. ↑ Rice, G. T. (1985:238). The Bold Experiment: JFK's Peace Corps. United States: University Press of Virginia.
  32. ↑ "Hadraawi, Shakespeare of Somalia, dies". New Age.
  33. ↑ "Bibliographies: 'Mqhayi S' – Grafiati". www.grafiati.com.
  34. ↑ J. Cameron; W. A. Dodd (17 May 2014). Society, Schools and Progress in Tanzania: The Commonwealth and International Library: Education and Educational Research. Elsevier Science. pp. 57–. ISBN 978-1-4831-5914-0.
  35. ↑ "Tunisia – nationalanthems.info".
  36. ↑ Valisi, Khalid (24 January 2021). ""Canticles of the life" by Aboul-Qacem Echebbi".
  37. ↑ "Poetry Translation Centre features two poets from this project in an upcoming translation workshop – Western Sahara Poetry". 21 June 2023.
  38. ↑ Morgenstierne, G. (1960). "Khushhal Khan—the national poet of the Afghans". Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society. 47: 49–57. doi:10.1080/03068376008731684.
  39. ↑ "Poetry of Rumi Spans Across Centuries, Cultures". PBS NewsHour. 4 June 2009.
  40. ↑ "Kaazi Nazrul Islam The National Poet of Bangladesh : A Profile Study". www.boloji.com.
  41. ↑ Hao, Tianhu (2012). "Milton in Late-Qing China (1837-1911) and the Production of Cross-Cultural Knowledge". Milton Quarterly. 46 (2): 86–105. doi:10.1111/j.1094-348X.2012.00330.x. JSTOR 24463978.
  42. ↑ "Poetic Genius, Sage of Poetry, Buddhist Poet and Poet-Ghost". en.chinaculture.org.
  43. ↑ Ward, J. E. (2008). Li Bai: an Homage To. United Kingdom: Lulu.com.
  44. ↑ Polin, Soth; May, Sharon (2006). "Without Words: An Interview". Manoa. 18 (1): 108–115. doi:10.1353/man.2006.0035. JSTOR 4230442.
  45. ↑ "National Poet Subramania Bharati: Thinker ahead of times from Tamil Nadu – Indian Institute of Advanced Study".
  46. ↑ "Maithili Sharan Gupta poems are awakening for the passion of patriotism". Ground News. 12 December 2020.
  47. ↑ Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona. (1987). India: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute.
  48. ↑ Bhawe, S. S. (1964). Kalidasa: The National Poet of India. India: Good Companions.
  49. ↑ "Valmiki Jayanti At Shri Dwarkamai Vidyapeeth". Lokvani.
  50. ↑ "Joma Sison - Arts of Resistance". artsofresistance.com.
  51. ↑ "The Shahnameh: Iran's National Epic". www.nhlrc.ucla.edu.
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 https://www.thestorymint.com/writers-pad/farha-naz/titles/my-favourite-author-jalaluddin-rumi-who-changed-my-life-0 [bare URL]
  53. ↑ Viestad, A. (2023). Dinner in Rome: A History of the World in One Meal. United Kingdom: Reaktion Books.
  54. ↑ "Iraq: Protesters force PM to leave funeral of national poet Muzaffar al-Nawab". Middle East Eye.
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  277. ↑ Daniel Balderston, Mike (2004). Encyclopedia of Latin American and Caribbean Literature, 1900-2003. Routledge. p. 666. ISBN 0-415-30687-6.
  278. ↑ "hackwriters.com - Ruben Dario, Nicaragua's poet of vision, the cultural invasion of Central America and remains of a Central American dreams of renewal, Roger Smith explores Leon". www.hackwriters.com.
  279. ↑ "Overlooked No More: Julia de Burgos, a Poet Who Helped Shape Puerto Rico's Identity (Published 2018)". The New York Times. 3 May 2018 – via NYTimes.com.
  280. ↑ Tió, Elsa (12 August 2020). "Nimia Vicéns: Corazón de la patria con semillas silvestres en sus versos" [Nimia Vicéns: Heart of the country with wild seeds in her verses]. El Adoquín Times (in español). Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
  281. ↑ Rojas, Enrique (2 February 2015). "Cuba y Puerto Rico tienen la presión" [Cuba and Puerto Rico Have the Pressure]. ESPN Deportes.com (in español). Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
  282. ↑ García, Marta Yazmín (7 November 2008). "Alabanza al poeta nacional" [Praise to the national poet]. University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez (in español). Archived from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
  283. ↑ Poets, Philosophers, Lovers: On the Writings of Giannina Braschi. Pittsburgh, 2020. ISBN 9780822946182
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  286. ↑ Sabourin, Éric (18 October 2018). "Gilles Vigneault en récital : le poète qui dansait chante encore et conseille son public de vivre d'une confiante sérénité". Les ArtsZé (in français). Retrieved 26 June 2024.
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  288. ↑ "Monument à Louis-Octave Crémazie". Art Public Montréal.
  289. ↑ Cole, Teju (21 February 2014). "Poet of the Caribbean (Published 2014)". The New York Times – via NYTimes.com.
  290. ↑ "Lasana M. Sekou - Paths of Love, Labour, Liberation". jamaica-gleaner.com. 30 December 2018.
  291. ↑ "'National poet' of St. Maarten honoured with anniversary show". SXM Talks. The Daily Herald. 3 December 2018.
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  293. ↑ Nathanael O'Reilly, "Imagined America: Walt Whitman's Nationalism in the First Edition of 'Leaves of Grass'", Irish Journal of American Studies.
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  295. ↑ Runcie, Charlotte (5 March 2017). "How did recluse Emily Dickinson become America's national poet?". The Telegraph – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
  296. ↑ "Celebrating Robert Frost: An American Poet". smithsonianassociates.org.
  297. ↑ Williams, S. E. (8 March 2016). "Celebrating Maya Angelou in the Face of Conservative Criticism". Black Voice News.
  298. ↑ Foundation, Poetry (25 December 2020). "Gwendolyn Brooks". Poetry Foundation.
  299. ↑ Poets, Academy of American. "Our National Poets". Poets.org.
  300. ↑ Cusic, D. (1991:82). The poet as performer. United Kingdom: University Press of America.
  301. ↑ Staff Writers (1 September 2022). "From the Archives, 1922: Henry Lawson, Australia's poet of the bush, dies". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  302. ↑ "Gordon's Poems".
  303. ↑ ""Banjo" Patterson, Australian poet and author of "Waltzing Mathilda" is born in the New South Wales outback | House Divided". hd.housedivided.dickinson.edu.
  304. ↑ https://ojs.victoria.ac.nz/kotare/article/download/700/511/606 [bare URL]
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  306. ↑ James Woodall, Borges: A Life, Basic Books (1996). ISBN 0-465-04361-5. Relevant excerpt available on the New York Times web site, accessed 9 March 2007.
  307. ↑ Bulletin of the Pan American Union. The Union. 1929.
  308. ↑ "Antônio Gonçalves Dias | Romanticism, Indigenous Peoples, Lyrical Poetry | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 6 March 2024.
  309. ↑ "Olavo Bilac: Biography and Poems | Brazilian Poetry". Retrieved 28 May 2021.
  310. ↑ Gurría-Quintana, Ángel (13 November 2012). "What now for Carlos Drummond de Andrade, Brazil's national poet?". The Guardian.
  311. ↑ "Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis". Afro-Rio Walking Tour.
  312. ↑ "Gabriela Mistral". National Women's History Museum.
  313. ↑ "-Pablo Neruda · 40. Whitman @ 200 · Lehigh Library Exhibits". Library & Technology Services @ Lehigh University.
  314. ↑ Ospino, Luis (22 September 2023). "Rafael Pombo: The Immortal Poet of Colombian Children's Literature". Colombia One: News from Colombia and the World.
  315. ↑ "David Francis, Residential College Dean - Grace Hopper College | Ethnicity, Race, and Migration". erm.yale.edu.
  316. ↑ Henderson, Peter V. N. (15 September 2009). Gabriel García Moreno and Conservative State Formation in the Andes. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-77941-9.
  317. ↑ "Remigio Crespo Toral - Ecuadorian Literature". 28 October 2020.
  318. ↑ "GtR". gtr.ukri.org.
  319. ↑ "He Died in Paris After All". 25 February 2014.
  320. ↑ "Seen: Trefossa, by Ida Does".
  321. ↑ "Juan Zorrilla de San Martín". Discography of American Historical Recordings.
  322. ↑ "The Day the Prisoners Are Freed in Venezuela / 14ymedio, Carlos Alberto Montaner". Translating Cuba. 10 January 2016.

Further reading

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