One-party state

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Not to be confused with Dominant-party system.
This article is about one-party political states. For telephone call recording laws and notification and requirements, see Telephone call recording laws § One-party consent states. For the album, see One Party State (album). For other uses, see One party (disambiguation).

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A one-party state, single-party state, one-party system or single-party system is a governance structure in which only a single political party controls the ruling system.[1] In a one-party state, all opposition parties are either outlawed or enjoy limited and controlled participation in elections. The term "de facto one-party state" is sometimes used to describe a dominant-party system that, unlike a one-party state, allows (at least nominally) multiparty elections, but the existing practices or balance of political power effectively prevent the opposition from winning power.[2] Membership in the ruling party tends to be relatively small compared to the population.[3] With such a small winning coalition, leaders in one-party states usually lack the incentive to care about the well-being of citizens.[4] Rather, they give out private goods to fellow elites to ensure continued support. One-party, compared to dominant-party dictatorships, structure themselves unlike democracies. They also turn into democracies at a lower rate than dominant-party dictatorships.[5] While one-party states prohibit opposition parties, some allow for elections at the smallest local level. One-party states lack any legitimate competition. Therefore, they place elites and sympathetic candidates in key administrative races.[6] For example, the Chinese Communist Party exercises political control by infiltrating village administrations.[7] They view these positions as crucial for gathering information on the population and maintaining a presence in the far reaches of their borders.[8] One-party states recognize the trade-off between election victory and gathering valuable data.[9] To account for this, the regimes have been observed placing local nobility in easy-to-win races.[10] One-party states have also been observed using elections to ensure that only the most popular elites get chosen to office.[11] They also gather data from elections to indicate if a local official is performing poorly in the eyes of the residents.[11] This gives locals the opportunity to monitor local officials and communicate satisfaction with the local government.[11] Throughout the country, members of the one party hold key political positions.[5] In doing so, the party avoids committing outright fraud and rather sustains their power at the local level with strategic appointment of elites.[8] Data on one-party regimes can be difficult to gather given their lack of transparency.[6]

Current one-party states

As of 2025, the following countries are legally constituted as one-party states:

Country Head of party Leader title Party Ideology Date of establishment Duration Notes
File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China[12]
File:Xi Jinping 2016.jpg
Xi Jinping 		General Secretary File:Flag of the Chinese Communist Party.svg Chinese Communist Party Socialism with Chinese characteristics 1 October 1949 75 years, 105 days Eight minor parties have legal status as part of the "united front" system, but their leadership is determined by the Chinese Communist Party's United Front Work Department[13]
File:Flag of Cuba.svg Cuba[14]
File:Miguel Díaz-Canel (cropped).jpg
Miguel Díaz-Canel 		First Secretary File:Flag of the Communist Party of Cuba.svg Communist Party of Cuba Marxism–Leninism, Castroism, Guevarism, Left-wing nationalism 3 October 1965 63 years, 273 days
File:Flag of Eritrea.svg Eritrea[15]
File:Isaias Afwerki 2024 (cropped).jpg
Isaias Afwerki 		Chairperson File:Flag of the EPLF.svg People's Front for Democracy and Justice Eritrean nationalism, Statism 16 February 1994 30 years, 333 days
File:Flag of Laos.svg Laos[16]
File:Mr. Thongloun Sisoulith.jpg
Thongloun Sisoulith 		General Secretary File:Flag of LPRP.svg Lao People's Revolutionary Party Kaysone Phomvihane Thought 2 December 1975 49 years, 43 days
File:Flag of North Korea.svg North Korea[17]
File:Kim Jong-un April 2019 (cropped).jpg
Kim Jong-un 		General Secretary File:Flag of the Workers' Party of Korea.svg Workers' Party of Korea Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism 9 September 1948 76 years, 127 days Two minor parties are legally recognised, but are under the control of the Workers' Party of Korea[18]
File:Flag of Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
File:Brahim Ghali.jpg
Brahim Ghali 		Secretary General File:Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg Polisario Front Sahrawi nationalism, Social democracy 27 February 1976 48 years, 322 days State with limited recognition, headquartered in Algeria
File:Flag of Vietnam.svg Vietnam[19]
File:Tolam2024.jpg
Tô Lâm 		General Secretary File:Flag of the Communist Party of Vietnam.svg Communist Party of Vietnam Ho Chi Minh Thought 2 September 1945[note 1] 49 years, 259 days Two satellite parties operated until 1988; they were dissolved in response to the Revolutions of 1989.

De facto one-party states

A de facto one-party system is one that, while not officially linking a single political party to governmental power, utilizes some means of political manipulation to ensure only one party stays in power.[23] Many different countries have been claimed to be de facto one-party states, with differing levels of agreement between scholars, although most agree that the African continent is marked by this political system.[24][25][26] Below are just a few examples of governments that have been claimed to have single party rule due to political manipulation.

Country Party Date of

establishment

Information
File:Flag of Cambodia.svg Cambodia Cambodian People's Party 2017 While Cambodia is constitutionally a multi-party state,[27] the Cambodian People's Party dominates its political system, and the party dissolved its main opposition party in 2017, making Cambodia a de facto one-party state.[28]
File:Flag of Nicaragua.svg Nicaragua Sandinista National Liberation Front 2021 Although Nicaragua has been practicing multiparty elections since 1990, the country has become a de facto one-party state with Sandinista National Liberation Front as the sole dominating party and was consolidated after the 2021 Nicaraguan general election.[29]
File:Flag of Rwanda.svg Rwanda Rwandan Patriotic Front 1994 Although Rwanda nominally allows for multiparty elections, they are manipulated in various ways, which include the banning of opposition parties, the arrests or assassinations of critics, and electoral fraud.[30][31]
File:Flag of Syria.svg Syria[32] Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party 2012 While the 2012 constitution introduced by Bashar al-Assad theoretically enabled the establishment of political parties, Ba'athist Syria remains a de-facto one-party state with an extensive secret police apparatus that curtails independent political activities.[33]
File:Flag of Venezuela.svg Venezuela[34] United Socialist Party of Venezuela 2017 Since 2014, the country has been going through a period of crisis of legitimacy and exceptionality due to the order to close the National Assembly and the convocation of a Constituent Assembly by Nicolás Maduro on May 1, 2017, composed mostly of PSUV politicians. Since then, different laws have been approved to restrict political participation, including informal persecution and the disqualification of certain politicians (including complaints of electoral fraud), concluding in 2024, at which point, because of new laws, the majority of opposition politicians have been disqualified and their organizations banned, leaving only a controlled opposition.[35][36]

Former one-party states

Country Party Ideology Date of establishment Date of dissolution Duration Continent
File:Flag of Afghanistan (1974–1978).svg Republic of Afghanistan National Revolutionary Party Pashtun nationalism, Pashtunization, Republicanism, Secularism 14 February 1977[37][38] 28 April 1978 1 year, 73 days Asia
File:Flag of Afghanistan (1978-1980).svg Democratic Republic of Afghanistan File:Flag of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan.svg People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan-Khalq Communism, Marxism–Leninism, Stalinism, Pashtun nationalism, Anti-imperialism 30 April 1978 24 December 1979 1 year, 238 days Asia
File:Flag of Afghanistan (1980-1987).svgFile:Flag of Afghanistan (1987–1992).svg Democratic Republic of Afghanistan/Republic of Afghanistan File:Flag of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan.svg People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan-Parcham (National Fatherland Front) Communism (until 1990), Marxism–Leninism (until 1990), Afghan nationalism, Anti-imperialism 24 December 1979 28 July 1992 12 years, 217 days Asia
File:Flag of Albania (1939–1943).svg Albanian Kingdom File:Flag of Albania (1939–1943).svg Albanian Fascist Party Albanian nationalism, Greater Albania, Fascism, Italophilia, Serbophobia, Hellenophobia 2 June 1939 27 July 1943 4 years, 55 days Europe
File:Flag of Albania (1939–1943).svg Albanian Kingdom Guard of Greater Albania Albanian nationalism, Fascism 27 July 1943 8 September 1943 43 days Europe
File:Flag of Albania (1943–1944).svg Albanian Kingdom National Front Albanian nationalism, Greater Albania, Anti-communism, Republicanism, Big tent, Agrarian socialism 14 September 1943 29 November 1943 76 days Europe
File:Flag of Albania (1944-1946).svgFile:Flag of Albania (1946-1992).svg Democratic Government of Albania File:Flag of Party of Labour of Albania.svg Party of Labour of Albania (National Liberation Movement) Communism, Marxism–Leninism, Hoxhaism, Anti-revisionism, Albanian nationalism, State Atheism 20 October 1944 5 August 1945 289 days Europe
File:Flag of Albania (1944-1946).svgFile:Flag of Albania (1946-1992).svg Democratic Government of Albania File:Flag of Party of Labour of Albania.svg Party of Labour of Albania (Democratic Front) 5 August 1945 11 January 1946 159 days Europe
File:Flag of Albania (1946-1992).svg Albania 11 January 1946 11 December 1990 44 years, 334 days Europe
File:Flag of Algeria.svg Algeria File:Variant flag of the GPRA (1958-1962).svg National Liberation Front Arab socialism, Algerian nationalism, Pan-Arabism, Anti-imperialism 3 July 1962 23 February 1989 26 years, 235 days Africa
Angola People's Republic of Angola File:Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola (bandeira).svg People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola Communism, Left-wing nationalism, Marxism–Leninism 11 November 1975 30 May 1991 15 years, 200 days Africa
File:Flag of SSRA.svg Armenia Communist Party of Armenia Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 2 December 1920 30 December 1922 2 years, 28 days Asia
File:Flag of Transcaucasian SFSR (1925-1936).svg Transcaucasia Communist Party of Armenia Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 12 March 1922 30 December 1922 293 days Asia
File:Flag of Austria.svg Federal State of Austria File:Flag of the Fatherland Front of Austria.svg Fatherland Front Clerical fascism 1 May 1934 13 March 1938 3 years, 316 days Europe
File:Flag of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (1920).svgFile:Flag of Azerbaijan SSR (1920-1921).svgFile:Flag of Azerbaijan SSR (1921-1922).svg Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Communist Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 30 April 1920 30 December 1922 2 years, 244 days Asia
File:Flag of Transcaucasian SFSR (1925-1936).svg Transcaucasia Azerbaijan Communist Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 12 March 1922 30 December 1922 293 days Asia
File:Flag of Bangladesh.svg Bangladesh Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League Mujibism, Bengali nationalism, Socialism 24 January 1975 15 August 1975 203 days Asia
File:Flag of Bangladesh.svg Bangladesh Jatiya Party Bangladeshi nationalism, Conservatism, Authoritarianism, Militarism 11 March 1988 6 December 1990 2 years, 270 days Asia
File:Flag of Benin.svg Dahomey Dahomeyan Democratic Party African nationalism 15 December 1963 4 December 1965 1 year, 354 days Africa
Benin Benin File:Flag of PRPB.svg People's Revolutionary Party of Benin Communism, Marxism–Leninism (nominally) 30 November 1975 1 March 1990 14 years, 91 days Africa
File:Flag of Bohmen und Mahren.svg Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia File:National Partnership flag.png National Partnership Collaborationism, Nazism 6 April 1939 9 May 1945 6 years, 33 days Europe
File:Flag of Bulgaria (1946-1948).svgFile:Flag of Bulgaria (1948-1967).svgFile:Flag of Bulgaria (1967-1971).svgFile:Flag of Bulgaria (1971 – 1990).svg Bulgaria File:FlagBKP.svg Bulgarian Communist Party (Fatherland Front) Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 15 September 1946 15 January 1990 43 years, 122 days Europe
File:Flag of Burma 1943.svg State of Burma Dobama Sinyetha Asi Ayon[39] 1943 1944 1 year, 0 days Asia
File:Flag of Burma 1943.svg State of Burma Maha Bama Asi Ayon[40] 1944 1945 1 year, 0 days Asia
Myanmar Burma File:Burma Socialist Programme Party flag.svg Burma Socialist Programme Party Burmese Way to Socialism 2 March 1962 18 September 1988 26 years, 200 days Asia
File:Flag of Burundi (1967–1982).svgFile:Flag of Burundi.svg Republic of Burundi File:Flag of the UPRONA.svg Union for National Progress Burundian nationalism, Tutsi interests 11 July 1974 13 March 1992 17 years, 246 days Africa
File:Flag of Byelorussian SSR (1919-1927).svg Byelorussia Communist Party of Byelorussia Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 31 July 1920 30 December 1922 2 years, 152 days Europe
File:Flag of Cambodia.svg Cambodia (Sangkum era) Sangkum Khmer nationalism, National conservatism, Royalism, Statism, Buddhist socialism, Economic nationalism 22 March 1955 18 March 1970 14 years, 361 days Asia
File:Flag of the People's Republic of Kampuchea.svgFile:Flag of the State of Cambodia.svg Kampuchea Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party Communism, Socialism, Marxism–Leninism, Revisionism, Left-wing nationalism 7 January 1979 1 May 1989 10 years, 114 days Asia
File:Flag of Cameroon (1961-1975).svgFile:Flag of Cameroon.svg Republic of Cameroon Cameroonian National Union Big tent 1 September 1966[41] 24 March 1985 18 years, 204 days Africa
File:Flag of Cameroon.svg Cameroon Cameroon People's Democratic Movement Big tent, Nationalism, Francophilia 1975 1990 15 years, 0 days Africa
File:Flag of Cape Verde (1975-1992).svg Cape Verde File:Flag of PAIGC.svg African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde Communism, Marxism–Leninism 1 July 1975 20 January 1981 5 years, 203 days Africa
File:Flag of Cape Verde (1975-1992).svg Cape Verde File:Flag of PAICV.svg African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde Communism, Marxism–Leninism 20 January 1981 28 September 1990 9 years, 251 days Africa
File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Carpatho-Ukraine Ukrainian National Union [uk][42] Nationalism[43] 18 January 1939[44] March 1939 60 days Europe
File:Flag of the Central African Republic.svg Central African Republic Movement for the Social Evolution of Black Africa African nationalism, Anti-colonialism, Progressivism, Anti-imperialism 1962 1980 18 years, 0 days Africa
File:Flag of the Central African Republic.svg Central African Republic Central African Democratic Union African nationalism, Republicanism 1 March 1980 2 September 1981 1 year, 185 days Africa
File:Flag of the Central African Republic.svg Central African Republic Central African Democratic Rally African nationalism, Democratic socialism, Social democracy, Republicanism 6 February 1987 22 April 1991[45] 4 years, 75 days Africa
File:Flag of Chad.svg Chad Chadian Progressive Party African nationalism, Pan-Africanism, Anti-imperialism, African socialism, Federalism 16 April 1962 6 April 1973 10 years, 355 days Africa
File:Flag of Chad.svg Chad National Movement for the Cultural and Social Revolution African nationalism, Pan-Africanism, Anti-imperialism, African socialism, Federalism 6 April 1973 13 April 1975 2 years, 7 days Africa
File:Flag of Chad.svg Chad National Union for Independence and Revolution Nationalism 24 June 1984 3 December 1990 6 years, 162 days Africa
Guangzhou Chinese Communist Party Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Chinese communism 1927 1927 Asia
Hunan Chinese Communist Party Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Chinese communism 1927 1927 Asia
Jinggang Chinese Communist Party Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Chinese communism 1927 1928 1 year, 0 days Asia
Southwest Jiangxi Chinese Communist Party Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Chinese communism 1930 1931 1 year, 0 days Asia
File:National Flag of Chinese Soviet Republic.svg Chinese Soviet Republic File:Flag of the Chinese Communist Party (Pre-1996).svg Chinese Communist Party Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Chinese communism 7 November 1931 22 September 1937 5 years, 319 days Asia
File:Flag of the People's Anti-Imperialist Association.svg Xinjiang People's Anti-Imperialist Association Six Great Policies 1 August 1935 1 April 1942 6 years, 243 days Asia
File:Flag of the Republic of China.svg Republic of China[note 2]/Taiwan File:Naval Jack of the Republic of China.svg Kuomintang Tridemism 1 July 1925 15 July 1987 62 years, 14 days Asia
Yan'an Chinese Communist Party Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Chinese communism 1937 1949 12 years, 0 days Asia
File:Flag of the Comoros (1978–1992).svg Comoros Comorian Union for Progress Nationalism 1982 1990 8 years, 0 days Africa
File:Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svgRepublic of the Congo People's Republic of the Congo Congolese Party of Labour Communism, Marxism–Leninism 31 January 1969 18 March 1992 23 years, 47 days Africa
File:State Flag of Costa Rica (1906-1964).svg Tinoquista Costa Rica Peliquista Party Nationalism, Personalism, Authoritarianism 27 January 1917 12 August 1919 2 years, 197 days North America
Czechoslovak Socialist Republic Czechoslovakia File:Flag of the KSC.svg Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (National Front) Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism, Husakism 25 February 1948 30 November 1989 41 years, 278 days Europe
File:Flag of Benin.svg Dahomey Dahomeyan Unity Party African nationalism, Republicanism 11 April 1961 13 November 1963 2 years, 216 days Africa
File:Flag of the Free City of Danzig.svg Danzig File:Flag of the NSDAP (1920–1945).svg Nazi Party Nazism 21 October 1937[46][47] 1 September 1939 1 year, 315 days Europe
File:Flag of Djibouti.svg Djibouti People's Rally for Progress Issa interests 1 October 1981 4 September 1992 10 years, 339 days Africa
Dominican Republic Dominican Republic Dominican Party Trujillism, National conservatism, Right-wing populism, Antihaitianismo 2 August 1931 28 December 1961 30 years, 148 days North America
East Germany East Germany File:Flagge der SED.svg Socialist Unity Party of Germany (Democratic Bloc) Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 7 October 1949 30 March 1950 174 days Europe
East Germany East Germany File:Flagge der SED.svg Socialist Unity Party of Germany (National Front of the German Democratic Republic) Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 30 March 1950 1 December 1989 39 years, 246 days Europe
File:Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt Liberation Rally Egyptian nationalism, Pan-Arabism, Socialism 10 February 1953 1957 4 years, 0 days Africa
File:Flag of the United Arab Republic.svg Egypt National Union Nasserism, Pan-Arabism, Socialism 1957 1962 5 years, 0 days Africa
File:Flag of Egypt (1972-1984).svg Egypt Arab Socialist Union Arab nationalism, Arab socialism, Pan-Arabism, Nasserism 1961 1976 15 years, 0 days Africa
File:Flag of Egypt (1972-1984).svg Egypt National Democratic Party Egyptian nationalism, Big-Tent, Neo-liberalism 1976 2011 35 years, 0 days Africa
El Salvador El Salvador File:Propatria.png National Pro Patria Party Fascism, Anti-communism, Conservatism, Agrarian oligarchy 1933 1944 11 years, 0 days Central America
File:Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg Equatorial Guinea United National Workers' Party African nationalism, Personalism, Anti-imperialism, Anti-colonialism, Anti-racism, Pan-Africanism, Anti-intellectualism, Totalitarianism 7 July 1970 25 August 1979 9 years, 49 days Africa
File:Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg Equatorial Guinea Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea African nationalism, Militarism 11 October 1987 16 November 1991 4 years, 36 days Africa
File:Flag of Eritrea (1993–1995).svg Eritrea File:Flag of the EPLF.svg Eritrean People's Liberation Front Left-wing nationalism 1991 (Provisional government)

1993 (Recognized state)

16 February 1994 3 years, 0 days Africa
File:Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia Patriotic League (National Front for the Implementation of the Constitution) Estonian nationalism, Personalism 9 March 1935 21 July 1940 5 years, 134 days Europe
File:Flag of Estonian SSR (1940-1953).svg Estonia Communist Party of Estonia Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 21 July 1940 9 August 1940 19 days Europe
File:Flag of Ethiopia (1975–1987) (02).svg Ethiopia Commission for Organizing the Party of the Working People of Ethiopia Communism, Marxism–Leninism 12 September 1984 22 February 1987 2 years, 163 days Africa
File:Flag of Ethiopia (1987–1991).svg Ethiopia File:Workers' Party of Ethiopia flag (variant).png Workers' Party of Ethiopia Communism, Marxism–Leninism 22 February 1987 28 April 1991 4 years, 65 days Africa
File:Flag of Gabon.svg Gabon Gabonese Democratic Party Conservatism 12 March 1968 22 May 1990 22 years, 71 days Africa
File:Flag of Georgian SSR (1921-1922).svg Georgia Communist Party of Georgia Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 25 February 1921 30 December 1922 1 year, 308 days Asia
File:Flag of Transcaucasian SFSR (1925-1936).svg Transcaucasia Communist Party of Georgia Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 12 March 1922 30 December 1922 293 days Asia
File:Flag of the German Reich (1935–1945).svg Nazi Germany File:Flag of the NSDAP (1920–1945).svg National Socialist German Workers' Party Nazism 14 July 1933 23 May 1945 11 years, 313 days Europe
File:Flag of the German Reich (1935–1945).svg Reich Commissariat for the Occupied Dutch Territories File:Flag of National Socialist Movement.svg National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands Collaborationism, Dutch irredentism, Dutch nationalism and Nazism 14 December 1941 6 May 1945 3 years, 143 days Europe
File:Ghana flag 1964.svg Ghana Convention People's Party Nkrumaism, African socialism, African nationalism, Pan-Africanism 31 January 1964 24 February 1966 2 years, 24 days Africa
Grenada Grenada New Jewel Movement Communism, Marxism–Leninism 13 March 1979 25 October 1983 4 years, 226 days North America
Guatemala Guatemala Progressive Liberal Party Ubicoism, Liberalism, Nationalism, Anti-communism 1931 1944 Central America
File:Flag of Guinea.svg Guinea Democratic Party of Guinea – African Democratic Rally African nationalism, African socialism, Pan-Africanism 1960 1984 Africa
File:Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg Guinea-Bissau African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde Communism, Marxism–Leninism 1974 1991 Africa
Haiti Haiti File:Flag of Haiti (1964–1986, civil).svg National Unity Party Black nationalism, Haitian nationalism, Right-wing populism, Anti-communism, Anti-Americanism 14 June 1957 22 July 1985 28 years, 38 days North America
File:Flag of Hawaii.svg Hawaii Reform Party Americanisation, Annexationism 4 July 1894 12 August 1898 4 years, 39 days North America
File:Flag of Hungary (1915-1918, 1919-1946).svg Government of National Unity File:Flag of the Arrow Cross Party 1942 to 1945.svg Arrow Cross Party Hungarism, Fascism, Collaborationism, Agrarianism 16 October 1944 7 May 1945 203 days Europe
File:Flag of Hungary (1949-1956; 1-2 aspect ratio).svgFile:Flag of the Hungarian Revolution (1956; 1-2 aspect ratio).svgFile:Flag of Hungary (1946-1949, 1956-1957; 1-2 aspect ratio).svg Hungary File:Flag of the Hungarian Working People's Party.svg Hungarian Working People's Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism, Stalinism 20 August 1949 31 October 1956 7 years, 72 days Europe
File:Flag of the Hungarian Revolution (1956; 1-2 aspect ratio).svgFile:Flag of Hungary (1946-1949, 1956-1957; 1-2 aspect ratio).svgFile:Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism, Kádárism 31 October 1956 16 October 1989 32 years, 350 days Europe
File:Flag of Indonesia.svg Indonesia Indonesian National Party Nationalism, Marhaenism 17 August 1945 3 November 1945 78 days Asia
Iran Imperial State of Iran Rastakhiz Party Monarchism, Populism, Secularism, Democratic centralism, Third Position 2 March 1975 1 November 1978 3 years, 244 days Asia
File:Flag of Iraq (1959-1963).svgFile:Flag of Iraq (1963-1991).svg Iraq Iraqi Arab Socialist Union Arab nationalism, Arab socialism, Pan-Arabism, Nasserism 1964 1968 Asia
File:Flag of Iraq (1963-1991).svgFile:Flag of Iraq (1991-2004).svg Iraq File:Flag of the Ba'ath Party.svg Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party (National Progressive Front) Saddamist Ba'athism 1968 2003 Asia
File:Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg Kingdom of Italy File:Flag of the National Fascist Party (PNF) variant 2.svg National Fascist Party Fascism, Corporatism, Ultranationalism, Totalitarianism 17 May 1928[48]
  • 9 January 1939
 27 July 1943 Europe
  • Africa
File:Flag of Italy.svg Italian Social Republic File:Flag of the National Fascist Party (PNF) variant 2.svg Republican Fascist Party Fascism, Corporatism, Ultranationalism, Totalitarianism, Antisemitism, Collaborationism 13 September 1943 28 April 1945 Europe
File:Flag of Côte d'Ivoire.svg Ivory Coast Democratic Party of Ivory Coast – African Democratic Rally African nationalism, Conservatism, Populism, Houphouëtism, Pan-Africanism 1960 1990 Africa
File:Flag of Japan (1870–1999).svg Empire of Japan Imperial Rule Assistance Association Shōwa statism 1940 1945 Asia
File:Flag of Japan (1870–1999).svg Philippine Executive Commission File:Flag of Kalibapi.svg Association for Service to the New Philippines Filipino nationalism, National conservatism, Fascism, Japanophilia, collaborationism 8 December 1942 14 October 1943 Asia
File:Flag of Democratic Kampuchea.svg Kampuchea File:Banner of the Communist Party of Kampuchea.svg Communist Party of Kampuchea Communism, Marxism–Leninism, Agrarianism, Autarky, Khmer nationalism, Ultranationalism 17 April 1975 22 June 1982 Asia
File:Flag of Kenya.svg Kenya Kenya African National Union Kenyan nationalism, Conservatism 1969 (de facto)
1982 (de jure) 		1991 Africa
File:Flag of Independent State of Croatia.svg Independent State of Croatia Ustaša – Croatian Revolutionary Movement Croatian irredentism, Croatian ultranationalism, National conservatism, Social conservatism, Clerical fascism, Fascist corporatism, Political Catholicism, Anti-communism 10 April 1941 8 May 1945 Europe
File:Flag of Latvian SSR (1918-1920).svg Latvia Communist Party of Latvia Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 17 December 1918 13 January 1920 Europe
File:Flag of Latvian SSR (1940-1953).svg Latvia Communist Party of Latvia Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 21 July 1940 5 August 1940 Europe
Liberia Liberia True Whig Party Black conservatism, Centralization, Protectionism, Whiggism (until 1940s) 1878 April 1980 Africa
Libya Libya Arab Socialist Union Arab nationalism, Arab socialism, Pan-Arabism, Nasserism, Nationalism 1971 1977 Africa
File:Flag of the Lithuanian-Byelorussian SSR.svg Lithuania–Byelorussia Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 17 February 1919 17 July 1919 Europe
Lithuania Lithuania File:Flag of Lithuanian National Union.svg Lithuanian Nationalist Union Lithuanian nationalism, National conservatism, Social conservatism, Fascist corporatism, Anti-communism 1926[49] 1940 14 years Europe
File:Flag of Lithuanian SSR (1940-1953).svg Lithuania Communist Party of Lithuania Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 21 July 1940 3 August 1940 Europe
Madagascar Democratic Republic of Madagascar National Front for the Defense of the Revolution Left-wing nationalism, Scientific socialism 1976 1989 Africa
File:Flag of Malawi.svg Malawi Malawi Congress Party Ubuntu, Conservatism, African nationalism, Anti-colonialism 1964 1993 Africa
File:Flag of Mali (1959–1961).svgFile:Flag of Mali.svg Mali Sudanese Union – African Democratic Rally African nationalism, Pan-Africanism, African socialism 1960 1968 Africa
File:Flag of Mali.svg Mali Democratic Union of the Malian People African socialism, Democratic centralism 1976 1991 Africa
File:Flag of Manchukuo.svg Manchukuo File:Flag of Concordia Association.svg Concordia Association Fascism, Monarchism, Manchurian nationalism, Pan-Asianism, Anti-communism, Personalism, collaborationism 1 April 1932[50] 1 May 1945[50] Asia
File:Flag of Mauritania (1959–2017).svg Mauritania Mauritanian People's Party Nationalism, Centralism, Islamic socialism 1961 1978 Africa
File:Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico Institutional Revolutionary Party Revolutionary nationalism, Big tent 4 March 1929 2 July 2000 71 years, 120 days North America
File:Flag of the People's Republic of Mongolia (1924-1930).svgFile:Flag of the People's Republic of Mongolia (1930-1940).svgFile:Flag of the People's Republic of Mongolia (1940-1945).svgFile:Flag of the People's Republic of Mongolia (1940-1992).svg Mongolia Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism 1921 29 July 1990 Asia
File:Flag of Mozambique (1974-1975).svgFile:Flag of Mozambique (1975-1983).svgFile:Flag of Mozambique (1983).svgFile:Flag of Mozambique.svg Mozambique File:Flag of FRELIMO (1997–2004).svg FRELIMO Marxism–Leninism 25 June 1975 1 December 1990 Africa
File:Flag of Niger.svg Niger Nigerien Progressive Party – African Democratic Rally African nationalism, Pan-Africanism 1960 1974 Africa
File:Flag of Niger.svg Niger National Movement for the Development of Society Conservatism 1989 1991 Africa
File:Flag of North Vietnam 1945-1955.svg Vietnam (partially) File:Flag of the Communist Party of Vietnam.svg Workers' Party of North Vietnam (League for the Independence of Vietnam) Communism, Marxism–Leninism, Ho Chi Minh Thought 2 September 1945 1946[citation needed] Asia
File:Flag of North Vietnam (1955–1975).svg North Vietnam Workers' Party of North Vietnam (Vietnamese Fatherland Front) Communism, Marxism–Leninism, Ho Chi Minh Thought 1955 2 July 1976 Asia
File:Flag of North Yemen.svg North Yemen File:General People's Congress flag.svg General People's Congress Yemeni nationalism, Arab nationalism, Pan-Arabism, Big tent 1982 1988 Asia
Norway National Government File:Flag of Nasjonal Samling.svg National Rally Fascism, Nazism, Fascist corporatism, Anti-communism, Collaborationism 25 September 1940 8 May 1945 Europe
File:Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844–1922).svg Ottoman Empire Union and Progress Party[51] İttihadism 11 June 1913 1918 Asia/Europe
Paraguay Paraguay File:Bandera Partido Colorado de Paraguay.svg Colorado Party Conservatism, national conservatism 1947 1962 South America
File:Flag of Persian Socialist Soviet Republic.svg Persia Communist Party of Persia Communism, Marxism–Leninism 1920 1921 Asia
File:Flag of the Philippines (1943-1945).svg Republic of the Philippines File:Flag of Kalibapi.svg Association for Service to the New Philippines Filipino nationalism, National conservatism, Fascism, Japanophilia, collaborationism 14 October 1943 17 August 1945 Asia
File:Flag of Poland (1928-1980).svgFile:Flag of Poland.svgFile:Flag of Poland (with coat of arms, 1980-1990).svg Poland File:Polish United Workers' Party flag.svg Polish United Workers' Party (Front of National Unity) Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 5 February 1947 July 1982 Europe
File:Flag of Poland.svgFile:Flag of Poland (with coat of arms, 1980-1990).svg Poland File:Polish United Workers' Party flag.svg Polish United Workers' Party (Patriotic Movement for National Rebirth) Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism July 1982 24 August 1989 Europe
Portugal Portugal File:União Nacional Flag.svg National Union Salazarism, corporatism, Integralismo Lusitano 30 July 1930[52] 8 October 1945[52] Europe
Portugal Portugal File:União Nacional Flag.svg National Union Salazarism, corporatism, Integralismo Lusitano 31 January 1948[53] September 1969[note 3] Europe
Portugal Portugal File:União Nacional Flag.svg People's National Action (formerly National Union) Corporatism, Integralismo Lusitano 1970 25 April 1974 Europe
Romania Romania File:Flag of the National Renaissance Front.svg National Renaissance Front Big tent, Romanian nationalism, Monarchism 16 December 1938 6 September 1940 Europe
RomaniaFile:Flag of the Legionary Movement.png National Legionary State File:Flag of the Iron Guard (Legion of the Archangel Michael or Legionary Movement).svg Iron Guard Legionarism, clerical fascism, Christian nationalism 6 September 1940 23 January 1941 Europe
File:Flag of Romania.svgFile:Flag of Romania (1948-1952).svgFile:Flag of Romania (1952-1965).svgFile:Flag of Romania (1965-1989).svg Romania File:Flag of PCR.svg Romanian Communist Party (People's Democratic Front) Communism, Marxism–Leninism 5 February 1948 1968 Europe
File:Flag of Romania (1948-1952).svgFile:Flag of Romania (1952-1965).svgFile:Flag of Romania (1965-1989).svg Romania File:Flag of PCR.svg Romanian Communist Party (Front of Socialist Unity) Communism, Marxism–Leninism, National Communism 1968 1980 Europe
File:Flag of Romania.svgFile:Flag of Romania (1948-1952).svgFile:Flag of Romania (1952-1965).svgFile:Flag of Romania (1965-1989).svg Romania File:Flag of PCR.svg Romanian Communist Party (Front of Socialist Unity and Democracy) Communism, Marxism–Leninism, National Communism 1980 29 December 1989 Europe
File:Flag of Rwanda (1961–2001).svg Rwanda Parmehutu Hutu Power 1965 1973 Africa
File:Flag of Rwanda (1961–2001).svg Rwanda File:Flag of the National Republican Movement for Democracy and Development (MRND).svg National Revolutionary Movement for Development Hutu Power, Ultranationalism, Social conservatism, Anti-communism 1978 1991 Africa
San Marino San Marino Sammarinese Fascist Party Italian fascism, Corporatism 1926 1943 Europe
File:Flag of San Marino.svg San Marino Republican Fascist Party of San Marino Italian fascism 1943 1944 Europe
File:Flag of Senegal.svg Senegal Socialist Party of Senegal African nationalism, African socialism 1966 1974 Africa
File:Flag of Seychelles (1977–1996).svg Seychelles Seychelles People's Progressive Front Communism, Marxism-Leninism 1979 1991 Africa
File:Flag of Sierra Leone.svg Sierra Leone All People's Congress African nationalism, Democratic socialism 1978 1991 Africa
File:Flag of First Slovak Republic 1939-1945.svg Slovak Republic File:Flag of the Hlinka party (1938–1945) variant 2.svg Hlinka's Slovak People's Party – Party of Slovak National Unity Clerical fascism, Slovak nationalism 14 March 1939 8 May 1945 Europe
Somalia Somalia Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party Islamic socialism, Marxism–Leninism, Pan-Somalism

Scientific socialism, Somali nationalism

July 1976 26 January 1991 Africa
File:Flag of South Yemen.svg People's Republic of Southern Yemen File:Flag of the Popular Front for the Liberation of the Occupied Arabian Gulf.svg National Liberation Front,

File:Yemeni Socialist Party Flag.svg Yemeni Socialist Party

Arab nationalism, Arab socialism 30 November 1967 31 October 1978 Asia
File:Flag of South Yemen.svg People's Democratic Republic of Yemen File:Yemeni Socialist Party Flag.svg Yemeni Socialist Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism 31 October 1978 22 May 1990 Asia
File:Flag of South Yemen.svg Democratic Republic of Yemen File:Yemeni Socialist Party Flag.svg Yemeni Socialist Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism 21 May 1994 7 July 1994 Asia
File:Flag of the Commune of the Working People of Estonia.svg Estonia Russian Communist Party (Central Committee of the Estonian Sections) Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 29 November 1918 5 June 1919 188 days Europe
File:Flag the Russian SFSR (1918).svgFile:Flag of the Russian SFSR (1918-1920).svg Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Russian Communist Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 8 March 1918[54] 30 December 1922 4 years, 297 days Europe/Asia
File:Flag the Russian SFSR (1918).svgFile:Flag of the Russian SFSR (1918-1920).svg Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Russian Social Democratic Labour Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 19 January 1918 8 March 1918[54] 48 days Europe/Asia
File:Flag of the Soviet Union (1923).svgFile:Flag of the Soviet Union (1924).svgFile:Flag of the Soviet Union (1924-1936).svgFile:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Russian Communist Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 30 December 1922 31 December 1925[54] 3 years, 1 day Europe/Asia
File:Flag of the Soviet Union (1924).svgFile:Flag of the Soviet Union (1924-1936).svgFile:Flag of the Soviet Union (1936-1955).svgFile:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Union of Soviet Socialist Republics All-Union Communist Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism, Stalinism 31 December 1925[54] 13 October 1952[54] 26 years, 287 days Europe/Asia
File:Flag of the Soviet Union (1936-1955).svgFile:Flag of the Soviet Union (1955-1980).svgFile:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Communist Party of the Soviet Union Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 13 October 1952[54] 9 October 1990[55] 37 years, 361 days Europe/Asia
File:Flag of Spain (1785-1873 and 1875-1931).svg Kingdom of Spain Patriotic Union Spanish nationalism, Political Catholicism, Monarchism, Conservatism 1924 1930 Europe
File:Flag of Spain (1945–1977).svg Spanish State File:Bandera FE JONS.svg FET y de las JONS Francoism, Falangism, Spanish nationalism, traditionalism, National Catholicism, anti-liberalism, corporatism 1 April 1939 6 July 1976[56] Europe
Sudan Democratic Republic of the Sudan File:Flag of the Sudanese Socialist Union.svg Sudanese Socialist Union Arab nationalism, Arab socialism, Anti-communism 1971 1985 Africa
File:Flag of Sudan.svg Sudan National Congress Party Islamism, Arab nationalism, Salafism, Social conservatism 1989 2005 Africa
File:Flag of Syria (1932-1958; 1961-1963).svg Syrian Republic Arab Liberation Movement Pan-Arabism, Modernization, Pro-Western 1953 1954 Asia
File:Flag of Syria.svg Syria File:Flag of the Ba'ath Party.svg Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party (National Progressive Front) Neo-Ba'athism 1963 27 February 2012[57][58] Asia
File:Flag of São Tomé and Príncipe.svg São Tomé and Príncipe Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe – Social Democratic Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism 1975 1990 Africa
File:Flag of Tanganyika (1961–1964).svg Tanganyika File:Flag of TANU.svg Tanganyika African National Union African nationalism, African socialism, Ujamaa 1961 1977 Africa
File:Flag of Tanzania.svg Tanzania Chama Cha Mapinduzi Ujamaa, African socialism 1977 1992 Africa
File:Flag of Togo (3-2).svg Togo Party of Togolese Unity African nationalism 1962 1963 Africa
File:Flag of Togo (3-2).svg Togo Rally of the Togolese People African nationalism, Right-wing populism 1969 1991 Africa
File:Flag of Tunisia (1959–1999).svg Tunisia Neo Destour Tunisian nationalism, Bourguibism 1963 1964 Africa
File:Flag of Tunisia (1959–1999).svg Tunisia Socialist Destourian Party Tunisian nationalism, Secularism, Bourguibism 1964 1981 Africa
File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey (one-party period) File:Flag of the Republican People's Party (Turkey).svg Republican People's Party Kemalism 1923 1945 Asia/Europe
File:Flag of Turkmenistan.svg Turkmenistan Democratic Party of Turkmenistan Turkmen nationalism, Secularism, Social conservatism, Catch-all party 1992 2008 Asia
File:Flag of the Tuvinian Peoples Revolutionary Party.svgFile:Flag of Tannu Tuva (1921-1926).svgFile:Flag of the Tuvan People's Republic (1926-1930).svgFile:Flag of the Tuvan People's Republic (1930-1933).svgFile:Flag of the Tuvan People's Republic (1933-1939).svgFile:Flag of the Tuvan People's Republic (1941-1943).svgFile:Flag of the Tuvan People's Republic (1943-1944).svg Tuva File:Flag of the Tuvinian Peoples Revolutionary Party.svg Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 14 August 1921 11 October 1944 Asia
File:Flag of Uganda.svg Uganda File:Flag of Uganda People's Congress.svg Uganda People's Congress Social democracy, African nationalism, Pan-Africanism 1969 1971 Africa
File:Flag of Ukrainian SSR (1919-1929).svg Ukraine Communist Party of Ukraine Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 10 March 1919 30 December 1922 Europe
File:Flag of the United Arab Republic.svg United Arab Republic National Union Arab nationalism, Arab socialism, Pan-Arabism 1958 1961 Africa
Republic of Upper Volta Upper Volta Voltaic Democratic Union-African Democratic Rally African nationalism, Pan-Africanism 1960 1966 Africa
File:Flag of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.svg Yugoslavia Yugoslav Radical Peasants' Democracy Royalism, Yugoslav nationalism, Agrarianism, Centralism, Anti-liberalism 1929 1931 Europe
File:Flag of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia.svgFile:Flag of SFR Yugoslavia.svg Yugoslavia File:League of Communists of Yugoslavia Flag.svg League of Communists of Yugoslavia (Socialist Alliance of Working People of Yugoslavia) Marxism–Leninism, Titoism, Yugoslavism 29 November 1945 22 January 1990 Europe
Zaire Zaire Popular Movement of the Revolution Mobutism, Zairean nationalism, Authenticité 1970 1990 Africa
File:Flag of Zambia (1964–1996).svg Zambia File:Unip Zambia Flag.png United National Independence Party African socialism, African nationalism 1972 1990 Africa
File:Flag of Zanzibar.svg Zanzibar File:Flag of Afro-Shirazi party.svg Afro-Shirazi Party African nationalism, Marxism–Leninism 1964 1977 Africa

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Previously known as the Democratic Republic of Vietnam from 2 September 1945 to 25 April 1976.[20] Reunified with the Republic of South Vietnam on 2 July 1976.[21][22]
  2. ↑ The Republic of China controlled the mainland from 1912 to 1949 and the island of Taiwan since 1945, in which the ROC currently administers the Free area. This government served China in the United Nations from 1945 to 1971. See Political status of Taiwan and the One-China policy for various viewpoints.
  3. ↑ Following the appointment of Marcelo Caetano as Prime Minister in 1968, the opposition was allowed to run to the 1969 Portuguese legislative election, before being banned.

References

  1. ↑ Clark, William Roberts; Golder, Matt; Golder, Sona Nadenichek (23 March 2012). Principles of Comparative Politics. SAGE. p. 611. ISBN 9781608716791.
  2. ↑ "One-Party States | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
  3. ↑ Angiolillo, Fabio (27 April 2023). "Introducing the One-Party Membership Dataset: A dataset on party membership in autocracies". Journal of Peace Research. 61 (4): 694–708. doi:10.1177/00223433231155278. ISSN 0022-3433.
  4. ↑ Hanson, Stephen E. (2009), "The Contribution of Area Studies", The SAGE Handbook of Comparative Politics, 1 Oliver's Yard, 55 City Road, London EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom: SAGE Publications Ltd, pp. 159–174, doi:10.4135/9780857021083.n10, ISBN 9781412919760, S2CID 184118662, retrieved 4 March 2023{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Magaloni, Beatriz; Kricheli, Ruth (1 May 2010). "Political Order and One-Party Rule". Annual Review of Political Science. 13 (1): 123–143. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.031908.220529. ISSN 1094-2939.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Creak, Simon; Barney, Keith (10 August 2018). "Conceptualising Party-State Governance and Rule in Laos". Journal of Contemporary Asia. 48 (5): 693–716. doi:10.1080/00472336.2018.1494849. ISSN 0047-2336. S2CID 158403649.
  7. ↑ Hassan, Mai; Mattingly, Daniel; Nugent, Elizabeth R. (12 May 2022). "Political Control". Annual Review of Political Science. 25 (1): 155–174. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-051120-013321. ISSN 1094-2939. S2CID 241393914.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 MALESKY, EDMUND; SCHULER, PAUL (26 October 2011). "The Single-Party Dictator's Dilemma: Information in Elections without Opposition". Legislative Studies Quarterly. 36 (4): 491–530. doi:10.1111/j.1939-9162.2011.00025.x. ISSN 0362-9805.
  9. ↑ Frantz, Erica. Authoritarianism : what everyone needs to know. ISBN 978-0-19-756964-1. OCLC 1202872902.
  10. ↑ Frantz, Erica. Authoritarianism : what everyone needs to know. ISBN 978-0-19-756964-1. OCLC 1202872902.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Gandhi, Jennifer; Lust-Okar, Ellen (1 June 2009). "Elections Under Authoritarianism". Annual Review of Political Science. 12 (1): 403–422. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.060106.095434. ISSN 1094-2939.
  12. ↑ "China", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 26 January 2023, retrieved 5 February 2023
  13. ↑ Baptista, Eduardo (11 June 2021). "Communist Party is not China's only political party – there are eight others". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
  14. ↑ Roman, Peter (2003). People's Power: Cuba's Experience with Representative Government. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-7425-2564-3.
  15. ↑ "Eritreans hope for democracy after peace deal with Ethiopia". BBC News. 17 July 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
  16. ↑ "Laos: Freedom in the World 2020 Country Report". Freedom House. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
  17. ↑ "North Korea: Country Profile". Freedom House. 18 August 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
  18. ↑ Tertitskiy, Fyodor (26 November 2014). "Being a minor party in the North". NK News. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
  19. ↑ "Vietnam: Country Profile". Freedom House. 30 March 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
  20. ↑ "How Did the Vietnam War Affect the Economy – 551 Words | Bartleby".
  21. ↑ Dror, Olga (2020). "Reviewed work: Vietnam: A Pathway from State Socialism, Thaveeporn Vasavakul". Contemporary Southeast Asia. 42 (2): 311–313. doi:10.1355/cs42-2j. JSTOR 26937807. S2CID 225324132.
  22. ↑ "Ho Chi Minh on Independence and Freedom - Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung". 29 August 2019.
  23. ↑ McLean, Iain; McMillan, Alistair (2009). "One-Party State". Oxford Reference. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199207800.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-920780-0. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
  24. ↑ Ziemer, Klaus (1995), Kirk-Greene, Anthony; Bach, Daniel (eds.), "The African One-Party State", State and Society in Francophone Africa since Independence, St Antony’s/Macmillan Series, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 97–105, doi:10.1007/978-1-349-23826-2_7, ISBN 978-1-349-23826-2, retrieved 27 August 2023
  25. ↑ Mitchinson, Naomi (January 1984). "One party rule in Africa". The Round Table. 73 (289): 38–44. doi:10.1080/00358538408453617. ISSN 0035-8533.
  26. ↑ Schachter, Ruth (June 1961). "Single-Party Systems in West Africa". American Political Science Review. 55 (2): 294–307. doi:10.2307/1952240. ISSN 0003-0554. JSTOR 1952240.
  27. ↑ "CONSTITUTION OF THE KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA". pressocm.gov.kh. Office of the Council of Ministers. 25 January 2017. Archived from the original on 19 August 2017. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
  28. ↑ Barrett, Chris (10 November 2022). "Biden, Albanese urged to fight repression in Cambodia". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 17 November 2022. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
  29. ↑ "Under Daniel Ortega, Nicaragua has become a one-party state". The Economist. 10 November 2022. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
  30. ↑ Thomson, Susan (2018). Rwanda: From Genocide to Precarious Peace. Yale University Press. p. 185. ISBN 978-0-300-23591-3.
  31. ↑ Ph.D, Joseph Sebarenzi; Twagiramungu, Noel (8 April 2019). "Rwanda's economic growth could be derailed by its autocratic regime". The Conversation. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
  32. ↑ Sources:
  33. ↑ Lucas, Scott (25 February 2021). "How Assad Regime Tightened Syria's One-Party Rule". EA Worldview. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021.
  34. ↑ "NA: "Regime wants to build a one-party political system". El Universal (in español). 18 June 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
  35. ↑ Itriago Acosta, Andreina (2 April 2024). "'Anti-Fascism' Law to Tighten Crackdown on Venezuelan Opposition". www.bloomberg.com. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
  36. ↑ Maria Delgado, Antonio (5 April 2024). "Maduro prepared harsh law to further punish criticism of Venezuela regime". Miami Herald. Retrieved 9 May 2024.
  37. ↑ Afghanistan: A Country Study. Claitor's Law Books and Publishing. 2001. ISBN 978-1-57980-744-3.
  38. ↑ "Afghanistan 1977". Princeton University. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012.
  39. ↑ British Documents on Foreign Affairs. Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Burma, Ceylon, India and Pakistan. Volume 7. October 1947-December 1948. University Publications of America. 2001. p. 45. ISBN 155655768X.
  40. ↑ British Documents on Foreign Affairs. Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Burma, Ceylon, India and Pakistan. Volume 7. October 1947-December 1948. University Publications of America. 2001. p. 45. ISBN 155655768X.
  41. ↑ Mokam, David (2012). "The Search for a Cameroonian Model of Democracy or the Search for the Domination of the State Party: 1966-2006". Cadernos de Estudos Africanos (23): 85–108. doi:10.4000/cea.533.
  42. ↑ Vehesh, M. M.; Palinchak, M. M.; Marchuk, V. V.; Kontsur-Karabinovych, N. M. (2020). Carpathian Ukraine in the Central European political crisis on the eve of World War II (1938-1939): collective monograph (PDF). Liha-Pres. pp. 21, 22, 24. ISBN 9789663972121. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 May 2023.
  43. ↑ Токар, М. (2004). "Становлення партійної монополії Українського Національного Обʼєднання" (PDF). Науковий вісник Ужгородського університету. Серія: Історія (11): 105–112. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 May 2023.
  44. ↑ Токар, М. (2004). "Становлення партійної монополії Українського Національного Обʼєднання" (PDF). Науковий вісник Ужгородського університету. Серія: Історія (11): 106. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 May 2023.
  45. ↑ Central African Republic Unions Strike for Democracy 1990-1993
  46. ↑ Schneiderman, Harry (1938). "Danzig". The American Jewish Year Book. 40: 226–228. JSTOR 23602316.
  47. ↑ Hepburn, A. (7 April 2004). Contested Cities in the Modern West. Springer. ISBN 978-0-230-53674-6.
  48. ↑ Delzell, Charles Floyd (18 June 1971). Mediterranean Fascism 1919–1945. Springer. ISBN 978-1-349-00240-5.
  49. ↑ [https://cris.mruni.eu/server/api/core/bitstreams/28fde780-25ce-44fa-bbba-7887e33ada25/content Ivanauskaitė-Pettinari, Kristina. POLITINIŲ PARTIJŲ TEISINIO STATUSO RAIDA LIETUVOJE 1918–1940 M. Doctoral dissertation. p. 1937]
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 MacKinnon, Stephen R. (2007). China at War: Regions of China, 1937-45. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-5509-2.
  51. ↑ Bozarslan, Hamit (2019). "Afterword: Talaat's Empire: A Backward Country, but a State Well Ahead of Its Time". End of the Ottomans - The Genocide of 1915 and the Politics of Turkish Nationalism. I. B. Tauris. p. 330. ISBN 978-1-7867-3604-8.
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 12th Period - Second Republic of Portugal
  53. ↑ Raby, D. L. (1988). Fascism and Resistance in Portugal: Communists, Liberals and Military Dissidents in the Opposition to Salazar, 1941-1974. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-2514-3.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 54.3 54.4 54.5 Henderson, Jane (4 May 2011). The Constitution of the Russian Federation: A Contextual Analysis. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84731-648-6.
  55. ↑ Kumar, Kundan (2003). Ideology And Political System. Discovery Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-7141-638-7.
  56. ↑ Law 21/1976, of 14 June, on the Right of Political Association.
  57. ↑ "Presidential Decree on Syria's New Constitution". Syrian Arab News Agency. 28 February 2012. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
  58. ↑ Chulov, Martin (27 February 2012). "Syrian regime rockets bombard Homs". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
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