Coordinates: 41°21′51″N 2°09′08″E / 41.36417°N 2.15222°E / 41.36417; 2.15222

1992 Summer Olympics

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"Barcelona 1992" redirects here. For the Summer Paralympics, see 1992 Summer Paralympics.

Games of the XXV Olympiad
File:1992 Summer Olympics logo.svg
Emblem of the 1992 Summer Olympics
LocationBarcelona, Spain
MottoFriends for Life
(Spanish: Amigos para siempre, Catalan: Amics per sempre)
Nations169
Athletes9,356 (6,652 men, 2,704 women)[1]
Events256 in 25 sports (34 disciplines)
Opening25 July 1992
Closing9 August 1992
Opened by
Juan Carlos I
King of Spain[2]
Closed by
Juan Antonio Samaranch
President of the International Olympic Committee
Cauldron
Antonio Rebollo[2]
StadiumEstadi Olímpic de Montjuïc
Summer
Winter
1992 Summer Paralympics
Olympic rings
Part of a series on
1992 Summer Olympics

The 1992 Summer Olympics (Spanish: Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 1992, Catalan: Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 1992), officially the Games of the XXV Olympiad (Spanish: Juegos de la XXV Olimpiada, Catalan: Jocs de la XXV Olimpíada) and officially branded as Barcelona '92, were an international multi-sport event held from 25 July to 9 August 1992 in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Beginning in 1994, the International Olympic Committee decided to hold the Summer and Winter Olympics in alternating even-numbered years. The 1992 Summer and Winter Olympics were the last games to be staged in the same year.[3] These games were the second and last two consecutive Olympic games to be held in Western Europe after the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville, France, held five months earlier. The 1992 Games received universal acclaim, with the organisation, volunteers, sportsmanship, and Spanish public being lauded in the international media. Some media describe the Barcelona games as one of the best Olympics ever.[4][5] The Games showed a renewed image of democratic Spain and projected Barcelona and the whole Spain to the world. Thanks to the Games, the city of Barcelona was completely transformed; it is thanks to the Olympics that the Barcelona of today is built.[6] All the venues are still active and the legacy of the 1992 Games was taken as an example for future Olympic events, such as London 2012.[7] The 1992 Summer Games were the first since the end of the Cold War, and the first unaffected by boycotts since the 1972 Summer Games.[8] 1992 was also the first year South Africa was re-invited to the Olympic Games by the International Olympic Committee, after a 32-year ban from participating in international sport due to apartheid.[9] The Unified Team (made up by the former Soviet republics without the Baltic states) topped the medal table, winning 45 gold and 112 overall medals.

Host city selection

Barcelona is the second-largest city in Spain and the capital of the autonomous community of Catalonia, and the hometown of then-IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch and the famous European club, FC Barcelona. The city was also a host for the 1982 FIFA World Cup. On 17 October 1986, Barcelona was selected to host the 1992 Summer Olympics over Amsterdam, Netherlands (the city also hosted the 1928 games); Belgrade, Yugoslavia; Birmingham, United Kingdom; Brisbane, Australia; and Paris, France, during the 91st IOC Session in Lausanne, Switzerland.[10] New Delhi, India, had announced a bid for the games, but withdrew in March 1986.[11] With 85 out of 89 members of the IOC voting by secret ballot, Barcelona won a majority of 47 votes. Samaranch abstained from voting. In the same IOC meeting, Albertville, France, won the right to host the 1992 Winter Games. Paris and Brisbane would eventually be selected to host the 2024 and 2032 Summer Olympics respectively.[12] Barcelona had previously bid for the 1936 Summer Olympics that were ultimately held in Berlin, Germany.

1992 Summer Olympics bidding results[13]
City Country Round
1 2 3
Barcelona File:Flag of Spain.svg Spain 29 37 47
Paris File:Flag of France (lighter variant).svg France 19 20 23
Belgrade File:Flag of Yugoslavia (1946-1992).svg SFR Yugoslavia 13 11 5
Brisbane File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia 11 9 10
Birmingham File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Great Britain 8 8 —
Amsterdam File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands 5 — —

Highlights

See also: 1992 Summer Olympics opening ceremony and 1992 Summer Olympics closing ceremony
File:Barcelona AUGUST 1992 the Olympic Games (Juegos Olímpicos de Barcelona 1992) - panoramio.jpg
The Olympic cauldron lit during the Games in Montjuïc
File:Dream Team at the 1992 Summer Olympics.JPEG
David Robinson shoots a free throw to help secure the gold medal for the United States "Dream Team".
  • At the innovative opening ceremony, Greek mezzo-soprano Agnes Baltsa sang "Romiossini" as the Olympic flag was paraded around the stadium. Alfredo Kraus later sang the Olympic Hymn in Catalan, Spanish and French, as the flag was hoisted.
  • The Olympic cauldron was ignited using a flaming arrow, lit from the flame of the Olympic torch. It was shot by Paralympic archer Antonio Rebollo, who aimed the arrow over the top of the cauldron to ignite the gas emanating from it. The arrow landed outside the stadium.[14] This unusual method for lighting the cauldron had been carefully designed to avoid any chance of the arrow landing in the stadium if Rebollo missed his target.[15][16]
  • South Africa rejoined the Summer Olympics having been banned for its apartheid policy after the 1960 Summer Olympics. The women's 10,000 metres event was hotly contested. White South African runner Elana Meyer and black Ethiopian runner Derartu Tulu (winner) ran hand-in-hand in a victory lap.[17]
  • Germany sent a unified team having reunified in 1990, the last such team was at the 1964 Summer Olympics.
  • As the Soviet Union was dissolved in 1991, the formerly Soviet-occupied states of Estonia and Latvia sent their own teams for the first time since 1936, while Lithuania sent its own team for the first time since 1928. The other former Soviet republics decided to compete together and formed the Unified Team, which consisted of present-day Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. The Unified Team finished first in the medal standings, edging the United States.
  • The separation of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia led to the Olympic debuts of Croatia, Slovenia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Due to United Nations sanctions, athletes from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (consisting of present-day Serbia and Montenegro) were not allowed to participate with their own team. However, some individual athletes competed under the Olympic flag as Independent Olympic Participants. Serbia would return to the Olympics at the 2008 Summer Olympics and as well as Montenegro on what would be its Olympic debut as separate states.
  • In basketball, the admittance of NBA players led to the formation of the "Dream Team" of the United States, featuring Michael Jordan, Magic Johnson, Larry Bird and other NBA stars. Prior to 1992, only European and South American professionals were allowed to compete, while the Americans used college players. The Dream Team won the gold medal and was inducted as a unit into the Basketball Hall of Fame in 2010.[18]
  • Fermín Cacho won the 1,500 m in his home country, earning Spain's first-ever Olympic gold medal in a running event.[19]
  • Chinese diver Fu Mingxia, age 13, became one of the youngest Olympic gold medalists of all time.
  • In men's artistic gymnastics, Vitaly Scherbo from Belarus, (representing the Unified Team), won six gold medals, including four in a single day. Scherbo tied Eric Heiden's record for individual gold medals at a single Olympics, winning five medals in an individual event (Michael Phelps would later equal this record in 2008).
  • In women's artistic gymnastics, Tatiana Gutsu took gold in the All-Around competition edging the USA's Shannon Miller.
  • Russian swimmers (competing for the Unified Team) dominated the men's freestyle events, with Alexander Popov and Yevgeny Sadovyi each winning two events. Sadovyi also won in the relays.
  • Evelyn Ashford won her fourth Olympic gold medal in the 4×100-metre relay, making her one of only four female athletes to have achieved this in history.
  • The young Krisztina Egerszegi of Hungary won three individual swimming gold medals.
  • In women's 200 m breaststroke, Kyoko Iwasaki of Japan won a gold medal at the age of 14 years and six days, making her the youngest-ever gold medalist in swimming competitions at the Olympics.
  • Algerian athlete Hassiba Boulmerka, who was frequently criticized by Muslim groups in Algeria who thought she showed too much of her body when racing, received death threats[20] and was forced to move to Europe to train, won the 1,500 metres, also holding the African women's record in this distance.
  • After being demonstrated in six previous Summer Olympic Games, baseball officially became an Olympic sport. Badminton and women's judo also became part of the Olympic program, while slalom canoeing returned to the Games after a 20-year absence.
  • Roller hockey, Basque pelota, and taekwondo were all demonstrated at the 1992 Summer Olympics.
  • Several of the USA men's volleyball gold medal team from the 1988 Olympics returned to vie for another medal. In the preliminary round, they lost a controversial match to Japan, sparking them to shave their heads in protest. This notably included player Steve Timmons, sacrificing his trademark red flattop for the protest. The U.S. team ultimately progressed to the playoffs and won bronze.
  • Mike Stulce of the United States won the men's shot put, beating the heavily favored Werner Günthör of Switzerland.
  • On the 20th anniversary of the Munich massacre and the 500th anniversary of the Alhambra Decree, Yael Arad became the first Israeli to win an Olympic medal, winning a silver medal in judo. The next day, Oren Smadja became Israel's first male medalist, winning a bronze in the same sport.
  • Derek Redmond of Great Britain tore a hamstring during a 400-meter semi-final heat. As he struggled to finish the race, his father entered the track without credentials and helped him complete the race, to a standing ovation from the crowd.
  • Gail Devers came into the 100 meters hurdles as the favorite. Though her Olympic history shows her winning the 100 meters dash twice, the first time earlier in this Olympics, she primarily made her career as a hurdler. And true to form, Devers had a commanding lead in this race until the final hurdle. Devers came up short and hit the hurdle, foot first, hard, knocking her off balance. She stumbled toward the finish line, falling on the last step, but still finished fifth, .001 out of fourth place. Paraskevi Patoulidou of Greece won the gold medal to even her own disbelief, dropping to her knees on the track when she realized she had won.
  • Jennifer Capriati won the singles tennis competition at the age of 16. She had previously earned a spot in the semifinals of two grand slams at the age of 14.
  • Two gold medals were awarded in solo synchronized swimming after a judge inadvertently entered the score of "8.7" instead of the intended "9.7" in the computerized scoring system for one of Sylvie Fréchette's figures. This error ultimately placed Fréchette second, leaving Kristen Babb-Sprague for the gold medal. Following an appeal, FINA awarded Fréchette a gold medal, replacing her silver medal and leaving the two swimmers both with gold.[21]
  • Indonesia won its first-ever gold medal after winning a silver at 1988 Olympics. Susi Susanti won the gold in badminton women's singles after defeating Bang Soo-hyun in the final round. Alan Budikusuma won the badminton men's singles competition, earning a second gold medal for Indonesia. Several years later, both players married and they received the nickname golden couple or Olympic couple.

Records

Main article: World and Olympic records set at the 1992 Summer Olympics

Venues

Main article: Venues of the 1992 Summer Olympics
File:BCN-EstadiOlimpic-4860.jpg
Anella Olímpica from above
File:Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companys Karsten Knoefler.jpg
Estadi Olímpic de Montjuïc
File:Barcelona Palau Sant Jordi.jpg
Palau Sant Jordi
File:Piscina Municipal de Montjuïc - vista general.JPG
Piscina Municipal de Montjuïc
File:Canal Olimpic Catalunya FACILITIES.JPG
Canal Olímpic de Catalunya

Medals awarded

Main article: List of 1992 Summer Olympics medal winners

The 1992 Summer Olympic programme featured 256 events in the following 25 sports:

1992 Summer Olympics Sports Programme

Demonstration sports

Participating National Olympic Committees

File:1992 Summer Olympic games countries.svg
Participants at the 1992 Summer Olympics
  Participating for the first time.
  Having previously participated.
  Not participating.
Yellow circle is host city (Barcelona)
File:1992 Summer Olympics team numbers.svg
Number of athletes

A total of 169 nations sent athletes to compete in the 1992 Summer Games. With the dissolution of the Soviet Union, twelve of the fifteen new states chose to form a Unified Team, while the Baltic States of Estonia and Latvia sent their own teams for the first time since 1936, and Lithuania sent its own team for the first time since 1928. Bosnia-Herzegovina competed for the first time as an independent nation after its separation from Socialist Yugoslavia, and Namibia and the unified team of Yemen (previously North and South Yemen) also made their Olympic debuts. Croatia and Slovenia made their first Summer Olympic appearance at these games, having participated at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville. The 1992 Summer Olympics notably marked Germany competing as a unified team for the first time since 1964 and the first time since 1936 as a single nation following German reunification. South Africa returned to the Games for the first time in 32 years. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was banned due to UN sanctions, but individual Yugoslav athletes were allowed to take part as Independent Olympic Participants. Four then-existing National Olympic Committees did not send any athletes to compete: Afghanistan, Brunei, Liberia and Somalia.

Participating National Olympic Committees

Number of athletes by National Olympic Committee

9,356 athletes from 169 NOCs

IOC Letter Code Country Athletes
USA File:Flag of the United States.svg United States 545
EUN File:Olympic flag.svg Unified Team 475
GER File:Flag of Germany.svg Germany 463
ESP File:Flag of Spain.svg Spain 422
GBR File:Flag of the United Kingdom (3-2).svg Great Britain 371
FRA File:Flag of France.svg France 339
ITA File:Flag of Italy.svg Italy 304
CAN File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada 295
AUS File:Flag of Australia.svg Australia 279
JPN File:Flag of Japan (1870-1999).svg Japan 256
CHN File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China 244
KOR File:Flag of South Korea (1984-1997).svg South Korea 226
HUN File:Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary 217
TCH File:Flag of Czechoslovakia.svg Czechoslovakia 208
NED File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands 201
POL File:Flag of Poland.svg Poland 201
SWE File:Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden 187
BRA File:Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil 182
CUB File:Flag of Cuba (3-2).svg Cuba 176
ROM File:Flag of Romania.svg Romania 173
BUL File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria 138
NZL File:Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand 134
DEN File:Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark 110
AUT File:Flag of Austria.svg Austria 102
MEX File:Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico 102
SUI File:Civil Ensign of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Switzerland 102
RSA File:South African Olympic Flag.svg South Africa 93
POR File:Flag of Portugal.svg Portugal 90
FIN File:Flag of Finland.svg Finland 88
ARG File:Flag of Argentina (1861–2010).svg Argentina 84
NOR File:Flag of Norway.svg Norway 83
EGY File:Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt 75
PUR File:Flag of Puerto Rico (1952-1995).svg Puerto Rico 71
GRE File:Flag of Greece.svg Greece 70
BEL File:Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium 68
PRK File:Flag of North Korea.svg North Korea 64
IOP File:Olympic flag.svg Independent Olympic Participants 58
IRL File:Flag of Ireland (3-2).svg Ireland 58
NGR File:Flag of Nigeria.svg Nigeria 55
IND File:Flag of India.svg India 52
COL File:Flag of Colombia.svg Colombia 49
KEN File:Flag of Kenya.svg Kenya 49
LTU File:Flag of Lithuania (1988-2004).svg Lithuania 47
THA File:Flag of Thailand.svg Thailand 46
MAR File:Flag of Morocco.svg Morocco 44
INA File:Flag of Indonesia.svg Indonesia 42
TUR File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey 41
CRO File:Civil ensign of Croatia.svg Croatia 39
HKG File:Flag of Hong Kong (1959–1997).svg Hong Kong 38
EST File:Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia 37
IRI File:Flag of Iran.svg Iran 36
JAM File:Flag of Jamaica.svg Jamaica 36
ALG File:Flag of Algeria.svg Algeria 35
SLO File:Civil Ensign of Slovenia.svg Slovenia 35
GHA File:Flag of Ghana.svg Ghana 34
LAT File:Flag of Latvia (3-2).svg Latvia 34
MGL File:Flag of Mongolia.svg Mongolia 33
DOM File:Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg Dominican Republic 32
KUW File:Flag of Kuwait (3-2).svg Kuwait 32
TPE File:Flag of Chinese Taipei for Olympic games.svg Chinese Taipei 31
ISR File:Flag of Israel.svg Israel 30
ANG File:Flag of Angola.svg Angola 28
QAT File:Flag of Qatar (3-2).svg Qatar 28
ISL File:Flag of Iceland.svg Iceland 27
PAK File:Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan 27
PAR File:Flag of Paraguay (1990-2013).svg Paraguay 27
MAS File:Flag of Malaysia.svg Malaysia 26
PHI File:Flag of the Philippines (1936–1985, 1986–1998).svg Philippines 26
VEN File:Flag of Venezuela (1954–2006).png Venezuela 26
ISV File:Flag of the United States Virgin Islands.svg Virgin Islands 25
GUM File:Flag of Guam.svg Guam 22
BER File:Flag of Bermuda (1910–1999).svg Bermuda 20
ETH File:Flag of Ethiopia (1987–1991).svg Ethiopia 20
SEN File:Flag of Senegal.svg Senegal 20
ZIM File:Flag of Zimbabwe.svg Zimbabwe 19
FIJ File:Flag of Fiji.svg Fiji 18
BAR File:Flag of Barbados.svg Barbados 17
CYP File:Flag of Cyprus (1960-2006).svg Cyprus 17
SMR File:Flag of San Marino (before 2011).svg San Marino 17
ZAI File:Flag of Zaire (1971–1997).svg Zaire 17
CRC File:Flag of Costa Rica.svg Costa Rica 16
PER File:Flag of Peru.svg Peru 16
URU File:Flag of Uruguay.svg Uruguay 16
CAF File:Flag of the Central African Republic.svg Central African Republic 15
BAH File:Flag of the Bahamas.svg Bahamas 14
GUA File:Flag of Guatemala.svg Guatemala 14
SIN File:Flag of Singapore.svg Singapore 14
ANT File:Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg Antigua and Barbuda 13
BOL File:Flag of Bolivia.svg Bolivia 13
ECU File:Flag of Ecuador (1900–2009).svg Ecuador 13
CIV File:Flag of Côte d'Ivoire.svg Ivory Coast 13
MAD File:Flag of Madagascar.svg Madagascar 13
MRI File:Flag of Mauritius.svg Mauritius 13
PNG File:Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg Papua New Guinea 13
TUN File:Flag of Tunisia (1959–1999).svg Tunisia 13
UAE File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg United Arab Emirates 13
CHI File:Flag of Chile.svg Chile 12
LIB File:Flag of Lebanon.svg Lebanon 12
SEY File:Flag of Seychelles (1977–1996).svg Seychelles 11
SLE File:Flag of Sierra Leone.svg Sierra Leone 11
SRI File:Flag of Sri Lanka.svg Sri Lanka 11
BRN File:Flag of Bahrain (1972–2002).svg Bahrain 10
BIZ File:Flag of Belize (1981-2019).svg Belize 10
BSH File:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992–1998).svg Bosnia and Herzegovina 10
CAY File:Flag of the Cayman Islands (pre-1999).svg Cayman Islands 10
HON File:Flag of Honduras (before 2022).svg Honduras 10
RWA File:Flag of Rwanda (1962-2001).svg Rwanda 10
KSA File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg Saudi Arabia 9
TAN File:Flag of Tanzania.svg Tanzania 9
ZAM File:Flag of Zambia (1964-1996).svg Zambia 9
AND File:Flag of Andorra.svg Andorra 8
CMR File:Flag of Cameroon.svg Cameroon 8
DJI File:Flag of Djibouti.svg Djibouti 8
GUI File:Flag of Guinea.svg Guinea 8
IRQ File:Flag of Iraq (1991-2004).svg Iraq 8
NCA File:Flag of Nicaragua.svg Nicaragua 8
SYR File:Flag of Syria.svg Syria 8
UGA File:Flag of Uganda.svg Uganda 8
YEM File:Flag of Yemen.svg Yemen 8
ALB File:Flag of Albania (1992–2002).svg Albania 7
CGO File:Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg Republic of the Congo 7
GEQ File:Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg Equatorial Guinea 7
HAI File:Flag of Haiti.svg Haiti 7
LIE File:Flag of Liechtenstein.svg Liechtenstein 7
MDV File:Flag of Maldives.svg Maldives 7
TRI File:Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg Trinidad and Tobago 7
VIE File:Flag of Vietnam.svg Vietnam 7
BAN File:Flag of Bangladesh.svg Bangladesh 6
BEN File:Flag of Benin.svg Benin 6
BHU File:Flag of Bhutan.svg Bhutan 6
BOT File:Flag of Botswana.svg Botswana 6
CHA File:Flag of Chad.svg Chad 6
GUY File:Flag of Guyana.svg Guyana 6
LAO File:Flag of Laos.svg Laos 6
LES File:Flag of Lesotho (1987-2006).svg Lesotho 6
LUX File:Flag of Luxembourg.svg Luxembourg 6
MLT File:Flag of Malta.svg Malta 6
MTN File:Flag of Mauritania (1959–2017).svg Mauritania 6
MOZ File:Flag of Mozambique.svg Mozambique 6
NAM File:Flag of Namibia.svg Namibia 6
VIN File:Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 6
SUD File:Flag of Sudan.svg Sudan 6
SWZ File:Flag of Swaziland.svg Swaziland 6
TOG File:Flag of Togo.svg Togo 6
VAN File:Flag of Vanuatu.svg Vanuatu 6
ARU File:Flag of Aruba.svg Aruba 5
GAB File:Flag of Gabon.svg Gabon 5
GAM File:Flag of The Gambia.svg The Gambia 5
LBA File:Flag of Libya (1977–2011).svg Libya 5
MLI File:Flag of Mali.svg Mali 5
OMA File:Flag of Oman (1970-1995).svg Oman 5
PAN File:Flag of Panama.svg Panama 5
TGA File:Flag of Tonga.svg Tonga 5
WSM File:Flag of Samoa.svg Western Samoa 5
IVB File:Flag of the British Virgin Islands.svg British Virgin Islands 4
BUR File:Flag of Burkina Faso.svg Burkina Faso 4
ESA File:Flag of El Salvador.svg El Salvador 4
GRN File:Flag of Grenada.svg Grenada 4
JOR File:Flag of Jordan (3-2).svg Jordan 4
MAW File:Flag of Malawi.svg Malawi 4
MYA File:Flag of Myanmar (1974-2010).svg Myanmar 4
AHO File:Flag of the Netherlands Antilles (1986–2010).svg Netherlands Antilles 4
ASA File:Flag of American Samoa.svg American Samoa 3
NIG File:Flag of Niger.svg Niger 3
COK File:Flag of the Cook Islands.svg Cook Islands 2
MON File:Flag of Monaco.svg Monaco 2
NEP File:Flag of Nepal.svg Nepal 2
SOL File:Flag of the Solomon Islands.svg Solomon Islands 1

Calendar

<section begin="Calendar"/>

All times are in Central European Summer Time (UTC+2)
OC Opening ceremony ● Event competitions 1 Gold medal events CC Closing ceremony
July/August 1992 July August Events
24th
Fri 		25th
Sat 		26th
Sun 		27th
Mon 		28th
Tue 		29th
Wed 		30th
Thu 		31st
Fri 		1st
Sat 		2nd
Sun 		3rd
Mon 		4th
Tue 		5th
Wed 		6th
Thu 		7th
Fri 		8th
Sat 		9th
Sun
File:Olympic Rings Icon.svg Ceremonies OC CC —
Aquatics File:Diving pictogram.svg Diving ● 1 ● 1 ● 1 1 1 39
File:Swimming pictogram.svg Swimming 4 5 5 5 6 6
File:Synchronized swimming pictogram.svg Synchronized swimming ● ● ● 1 1
File:Water polo pictogram.svg Water polo ● ● ● ● ● ● 1
File:Archery pictogram.svg Archery ● ● 1 1 2 4
File:Athletics pictogram.svg Athletics 2 4 4 6 5 6 6 9 1 43
File:Badminton pictogram.svg Badminton ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 4 4
File:Baseball pictogram.svg Baseball ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1
File:Basketball pictogram.svg Basketball ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1 2
File:Boxing pictogram.svg Boxing ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 6 6 12
Canoeing File:Canoeing (slalom) pictogram.svg Slalom 2 2 16
File:Canoeing (flatwater) pictogram.svg Sprint ● ● ● ● 6 6
Cycling File:Cycling (road) pictogram.svg Road cycling 2 1 10
File:Cycling (track) pictogram.svg Track cycling 1 ● 1 ● 5
File:Equestrian pictogram.svg Equestrian ● ● 2 ● 1 1 1 ● ● 1 6
File:Fencing pictogram.svg Fencing 1 1 1 1 ● 1 1 1 1 8
File:Field hockey pictogram.svg Field hockey ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1 2
File:Football pictogram.svg Football ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1
Gymnastics File:Gymnastics (artistic) pictogram.svg Artistic 1 1 1 1 4 6 15
File:Gymnastics (rhythmic) pictogram.svg Rhythmic ● 1
File:Handball pictogram.svg Handball ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 2 2
File:Judo pictogram.svg Judo 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 14
File:Modern pentathlon pictogram (pre-2025).svg Modern pentathlon ● ● ● 2 2
File:Rowing pictogram.svg Rowing ● ● ● ● ● 7 7 14
File:Sailing pictogram.svg Sailing ● ● ● ● ● 2 7 1 10
File:Shooting pictogram.svg Shooting 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 13
File:Table tennis pictogram.svg Table tennis ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1 1 1 4
File:Tennis pictogram.svg Tennis ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 2 2 4
File:Volleyball (indoor) pictogram.svg Volleyball ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1 2
File:Weightlifting pictogram.svg Weightlifting 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 9
File:Wrestling pictogram.svg Wrestling ● ● 3 3 4 ● ● 3 3 4 20
Daily medal events 9 12 14 17 19 19 22 30 18 11 12 12 22 30 10 257
Cumulative total 9 21 35 52 71 90 112 142 160 171 183 195 217 247 257
July/August 1992 24th
Fri 		25th
Sat 		26th
Sun 		27th
Mon 		28th
Tue 		29th
Wed 		30th
Thu 		31st
Fri 		1st
Sat 		2nd
Sun 		3rd
Mon 		4th
Tue 		5th
Wed 		6th
Thu 		7th
Fri 		8th
Sat 		9th
Sun 		Total events
July August

<section end="Calendar"/>

Medal table

Main article: 1992 Summer Olympics medal table

The following table reflects the top ten nations in terms of total medals won at the 1992 Games (the host nation is highlighted).

RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1File:Olympic flag.svg Unified Team453829112
2File:Flag of the United States.svg United States373437108
3File:Flag of Germany.svg Germany33212882
4File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China16221654
5File:Flag of Cuba (3-2).svg Cuba1461131
6File:Flag of Spain.svg Spain*137222
7File:Flag of South Korea (1984-1997).svg South Korea1251229
8File:Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary1112730
9File:Flag of France.svg France851629
10File:Flag of Australia.svg Australia791127
Totals (10 entries)196159169524

Broadcasting

International signal

In order to guarantee that the international signal was produced objectively and impartially, for the first time in Olympic history, a host broadcaster was expressly created for each of the 1992 Olympic Games instead of delegating responsibility to a national host broadcaster. The Albertville Organizing Committee created the Organisme de radio télévision olympique '92 (ORTO'92) for the Winter Olympics and the Barcelona Organizing Committee created the Ràdio Televisió Olímpica '92 (RTO'92) for the Summer Olympics.[24] RTO'92 managed the staff and the production and technical resources hired to Radiotelevisión Española (RTVE), the Corporació Catalana de Ràdio i Televisió (CCRTV) and the European Broadcasting Union (EBU). With a workforce of 3,083 people, a permanent radio and television installation at the Olympic Stadium and Palau Sant Jordi, and over 50 mobile units for other venues, RTO'92 provided live coverage of all Summer Olympic sports for the first time ever –except for a few preliminary events–, some 2,800 hours of live television footage, to its international rights-holders. The International Broadcast Centre (IBC) was located at the exhibition halls of Fira de Barcelona in Montjuïc.[24] NHK and Panasonic developed the 1/2" DX digital system used to record the Games digitally for the first time. Also new were the underwater camera dolly on a track at the bottom of the swimming pool, the underwater microcameras at the bottom of the water polo pool, the periscope camera capable of transmit shots from below and above the water, the overhead camera dolly on a track along the canopy of the Olympic Stadium for the 35 metres (115 ft) high zenithal shot of the athletics track, the stabilized optic gyro-zoom cameras, the super slow motion PAL camera and the microcamera on the high jump bar.[24]

Personalized coverage

To cover the Games, major international broadcasting unions such as the Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union (ABU), the European Broadcasting Union (EBU), the International Radio and Television Organisation (OIRT), the Organización de Televisión Iberoamericana (OTI), the Arab States Broadcasting Union (ASBU), the Caribbean Broadcasting Union (CBU) and the Union of African National Television and Radio Organizations (URTNA), secured the rights for their member broadcasters in their countries. In other countries, broadcast networks secured the rights directly or pooled to secure the rights. The Games were covered by the following television and radio broadcasters:[25]

Territory Television Radio
File:Flag of Algeria.svg Algeria ENTV
File:Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina
File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia Seven Network ABC
File:Flag of Austria.svg Austria ORF ORF
File:Flag of Belarus (1918, 1991–1995).svg Belarus btv
File:Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium
File:Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil
File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria BNT
File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada
File:Flag of Chile.svg Chile
File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China CCTV CPBS
File:Flag of Colombia.svg Colombia Canal A
File:Flag of Croatia.svg Croatia HRT HRT
File:Flag of Cuba.svg Cuba ICRT ICRT
File:Flag of Cyprus.svg Cyprus CyBC
File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czechoslovakia ČST Czechoslovak Radio
File:Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark DR DR
File:Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt ERTU ERTU
File:Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia ETV
File:Flag of Finland.svg Finland Yle Yle
File:Flag of France.svg France
File:Flag of Germany.svg Germany
ARD
File:Flag of Greece.svg Greece ERT ERT
File:Flag of Hong Kong 1959.svg Hong Kong
File:Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary MTV Magyar Rádió
File:Flag of Iceland.svg Iceland RÚV RÚV
File:Flag of India.svg India Doordarshan
File:Flag of Indonesia.svg Indonesia
Radio Republik Indonesia
File:Flag of Iran.svg Iran Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting
File:Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland RTÉ RTÉ
File:Flag of Israel.svg Israel IBA IBA
File:Flag of Italy.svg Italy RAI RAI
File:Flag of Japan (1870-1999).svg Japan
File:Flag of Jordan.svg Jordan JRTV
File:Flag of Lebanon.svg Lebanon Télé Liban
File:Flag of Libya (1977–2011).svg Libya LJBC
File:Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania LTV
File:Flag of Luxembourg.svg Luxembourg RTL RTL
File:Flag of Portugal.svg Macau
TDM
File:Flag of Malaysia.svg Malaysia
RTM
File:Flag of Malta.svg Malta MBA
File:Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico Televisa
File:Flag of Monaco.svg Monaco RMC RMC
File:Flag of Mongolia.svg Mongolia MNB
File:Flag of Morocco.svg Morocco RTM RTM
File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands NOS NOS
File:Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand TVNZ RNZ
File:Flag of Norway.svg Norway NRK NRK
File:Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan PTV PBC
File:Flag of the Philippines (navy blue).svg Philippines ABS-CBN
File:Flag of Poland.svg Poland TVP PR S.A.
File:Flag of Portugal.svg Portugal RTP RDP
File:Flag of Puerto Rico (1952-1995).svg Puerto Rico WIPR
File:Flag of Romania.svg Romania TVR Radio România
File:Flag of Russia (1991–1993).svg Russia
File:Flag of Singapore.svg Singapore SBC Channel 12
File:Flag of Slovenia.svg Slovenia RTVSLO RTVSLO
File:Flag of South Africa (1982–1994).svg South Africa SABC
File:Flag of South Korea (1984–1997).svg South Korea
File:Flag of Spain.svg Spain TVE
File:Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden SVT SR
File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Switzerland
SRG SSR
File:Flag of the Republic of China.svg Taiwan
File:Flag of Thailand.svg Thailand
File:Flag of Tunisia.svg Tunisia ERTT
File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey TRT TRT
File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom BBC One BBC Radio 4
File:Flag of the United States.svg United States NBC
File:Flag of Venezuela (1954–2006).svg Venezuela Venevisión

HDTV coverage

The 1992 Winter and Summer Olympics were the first in which a comprehensive coverage in high-definition television (HDTV) was attempted. The European HDTV broadcast of the Summer Olympics was managed by the joint venture "Barcelona 1250" created by RTO'92, RTVE, Retevisión and PESA, with the financial support of the European Economic Community and a workforce of over 300 production and technical staff. A total of 225 hours and 45 minutes was broadcast in analog HD-MAC standard in 1,250 lines and 16:9 aspect ratio, with commentary in five languages –Spanish, English, French, German and Italian– in addition to the non-commentary sound track, of eighteen different sports at seventeen venues, as well as the opening and closing ceremonies. Events from five venues were covered live –80% of the total broadcast time– and other events were recorded for a delayed broadcast. On-screen text and graphics were shown in HDTV for the first time ever. Nearly 700 viewing sites installed throughout Europe, including the fifty HDTV receivers installed in various pavilions at the Seville Universal Exposition, were able to receive the broadcast.[26] For Japan, NHK also covered the 1992 Summer Olympics in HDTV in their own analog Hi-Vision system.[27]

Terrorism

The Basque nationalist group ETA attempted to disrupt the Barcelona Games with terrorist attacks. It was already feared beforehand that ETA would use the Olympics to gain publicity for their cause in front of a worldwide audience.[28] As the time of the Games approached,[29] ETA committed attacks in Barcelona and the Catalonia region as a whole, including the deadly 1991 Vic bombing.[30][31] On 10 July 1992, the group offered a two-month truce covering the Olympics in exchange for negotiations, which the Spanish government rejected.[32] However, the Games went ahead successfully without an attack.[33]

Effect on the city

File:050529 Barcelona 049.jpg
Frank Gehry's Fish sculpture in front of the Hotel Arts (left) and the Torre Mapfre (right) in the Olympic Village neighbourhood

The celebration of the 1992 Olympic Games had an enormous impact on the urban culture and outward projection of Barcelona. The Games provided billions of dollars for infrastructure investments, which are considered to have improved the quality of life in the city, and its attraction for investment and tourism.[34] Barcelona became one of the most visited cities in Europe after Paris, London, and Rome.[35][36] Barcelona's nomination for the 1992 Summer Olympics sparked the implementation of an ambitious plan for urban transformation that had already been developed previously.[37] Barcelona was opened to the sea with the construction of the Olympic Village and Olympic Port in Poblenou. New centers were created, and modern sports facilities were built in the Olympic zones of Montjuïc, Diagonal, and Vall d'Hebron; hotels were also refurbished and new ones built. The construction of ring roads around the city helped to reduce traffic density, and El Prat airport was modernized and expanded with the opening of two new terminals.[38]

Cost and cost overrun

The Oxford Olympics Study[39] estimates the direct costs of the Barcelona 1992 Summer Olympics to be US$9.7 billion (expressed in 2015 U.S. dollars) with a cost overrun of 266%. This includes only sports-related costs, that is: (i) operational costs incurred by the organizing committee for the purpose of staging the Games, e.g., expenditures for technology, direct transportation, workforce, administration, security, catering, ceremonies, and medical services; and (ii) direct capital costs incurred by the host city and country or private investors to build the competition venues, the Olympic village, international broadcast center, media and press center, and similar structures required to host the Games. Costs excluded from the study are indirect capital and infrastructure costs, such as for road, rail, or airport infrastructure, or for hotel upgrades or other business investment incurred in preparation for the Games.[39][40] The costs for Barcelona 1992 may be compared with those of London 2012, which cost US$15 billion with a cost overrun of 76%, and those of Rio 2016 which cost US$4.6 billion with a cost overrun of 51%. The average cost for the Summer Olympics since 1960 is US$5.2 billion, with an average cost overrun of 176%.[39][40]

Songs and themes

There were two main musical themes for the 1992 Games. The first one was "Barcelona", a classical crossover song composed five years earlier by Freddie Mercury and Mike Moran; Mercury was an admirer of lyric soprano Montserrat Caballé, both recorded the official theme as a duet. Due to Mercury's death eight months earlier, the duo was unable to perform the song together during the opening ceremony. A recording of the song instead played over a travelogue of the city at the start of the opening ceremony, seconds before the official countdown.[41][42] "Amigos Para Siempre" (Friends for Life) was the other musical theme and it was official theme song of the 1992 Summer Olympics. It was written by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Don Black, and sung by Sarah Brightman and José Carreras during the closing ceremonies. Ryuichi Sakamoto composed and conducted some musical pieces at the opening ceremony musical score.[43] The Opening Olympic fanfare was composed by Angelo Badalamenti and with orchestrations by Joseph Turrin.

Mascot

Main article: Cobi and Petra
File:Figureta d'en Cobi (2).jpg
Cobi

The official mascot was Cobi, a Catalan sheepdog in cubist style designed by Javier Mariscal.[44] He was widely featured in merchandising products and starred his own animated television series, The Cobi Troupe.[45]

Corporate image and identity

A renewal in Barcelona's image and corporate identity could be seen in the publication of posters, commemorative coins, stamps minted by the FNMT in Madrid, and the Barcelona 1992 Olympic Official Commemorative Medals, designed and struck in Barcelona.[46]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Barcelona 1992 Summer Olympics – Athletes, Medals & Results". olympics.com. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 19 September 2024.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Factsheet - Opening Ceremony of the Games of the Olympiad" (PDF) (Press release). International Olympic Committee. 9 October 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 August 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
  3. ↑ "Albertville 1992". www.olympic.org. Archived from the original on 7 January 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2010.
  4. ↑ Kuper, Simon (29 September 2007). "Beijing strikes gold in the propaganda Olympics". Financial Times. p. 10. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022.
  5. ↑ "The Coca Cola Olympics". The Irish Times. 5 August 1996. p. 15.
  6. ↑ "6 Ways the 1992 Olympics Transformed Barcelona". www.barcelona-metropolitan.com. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
  7. ↑ "30 years since the Olympic Games changed Barcelona for good". Open University of Catalonia. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
  8. ↑ "Barcelona 1992 Summer Olympics | Olympic Videos, Photos, News". Olympic.org. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
  9. ↑ Wren, Christopher S. (7 November 1991). "OLYMPICS; an Era Ends, Another Begins: South Africa to Go to Olympics". The New York Times.
  10. ↑ "IOC Vote History". Aldaver.com. Archived from the original on 25 May 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  11. ↑ "Philip Barker: An Olympic passage to India 40 years ago". 6 October 2023.
  12. ↑ Miller, Judith (18 October 1986). "Barcelona gets 1992 Summer Olympics" (Archives). The New York Times.
  13. ↑ "Past Olympic Host City Election Results". Archived from the original on 30 June 2011.
  14. ↑ "Ciudad Olímpica: La parábola del suspiro" [Olympic City: The parable of the sigh]. La Vanguardia (in español). 27 July 1992. p. 36.
  15. ↑ "Ceremonial hall of shame". BBC News. 15 September 2000. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
  16. ↑ Official Report of the Games of the XXV Olympiad, Barcelona 1992, v.4. LA84 Foundation. 1992. p. 72. ISBN 84-7868-097-7. The arrow described an arc and lit the gas issuing from the cauldron; the flame soared up to a height of three metres.
  17. ↑ "Barcelona 1992: Did you know?". IOC. 2002. Archived from the original on 4 April 2002.
  18. ↑ "Hall of Famers: 1992 United States Olympic Team". Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 18 August 2010. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
  19. ↑ "Fermin Cacho Ruiz". Olympic.org. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  20. ↑ Arnold, Chloe (11 February 2012). "Hassiba Boulmerka: Defying death threats to win gold". BBC News. Algiers.
  21. ↑ Farber, Michael (30 July 1996). "On the Bright Side". CNN/SI. Archived from the original on 16 September 2000.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 1992 Olympics Official Report. Part IV. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 24 October 2012. List of participants by NOC's and sport.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Barcelona 1992 Opening Ceremony - Full Length on YouTube
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Official Report of the Games of the XXV Olympiad, Barcelona 1992. Vol. 3. International Olympic Committee. 1992. pp. 64–69. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
  25. ↑ Miquel de Moragas, Nancy Kay Rivenburgh, ed. (1995). Television in the Olympics : international research project (illustrated ed.). James F. Larson. pp. 257–260. ISBN 978-0861965380. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
  26. ↑ Romero, M.; Gavilán, E. (Winter 1992). "HDTV coverage of the Barcelona Olympic Games" (PDF). EBU Technical Review. European Broadcasting Union: 16–24. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
  27. ↑ Yukio, Omori (1993). "Current State of Japanese HDTV" (PDF). Journal of Japanese Trade & Industry (6): 36–38. Retrieved 14 November 2022.
  28. ↑ Fussey, Pete; Coaffee, Jon; Hobbs, Dick (April 2011). Securing and Sustaining the Olympic City: Reconfiguring London for 2012 and Beyond. Routledge. p. 48. ISBN 9780754679455.
  29. ↑ "CTV News - CTV News Channel". www.ctvnews.ca. Retrieved 17 January 2019.
  30. ↑ "Spain Tackles Terrorist Threat By Basques to Olympics, Expo". Christian Science Monitor. 1 April 1992. Retrieved 17 January 2019.
  31. ↑ Finkelstein, Beth; Koch, Noel (11 August 1991). "The Threat to the Games in Spain". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 30 July 2018.
  32. ↑ "Eta rebuffed". The Independent. 13 July 1992. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2019.
  33. ↑ Thompson, Wayne C (31 August 2017). Western Europe 2017-2018. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781475835090.
  34. ↑ Brunet, Ferran (2005). "The economic impact of the Barcelona Olympic Games, 1986–2004" (PDF). Autonomous University of Barcelona. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 April 2009.
  35. ↑ Payne, Bob (6 August 2008). "The Olympics Effect". MSNBC. Archived from the original on 2 September 2008.
  36. ↑ Bremner, Caroline (11 October 2007). "Top 150 City Destinations: London Leads the Way". Euromonitor International. Archived from the original on 1 September 2009.
  37. ↑ Brunet, Ferran (1995). "An economic analysis of the Barcelona '92 Olympic Games: resources, financing, and impact" (PDF). Autonomous University of Barcelona. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 September 2017.
  38. ↑ Beard, Matthew (22 March 2011). "Lessons of Barcelona: 1992 Games provided model for London... and few warnings". London Evening Standard. Archived from the original on 5 April 2011. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 Flyvbjerg, Bent; Stewart, Allison; Budzier, Alexander (2016). The Oxford Olympics Study 2016: Cost and Cost Overrun at the Games. Oxford: Saïd Business School Working Papers (Oxford: University of Oxford). pp. 18–20. SSRN 2804554.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Joe Myers (29 July 2016). "The cost of hosting every Olympics since 1964" (Based on working paper from The University of Oxford and Said Business School). World Economic Forum.
  41. ↑ "Barcelona 92: 11 momentos inolvidables de aquellos Juegos Olímpicos (VÍDEOS, FOTOS)". The Huffington Post (in español). 25 July 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
  42. ↑ "Barcelona 92: inicio de la ceremonia". YouTube. Archived from the original on 21 December 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2011.
  43. ↑ Illness, Critical (3 September 2010). "Doreen D'Agostino Media " Ryuichi Sakamoto and Decca". Doreendagostinomedia.com. Retrieved 23 March 2011.
  44. ↑ "Barcelona 1992 - Summer Games Mascots". Olympic.org. IOC. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
  45. ↑ Guiral, Antoni (3 April 1991). ""The Cobi Troupe" will be released in Spain next October". El País (in español). Retrieved 7 May 2023.
  46. ↑ "Catálogo de Monedas: Moneda | Various Pesetas (Mint set 1992)" (in español). Connect | FNMT. 2020.

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