Penile injury

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Penile injury

A penile injury is a medical emergency that afflicts the penis. Common injuries include fracture, avulsion injury, strangulation, entrapment, and amputation.[1]

Epidemiology

Penetrating and blunt traumas combined make up approximately 90% of all civilian penile injuries (45% each), with burns and other accidents making up the remaining 10%.[1]

Types

Fracture

Main article: Penile fracture
A still from a 3D medical animation showing tunica albuginea.

Degloving and avulsion

3D medical animation still showing skin grafting in case of penile injury.

Degloving and avulsion injuries involve the removal of the penis skin, which is a serious medical emergency. Treatment of these injuries involves either closure of the torn skin, or a skin graft to replace the skin lost in the injury. Skin grafts are constructed to attempt to preserve erectile function and sensation.[1]

Soft-tissue injuries

Strangulation

(A) A case of penile strangulation by a cable tie at the root of the penis. Both veins and arteries were compressed. (B) Penile ulcer at the root of the penis one week after the removal of the encircled object. The strangulation caused the permanent loss of sensation of the penis.

Strangulation injuries to the penis, also called incarceration injuries, are caused by hair, rubber bands, or other objects.[2][3] Hair strangulation may be hard to diagnose due to the anatomy of the penis; the hair causing the strangulation may be hidden under the coronal sulcus if it is swollen.[4] In adults, strangulation injuries that require medical treatment can be caused by a variety of objects typically used for the purpose of sexual gratification, extending the time of an erection, or enuresis, including metal rings, which must be removed by specialized cutting instruments. The object can also be removed by decompressing the penis.[2][3] Because the vasculature of the penis is compressed, a variety of complications can result from strangulation injuries, depending on whether the veins, arteries, or both are compressed, including mild, reversible vascular obstruction; ischemic necrosis; gangrene and kidney damage; lymphedema; ulceration; urethrocutaneous fistula, loss of sensation; urethral injury; sepsis; and autoamputation.[3] Penile strangulation injuries that require medical attention are rare: since their first description in 1755, there have been approximately 60–120 reported cases. Though usually acute, cases of chronic strangulation and acute cases lasting up to one month have been reported.[3][5] Various objects have been involved in cases of strangulation:

Entrapment

The most common soft-tissue injury is an entrapment injury involving the skin of the penis caught in a zipper; these injuries are particularly common in young children who are uncircumcised and are always superficial. They are treated by removing the zipper with local anesthesia using a bone cutter, lubrication, or hacksaw, dismantling the zipper, or removing the affected tissue, and can be prevented in most situations by circumcision, since the foreskin is the most commonly affected tissue.[12][2] If not treated promptly, the affected tissue can swell and become infected.[2] In some cases, emergency circumcision is necessary.[4]

Other

Other soft-tissue injuries to the penis can be caused by burns, animal bites, and human bites.[12] Animal bites are common in children, and dogs are the most common animals involved. Though typically not severe, animal bites can cause amputation or infection.[1][2] Treatment for animal bites and human bites involves antibiotic treatment and closure of the wounds by secondary intention because they are contaminated.[1] Penis burns can be very severe and often require specialized care in a burn unit to prevent contractures, severe scarring, or other complications including lymphedema, hypospadias, or necrosis.[4] This treatment can involve debridement, skin grafts, antibiotics, and the use of a suprapubic catheter. Because of its thin skin, the penis is susceptible to full-thickness, third-degree burns. Burns to the penis typically co-occur with other severe burns. Most thermal penis burns are first or second degree burns caused by flame; some are caused by grease or boiling water. Electrical burns are typically deeper than thermal burns and require more extensive tissue removal.[1]

Amputation

Replantation of an amputated penis can be done up to 24 hours after the injury, though fewer than 16 hours of cold ischemia or 6 hours of warm ischemia leads to the best outcomes. If replantation is not possible or desired, a penile stump can be closed and phalloplasty could be performed later.[1]

Penetration

Penetrating injuries can be caused by accidents during sexual activities (typically, by foreign objects inserted into the urethra), by weapons (i.e. bullets) during wartime, or by stabbing. These injuries can have varying severity and be superficial, affect the corpora cavernosa, other soft tissue, and/or urethra.[13][12][2] In 50% of cases, the urethra is injured.[1] Some foreign objects may be removed like any other penetrating object in soft tissue; using forceps and gentle traction. However, if the foreign object was inserted into the urethra or has damaged the urethra transversely, urethography is used to avoid further injury to the urinary tract while removing the object.[4] Penetrating injuries make up approximately 45% of civilian penile injuries.[1]

Classification

Organ Injury Scale[12]
Grade Description of injury
I Superficial injury to the skin (laceration or contusion)
II Injury to the cavernosa/Buck's fascia, no tissue loss
III Avulsion or laceration through the urethral meatus, glans, or cavernosa, or urethral damage less than 2 cm in size
IV Partial penectomy (amputation) or a cavernosal/urethral injury more than 2 cm in size
V Complete penectomy (amputation or replacement)

Causes

Abnormally curved, bruised penis. Eggplant sign.
3
Penile injury by self-mutilation involves injury to the glans penis by a needle puncture (left) or to the root of the penis by hanging a heavy-duty combination vise that clamped the penis (right). The type of injury from these self-harming behaviors varies from skin laceration to total amputation of the penis.

Diagnosis

Most penile trauma can be diagnosed by history and physical examination, hearing 'snapping' or 'popping' sound, immediate penile pain, swollen, bruised (often known as eggplant deformity), some may notice blood over the urethral meatus.[14] But in some cases, ultrasonography can indicate the extent of the injury and help a clinician decide if the injured person needs surgical treatment.[15] It is important to rule out urethral injury in those with penile injury, as it is a urological emergency that may result in significant morbidity if left untreated.[16]

Treatment

The type of injury dictates the treatment; however, surgery is a common treatment. Most traumatic penile injury warrant an emergency repairing surgery to prevent complications and maintain functionality of the penis sexually and urologically. Catheterization is usually a part of treatment for penis injuries; when the urethra is intact, urethral catheterization may be used, but if it has been injured, suprapubic catheterization is used. Some injuries, including animal bites, are also treated with antibiotics, irrigation, and rabies prophylaxis.[2]

Complications

Common complications from penile injury are erectile dysfunction, abnormal penile curvature, penile abscess, formation of fibrotic plaques, painful erection, urethral stricture, uretherocutaneous or corporourethral fistula.[17]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Chang, Andrew J.; Brandes, Steven B. (2013-08-01). "Advances in diagnosis and management of genital injuries". The Urologic Clinics of North America. 40 (3): 427–438. doi:10.1016/j.ucl.2013.04.013. ISSN 1558-318X. PMID 23905941.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Kim, Jae Heon; Park, Jae Young; Song, Yun Seob (2014-01-01). "Traumatic penile injury: from circumcision injury to penile amputation". BioMed Research International. 2014: 375285. doi:10.1155/2014/375285. ISSN 2314-6141. PMC 4164514. PMID 25250318.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Ivanovski, Ognen; Stankov, Oliver; Kuzmanoski, Marjan; Saidi, Skender; Banev, Saso; Filipovski, Vanja; Lekovski, Ljupco; Popov, Zivko (2007-11-01). "Penile strangulation: two case reports and review of the literature". The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 4 (6): 1775–1780. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00601.x. ISSN 1743-6095. PMID 17888068.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Dubin, Jeffrey; Davis, Jonathan E. (2011). "Penile Emergencies". Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America. 29 (3): 485–499. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2011.04.006. PMID 21782070.
  5. ↑ Li, Chao; Xu, Yue-Min; Chen, Rong; Deng, Chen-Liang (2013-07-01). "An effective treatment for penile strangulation". Molecular Medicine Reports. 8 (1): 201–204. doi:10.3892/mmr.2013.1456. ISSN 1791-3004. PMID 23652299.
  6. ↑ Osborne, Hannah (2016-11-16). "Doctors report rare case of penile strangulation after man puts wedding ring on penis". International Business Times UK. Archived from the original on 2017-02-02. Retrieved 2017-01-28.
  7. ↑ "Man with penis stuck in ring suffered three days of pain". Nation. TheStar.com.my. Archived from the original on 2017-02-02. Retrieved 2017-01-28.
  8. ↑ Haines, Lester (10 February 2016). "Firemen free chap's todger from four-ring chokehold". The Register. Archived from the original on 2017-02-02. Retrieved 2017-01-28.
  9. ↑ "Inhaled Condoms And Vacuum Cleaner Hose Mishaps: The Wackiest Sex Injuries In Medical Literature". Archived from the original on 2017-02-02. Retrieved 2017-01-28.
  10. ↑ Nuzzo, Regina. "Good Vibrations: U.S. Consumer Web Site Aims to Enhance Sex Toy Safety". Scientific American. Archived from the original on 2014-03-04. Retrieved 2017-01-28.
  11. ↑ Mirror.co.uk (2016-10-16). "Man tries pleasuring himself with a bottle - things go horrifically wrong". mirror. Archived from the original on 2017-02-03. Retrieved 2017-01-28.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :0
  13. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :4
  14. ↑ Metzler, Ian S.; Reed-Maldonado, Amanda B.; Lue, Tom F. (2017-09-16). "Suspected penile fracture: to operate or not to operate?". Translational Andrology and Urology. 6 (5): 981–986. doi:10.21037/tau.2017.07.25. ISSN 2223-4691. PMC 5673800. PMID 29184800.
  15. ↑ Nicola, Refky; Carson, Nancy; Dogra, Vikram S. (2014-06-01). "Imaging of traumatic injuries to the scrotum and penis". AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology. 202 (6): W512–520. doi:10.2214/AJR.13.11676. ISSN 1546-3141. PMID 24848844.
  16. ↑ Nelson, Quentin; Leslie, Stephen W.; Baker, Jeff (2020), "Urethral Injury", StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing, PMID 32119462, archived from the original on 2024-05-03, retrieved 2020-05-05
  17. ↑ "Penile Fracture and Trauma: Practice Essentials, Background, Relevant Anatomy". 2019-11-09. Archived from the original on 2024-02-11. Retrieved 2024-05-03.
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