List of people and organizations sanctioned in relation to human rights violations in Belarus
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Since the 1990s, Belarus has been actively criticized by the United States, the European Union, the OSCE and the United Nations for human rights violations and electoral fraud. Various Belarusian officials, businesspeople with links to the authoritarian regime of Alexander Lukashenko and their companies have been subject to various sanctions involving asset freeze and travel bans.
US sanctions[1]
Individuals
Political leadership, propaganda
| Name | Position | Main accusations | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alexander Lukashenko | President of Belarus | ||
| Lidia Yermoshina | Chair of the Central Election Commission of Belarus | Central figure behind massive centralized election fraud in Belarus | |
| Natalia Petkevich | First Deputy Head of the Administration of the President of Belarus in 2004-2010 | ||
| Viktor Lukashenko | Assistant/Aid to the President in National Security Affairs. Son of president Alexander Lukashenko | ||
| Alexander Radkov | Former Minister of Education, now leader of the Belaya Rus movement and Deputy Head of the Presidential Administration | ||
| Vladimir Rusakevich | Deputy Head of the Presidential Administration | ||
| Alexander Zimovsky | Former Head of the National State Television and Radio Company of the Republic of Belarus, adviser on propaganda |
Law enforcement
| Name | Position | Main accusations | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| Yuri Podobed | Former commander of Minsk riot police unit | Violence against demonstrators in the late 1990s and early 2000s | |
| Uladzimir Navumau | Minister of Internal Affairs of Belarus in 2000-2009 | Responsible for repressions against opposition activists during the 2004 referendum campaign, 2006 presidential elections, etc. | |
| Viktor Sheiman | Former Secretary of the Security Council, special adviser to president Lukashenka | Accused of the disappearance of opposition leaders in 1999-2000 | |
| Stepan Sukhorenko | Head of the KGB of Belarus in 2005 - 2007, including during the 2006 Belarusian presidential election | ||
| Dmitri Pavlichenko | Head of the Belarusian Special Rapid Reaction Unit | Accused of involvement into the disappearance of opposition leader Viktar Hanchar in 1999 |
Judiciary
| Name | Position | Main accusations | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| Piotr Miklashevich | Member of the Constitutional Court of Belarus | Formal justification of political repressions and electoral fraud | |
| Aleh Slizheuski | Justice Minister of Belarus | Formal justification of political repressions and electoral fraud | |
| Viktar Halavanau | Former Minister of Justice | Formal justification of political repressions and electoral fraud |
Businesspeople and their immediate relatives
| Name | Position | Main accusations | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nebojša Karić | Key figure in Dana Holdings and its subsidiaries | Close associate of Lukashenko | Serbian/Cypriot national, son of Bogoljub Karić |
Companies
| Name | Remarks |
|---|---|
| Belneftekhim | including Belneftekhim USA Inc. |
| Polotsk-Steklovolokno | |
| Grodno Azot | |
| Lakokraska | |
| Belarusian Oil Trade House | |
| Naftan | |
| Grodno Khimvolokno | |
| Belshina |
Other
| Name | Remarks |
|---|---|
| Belarus Olympic Committee | Presided by Viktor Lukashenko |
EU sanctions list following 2006 presidential elections[2]
Senior state leadership
| Name | Position |
|---|---|
| Alexander Lukashenko | President of Belarus |
| Gennady Nevyglas | Head of the President's Administration |
| Natalia Petkevich | Deputy Head of President's administration |
| Anatoly Rubinov | Deputy Head in charge of media and ideology, PA |
| Oleg Proleskovsky | Aide and Head of the Main Ideological department, PA |
| Alexander Radkov | Minister of Education |
| Vladimir Rusakevich | Minister of Information |
| Alexander Zimovsky | Member of the Upper House of the Parliament; Head of the national state teleradio company |
| Vladimir Konoplyev | Chairman of the Lower House of the Parliament |
| Nikolai Cherginets | Chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the Upper House |
| Sergei Kostyan | Chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the Lower House |
| Mikhail Orda | Member of the Upper House, leader of the BRSM |
| Leonid Kozik | Head of the Federation of Trade Unions |
Election organization
| Name | Position |
|---|---|
| Lydia Yermoshina | Chairwoman of the Central Election Commission of Belarus |
| Nikolai Lozovik | Deputy Head of the Central Election Commission of Belarus |
| Koleda Alexandr Mikhailovich | Chairman of the Elections Commission of the Brest Region |
| Mikhasev Vladimir Ilyich | Chairman of the CEC of the Gomel Region |
| Luchina Leonid Aleksandrovich | Chairman of the CEC of the Grodno Region |
| Ihar Karpenka | Chairman of the CEC of Minsk |
| Kurlovich Vladimir Anatolievich | Chairman of the CEC of the Minsk Region |
| Metelitsa Nikolai Timofeevich | Chairman of the CEC of the Mogilev Region |
| Pishchulenok Mikhail Vasilievich | Chairman of the CEC of the Vitebsk Region |
State security services
| Name | Position |
|---|---|
| Stepan Sukhorenko | Chairman of KGB |
| Vasily Dementei | First Deputy, KGB |
| Viktor Sheyman | State Secretary of the Security Council |
| Dmitry Pavlichenko | Head of the Special Response Group at the Ministry of the Interior (SOBR) |
| Uladzimir Navumau | Minister of the Interior |
| Yuri Podobed | Lieutenant-Colonel of Militia, Unit for Special Purposes (OMON), Ministry of Internal Affairs |
Judiciary
| Name | Position |
|---|---|
| Viktar Halavanau | Minister of Justice |
| Petr Miklashevich | Prosecutor General |
| Oleg Slizhevsky | Head of the Division of Social organisations, parties and NGOs, Ministry of Justice |
| Aleksandr Khariton | Consultant of the Division of Social organisations, parties and NGOs of the Ministry of Justice |
| Evgeny Smirnov | First Deputy of the Chairman of the Economic Court |
| Nadezhda Reutskaya | Judge of the Moscow district of Minsk |
| Nikolai Trubnikov | Judge of the Partizanskiy district of Minsk |
| Nikolai Kupriyanov | Deputy Prosecutor General |
EU sanctions list preceding the 2010 Presidential elections
The list of sanctioned individuals was consolidated on 25 October 2010.[3] The presidential election was held on 19 December that year.[4]
EU sanctions list following 23 September 2012 elections[5]
This list of sanctioned individuals was published on 15 October 2012, following the 2012 Belarusian parliamentary election.[5]
University rectors
| Name | Position | Reasons for listing | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| Siarhei Ablameika | Rector of the Belarusian State University | Politically motivated expulsions of students | |
| Tamara Alpeyeva | Rector of International Humanitarian-Economic Institute | Politically motivated expulsions of students | |
| Mikhail Batura | Rector of Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics | Politically motivated expulsions of students | |
| Mechyslau Chasnouski | Rector of Brest State University | Politically motivated expulsions of students | |
| Piotr Kukharchyk | Rector of Maxim Tank Belarusian State Pedagogical University | Politically motivated expulsions of students |
State propaganda
| Name | Position | Reasons for listing | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| Liliya Ananich | First Deputy Minister of Information | Promotion of state propaganda | |
| Dzmitry Zhuk | Director General of the state news agency BelTA | ||
| Alexander Zimovsky | Media adviser and former president of the National State Television and Radio Company of the Republic of Belarus | "The main actor of the regime's propaganda until December 2010" | Also subject to U.S. sanctions |
| Nikolai Cherginets | Upper House of the Parliament, former Chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee; Head of the government-loyal Union of writers, Chairman of the Morality Republican Public Council |
"A close supporter of President Lukashenka, and key to the regime's propaganda and censorship" | |
| Gennady Davydko | Head of the National State Television and Radio Company of the Republic of Belarus | "Responsible for promoting state propaganda on TV, propaganda which supported and justified the repression of the democratic opposition and of civil society after the elections in December 2010." | Also subject to U.S. sanctions |
| Vadim Gigin | Editor-in-Chief of Belaruskaya Dumka, a monthly journal of the President's Administration | "One of the most vocal and influential members of the state propaganda machine in the printed press. He has supported and justified the repression of the democratic opposition and of civil society" | |
| Pavel Yakubovich | Sovetskaya Belorussiya – Belarus' Segodnya, Editor-in-Chief; Member of the Upper House of the Parliament appointed by President Lukashenka |
"One of the most vocal and influential members of the state propaganda machine in the printed press. He has supported and justified the repression of the democratic opposition and of civil society" | |
| Vsevolod Yanchevski | Presidential Administration of Belarus, Head of the Ideological Department; Assistant to the President |
"The main creator of the regime's ideology and state propaganda, which supports and justifies the repression of the democratic opposition and of civil society" | |
| Yury Koziyatko | Capital TV, TV host, General Director | His TV show "is an instrument of state propaganda which supports and justifies the repression of the democratic opposition and of civil society" | |
| Aliaksei Mikhalchanka | ONT, TV host, influential journalist | His "programme is an instrument of state propaganda on TV, which supports and justifies the repression of the democratic opposition and of civil society" | Managed to get sanctions against him lifted in 2014, following procedural flaws of EU's prolongation of sanctions in 2012[6] |
| Yuri Prokopov | Belarus-1, TV host, journalist | His TV show "is an instrument of state propaganda on TV, which supports and justifies the repression of the democratic opposition and of civil society" | |
| Oleg Proleskovsky | Minister of Information, Presidential Administration, former Deputy Head, former Head of General Directorate for Ideology and Centre of Analysis and Information |
"One of the main sources and voices of state propaganda and ideological support for the regime" | |
| Anatoli Rubinov | Upper House of the Parliament, chairman; Presidential Administration, Former Deputy Head in charge of Media and Ideology (in 2006–2008) |
"One of the main sources and voices of state propaganda and ideological support for the regime" | |
| Aleksandr Bazanov | Information and Analytical Centre of the Presidential Administration, Director | "He is one of the main sources of state propaganda, which supports and justifies the repression of the democratic opposition and of civil society." | |
| Siarhei Gardzienka | Sovetskaya Belorussiya – Belarus' Segodnya, Deputy Editor-in-Chief | "Responsible for relaying state propaganda in the printed press, which has supported and justified the repression of the democratic opposition and of civil society, systematically highlighted in a negative and derogatory way using falsified and untrue information" | |
| Aleksei Gusev | Information and Analytical Centre of the President's Administration, Former first Deputy Director | "A source and voice of state propaganda, which provokes, supports and justifies the repression of the democratic opposition and of civil society" | |
| Alena Kolas | Information and Analytical Centre of the Presidential Administration, Deputy Director | ||
| Lev Krishtapovich | Information and Analytical Centre of the Presidential Administration, Deputy Director | ||
| Igor Laptionok | Former Deputy Minister of Information | He "played a major role in promoting state propaganda which supports and justifies the repression of the democratic opposition and of civil society" | |
| Anatol Lemiashonak | Respublika, Editor-in-Chief | "In his position he is one of the most vocal and influential members of the state propaganda machine in the printed press" | |
| Mikhail Lebedik | Sovetskaya Belorussiya – Belarus' Segodnya, First deputy Editor-in-Chief | His newspaper is a "source of pro-governmental policy, falsifying facts and making unfair comments on the ongoing processes in Belarus against the democratic opposition and civil society" | |
| Hanna Shadryna | Sovetskaya Belorussiya – Belarus' Segodnya, Former Deputy Editor-in-Chief | ||
| Aleksandr Taranda | Sovetskaya Belorussiya – Belarus' Segodnya, Editor-in-Chief | ||
| Halina Tarapetskaya | Sovetskaya Belorussiya – Belarus' Segodnya, Deputy Editor-in-Chief |
Businesspeople
| Name | Position | Reasons for listing | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| Yury Chyzh | Owner of Triple LLC | Financial support to the Lukashenka regime | |
| Vladimir Peftiev | Owner of diverse assets in Belarus and abroad | Economic advice to President Lukashenka, "key financial sponsor" of the Lukashenka regime | October 2014, the sanctions were dropped by the EU Council.[7] On 9 December 2014, the General Court of European Union decided in Peftiev's and his companies' favour, annulling the sanctions and ruling that the Council of the European Union and European Commission had made mistakes while evaluating Peftiev's business activities.[8] |
| Dmitry Lukashenko | Businessman, son of president Alexander Lukashenko |
Judges and state prosecution
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| Name | Position | Reasons for listing | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| Akulich, Sviatlana | Judge of the Pukhavichy District Court | Politically motivated administrative and criminal sanctions against representatives of civil society | |
| Aliaksandrau, Dzmitry | Judge of the Supreme Economic Court | He sustained the ban of the independent radio station Autoradio | |
| Ananich, Alena | Judge at the Pyershamayski District Court of the city of Minsk | Sentencing protests participants in violation of the legislation | |
| Arkhipov, Aleksandr | Prosecutor of the Minsk Region | Repression of civil society | |
| Bodak, Alla | Deputy Minister of Justice | Responsible for the role and the action of the Ministry of Justice and the judiciary of Belarus, which are major instruments of repression of the population | |
| Bolovnev, Nikolai | Judge at the Zavodski District Court of the city of Minsk | Judicial repression of the peaceful demonstrators on 19 December 2010 | |
| Bondarenko, Sergei | Judge of the Pyershamayski District Court of Minsk | Judicial repressions. On 24 November 2011, he sentenced Ales Byalyatski, one of the most prominent human rights defenders | |
| Baranouski, Andrei | Judge at the Partyzanski District Court of the city of Minsk | Judicial repression of the peaceful demonstrators on 19 December 2010 |
State security services
| Name | Position | Accusations | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aleinikov Sergei Aleksandrovich | Major, head of operative unit of penal colony No. 17 in Shklov | Exerted pressure on political prisoners by denying their right to correspondence and meetings, issued orders to subject them to a stricter criminal regime, searches, and made threats in order to extort confessions. He was directly responsible for violating the human rights of political prisoners and opposition activists by using excessive force against them. His actions constituted a direct violation of the international commitments of Belarus in the field of human rights | |
| Orlov, Alexandr Vladimirovich | Colonel, head of the KGB detention centre in Minsk | He was personally responsible for cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment of those who were detained in the weeks and months after the crackdown on the post-election protest demonstration in Minsk on 19 December 2010. His actions constituted a direct violation of the international commitments of Belarus in the field of human rights. | |
| Atabekov, Khazalbek Bakhtibekovich | Colonel, commander of a special brigade of Interior Troops in the Uruchie suburb of Minsk. | He commanded his unit during the crackdown on the post-election protest demonstration in Minsk on 19 December 2010 where an excessive use of force was applied. His actions constituted a direct violation of the international commitments of Belarus in the field of human rights. | |
| Bakhmatov, Igor Andreevich | former Deputy Head of the KGB | Active involvement in the repression of civil society in Belarus. As a former Deputy Head of the KGB, in charge of the staff and the organisation of their tasks, Bakhmatov was responsible for the repressive work of the KGB against civil society and democratic opposition | |
| Barsukov, Aleksandr Petrovich | Colonel, Chief of Minsk police. | Since his appointment as Chief of Minsk police on 21 October 2011, he has been responsible, as commander, for the repression of approximately a dozen peaceful protesters in Minsk, who were later convicted for breaking the law on mass events. For several years he commanded police action against street protests of the opposition. | |
| Busko, Igor Yevgenyevich | Head of the KGB of the Brest Region | Responsible for the repressive work of the KGB against civil society and democratic opposition in the region of Brest, Belarus. | |
| Chernyshev, Oleg Anatolievich | Colonel, in charge of counter-terrorist unit of the KGB, the Alpha unit. | He personally participated in tortures of opposition activists in the KGB detention centre in Minsk after the crackdown on the post-election protest demonstration in Minsk 19 December 2010 | |
| Dementey, Vasili Ivanovich | Head of the Hrodna Customs regional committee, former First deputy Chairman of the KGB (2005-2007), former Deputy Head of the State Customs Committee. | Responsible for repressions against civil society and the democratic opposition, in particular in 2006-2007 | |
| Dedkov, Leonid Nikolaevich | Deputy Head of the KGB | Shares responsibility for the repressive work of the KGB against civil society and democratic opposition. | |
| Farmagey, Leonid Konstantinovich | Deputy Head of the academy of the Ministry of Interior. Before June 2011 – Police Commander of the City of Minsk | Has been actively involved in the repression of civil society in Belarus. In his former role (until June 2011) as, he commanded the Minsk militia forces that brutally repressed a demonstration on 19 December 2010. | |
| Gaidukevich Valeri Vladimirovich | Deputy Minister of Interior. Commander of internal troops, and Member of Parliament in the Lower Chamber | As a commander of internal troops, he was responsible for the violent repression of the demonstration on 19 December 2010 in Minsk, where his troops were the first to be actively involved. | |
| Gerasimenko, Gennadi Anatolievich | Deputy Head of the Institute of National Security (KGB school) and former Head of the KGB of the Vitebsk Region | Responsible for the repressive work of the KGB against civil society and democratic opposition in the region of Vitebsk. | |
| Gureev Sergei Viktorovich, | Former Deputy Minister of Interior and Head of Preliminary Investigation | Has been actively involved in the repression of civil society in Belarus. As a former Deputy Minister of Interior and Head of Preliminary Investigation, he was responsible for the violent suppression of protests and violations of human rights during investigation proceedings in relation to the December 2010 elections. Joined the reserve forces in February 2012 | |
| Yaruta, Viktor Gueorguevich | Head of the KGB Board on State Communications | Responsible for the repressive work of the KGB against civil society and democratic opposition. | |
| Yevseyev, Igor Vladimirovich | Head of the regional Vitebsk police. Former Deputy Head of Minsk Police and Head of the Minsk anti-riot (OMON) operation team. | He commanded the troops that put down the peaceful demonstrations on 19 December 2010 and personally took part in the brutality, for which he received an award and an acknowledgement letter from President Lukashenko in February 2011. In 2011, he also commanded the troops that repressed several other protests by political activists and citizens in Minsk | |
| Ivanov, Sergey | Deputy Head of Supply Division of the Ideological and Personnel Directorate of the Minsk Municipal Department of Interior | In February 2011, he received an award and an acknowledgement letter from President Lukashenko for his active participation and implementation of orders during the repression of the 19 December 2010 demonstrations | |
| Kadin, Roman | Commanding officer of Weaponry and Technical Supply of the Motorised Patrol Service | In February 2011, he received an award and an acknowledgement letter from President Lukashenka for his active participation and implementation of orders during the repression of the 19 December 2010 demonstrations | |
| Kalach, Vladimir Viktorovich | Head of the KGB of the Minsk Region and city of Minsk and former Deputy Head of the KGB for Minsk | Responsible for the repressive work of the KGB civil society and the democratic opposition in Minsk | |
| Kovalev, Aleksandr Mikhailovich | Director of the prison camp in Gorki | He was responsible for the inhuman treatment of the detainees, especially for persecution and torturous treatment of civil society activist Dzmitry Dashkevich, who was imprisoned in relation to the 19 December 2010 elections and the crackdown on civil society and on the democratic opposition | |
| Korzh, Ivan Alekseevich | Head of the KGB of the Hrodna Region | Responsible for the repressive work of the KGB against civil society and democratic opposition in the region of Hrodna | |
| Krashevski, Viktor | Head of the GRU. | Responsible for the work of the intelligence services in the repression of civil society and of the democratic opposition. | |
| Kuleshov, Anatoli Nilovich | Former Minister of Interior | Has been actively involved in the repression of civil society in Belarus. In his former role as Minister of Interior he commanded the troops of the Ministry of Interior that brutally repressed the peaceful demonstrations on 19 December 2010 and showed some pride for this responsibility. Assigned to the army reserve forces in January 2012. | |
| Kuznetsov, Igor Nikonovich | Head of KGB Training Centre, former Head of the KGB in the Minsk Region and in Minsk city. | As the person responsible for preparing and training KGB staff, he was responsible for the repressive work of the KGB against civil society and the democratic opposition. In relation to his previous functions, he was responsible for the same repressive work of the KGB in Minsk city and in the region of Minsk. | |
| Leskovski, Ivan Anatolievich | Head of the KGB for Homel and former Deputy Head of the KGB for Homel | Responsible for the repressive work of the KGB against civil society and democratic opposition in the region of Homel | |
| Lukomski, Aleksandr Valentinovich | Commander of the Special Regiment of the Ministry of Interior of the City of Minsk | He commanded the troops that repressed a peaceful demonstration on 19 December 2010, for which he received an award and an acknowledgement letter from President Lukashenko in February 2011. In June 2011, he also commanded troops that repressed peaceful citizens in Minsk | |
| Maltsev, Leonid Semenovich | Secretary of the Security Council | Responsible for all state security services. He planned and ordered the repression of peaceful demonstrations on 19 December 2010. | |
| Maslakov, Valeri Anatolievich | Head of the KGB Board of Intelligence | Responsible for the repressive work of the KGB against civil society and the democratic opposition | |
| Naumov, Vladimir Vladimirovich | Former Minister of Interior and also former Head of the President's Security Service. | Failed to take action to investigate the case of the unresolved disappearances of Yury Zacharanka, Viktar Hanchar, Anatoly Krasovski and Dzmitry Zavadski in Belarus in 1999-2000 | Remained on the sanctions list after 2016 |
| Yuri Podobed | Head of the security service of the holding company Triple of Yury Chyzh, former Head of the Unit for Special Purposes, Ministry of Interior | As a commander of internal anti-riot troops he was directly responsible for and was directly involved in the violent repression of peaceful demonstrations, notably in 2004 and 2008 | |
| Pavlichenko, Dmitry Valerievich | Former Head of the Special Response Group at the Ministry of Interior (SOBR). | Key person in the unresolved disappearances of opposition leaders Yury Zacharanka, Viktar Hanchar, opposition sponsor Anatoly Krasovski, and journalist Dzmitry Zavadski in Belarus in 1999-2000 | Remained on the sanctions list after 2016 |
| Pekarski, Oleg Anatolievich | former first Deputy Minister of Interior | Has been actively involved in the repression of civil society in Belarus. Responsible for the repression of civil society following the December 2010 elections | |
| Poluden, Yevgeni Yevgenyevich | Former Deputy Minister of Interior and Head of the militia (police) | Under his command, militia forces brutally repressed the peaceful demonstrations on 19 December 2010. | |
| Sanko, Ivan Ivanovich | Major, senior investigator of the KGB | He conducted investigations which included the use of falsified evidence against opposition activists in the KGB detention centre in Minsk after the crackdown on the post-election protest demonstration in Minsk on December 19, 2010. His actions constituted a clear violation of the human rights by denying the right to a fair trial and the international commitments of Belarus in the field of human rights | |
| Shamyonov, Vadim Igorevich | Captain, head of operative unit of penal colony No. 17 in Shklov | Exerted pressure on political prisoners, denying their right to correspondence, and made threats in order to extort confessions. Directly responsible for violating the human rights of political prisoners and opposition activists by the use of cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment. His actions constituted a direct violation of the international commitments of Belarus in the field of human rights | |
| Shugaev, Sergei Mikhailovich | Head of the KGB Counter-Intelligence Division and former Deputy Head of the KGB Counter-Intelligence Board | Responsible for the repressive work of the KGB against civil society and the democratic opposition | |
| Igor Sergeenko | Head of the KGB of the City District of Mahiliou | Responsible for the repressive work of the KGB against civil society and democratic opposition in the region of Mahiliou. | |
| Sivakov, Yury Leonidovich | Former Minister of Interior and former Deputy Head of the Presidential Administration | Orchestrated the unresolved disappearances of Yury Zacharanka, Viktar Hanchar, Anatoly Krasovski and Dzmitry Zavadski in Belarus in 1999–2000. Deputy rector of Minsk Institute of Management, former Minister of Tourism and Sports, former Minister of Interior and former Deputy Head of the Presidential Administration. | Remained on the sanctions list after 2016 |
| Smolenski, Nikolai Zinovievich | Deputy Head of CIS Anti-terrorism Centre and former Deputy Head of the KGB, in charge of staff and the organisation of their tasks | Responsible for the repressive work of the KGB against civil society and democratic opposition | |
| Sukhorenko, Stepan Nikolaevich | Ambassador of the Belarusian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, former chairman of the KGB | He threatened peaceful activists before demonstrations in 2006, and was one of the main actors in the repression after the fraudulent elections of the democratic opposition and of civil society. He was also the initiator of repressive legislative amendments and laws against the democratic opposition and civil society | |
| Sukhov, Dmitri Vyacheslavovich | Lieutenant-Colonel, operative of the military counter-intelligence of the KGB | He falsified evidence and used threats and excessive force in order to extort confessions from opposition activists in the KGB detention centre in Minsk after the crackdown on the post-election protest demonstration in Minsk on 19 December 2010 | |
| Svorob, Nikolai Konstantinovich | Former Deputy Head of the KGB | He has been actively involved in the repression of civil society in Belarus. He was responsible for the repressive work of the KGB against civil society and democratic opposition | |
| Tolstashov, Aleksandr Olegovich | Head of the KGB Board on Protection of the Constitutional Order and Fight Against Terrorism | Responsible for the repressive work of the KGB against civil society and democratic opposition | |
| Tretiak, Petr Vladimirovich | Former Deputy Head of the KGB and Member of the Commission of the Security Council on radio frequencies | He has been actively involved in the repression of civil society in Belarus. He was responsible for the repressive work of the KGB against civil society and democratic opposition | |
| Traulko, Pavel | Lieutenant Colonel, former operative of the military counter-intelligence of the KGB, then head of the press service of the newly formed Investigative Committee of Belarus | He falsified evidence and used threats in order to extort confessions from opposition activists in the KGB detention centre in Minsk after the crackdown on the post-election protest demonstration in Minsk on 19 December 2010. He was directly responsible for the use of cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment and for denying the right to a fair trial. His actions constituted a direct violation of the international commitments of Belarus in the field of human rights. | |
| Tertel, Ivan Stanislavovich | Deputy Head of the KGB, in charge of economic crime and the fight against corruption | Responsible for the repressive work of the KGB against civil society and the democratic opposition. | |
| Vtiurin, Andrei Aleksandrovich | Head of the Presidential Security Service | Under his supervision, several members of his service took part in interrogations of political activists after the demonstrations on 19 December 2010 | |
| Voropaev, Igor Grigorievich | Deputy General Manager for Scientific work of the company "Research Institute on Electronic Computers" under the control of the State military-industrial committee; former Head of the KGB Board on State Communications | Responsible for the repressive work of the KGB against civil society and democratic opposition | |
| Vegera, Viktor Pavlovich | First Deputy Head of the KGB | Responsible for the repressive work of the KGB against civil society and democratic opposition. He was the initiator of the case of the political prisoner Ales Byaliatski, one of the most prominent human rights defenders, Chief of the Belarusian Human Rights Centre Vyasna, Vice President of FIDH. A. Byalyatski was active in defending and providing assistance to those who suffered from repression in relation to the 19 December 2010 elections and the crackdown on civil society and on the democratic opposition. | |
| Volkov, Sergei Mikhailovich | Former Head of the KGB Board of Intelligence | Has been actively involved in the repression of civil society in Belarus. Responsible for the repressive work of the KGB against civil society and democratic opposition. | |
| Yermolitski, Sergei Vladimirovich | Director of the prison camp in Shklov | He was responsible for the inhuman treatment of the detainees and persecution of former presidential candidate Nikolai Statkevich, who was imprisoned in relation to the 19 December 2010 events, and other inmates. | |
| Zaitsev, Vadim Iurievich | Head of the KGB | Responsible for transforming the KGB into the main organ of repression of civil society and of the democratic opposition. Responsible for the dissemination, through the media, of false information about the demonstrators on 19 December 2010, alleging that they had brought materials to be used as weapons. He personally threatened the lives and health of the wife and child of former presidential candidate, Andrei Sannikov. He is the main initiator of orders for unlawful harassment of democratic opposition, the torture of political opponents and the mistreatment of prisoners. | |
| Zakharov, Alexey Ivanovich | Former Head of Military Counter-intelligence Board of the KGB | Has been actively involved in the repression of civil society in Belarus. He was responsible for the repressive work of the KGB against civil society and the democratic opposition. Under his supervision, KGB staff took part in interrogations of political activists following the demonstration on 19 December 2010. |
Remaining EU sanctions list after 2016[9]
| Name | Position | Accusations | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| Uladzimir Navumau | Former Minister of Interior and also former Head of the President's Security Service | Failed to take action to investigate the case of the unresolved disappearances of Yury Zacharanka, Viktar Hanchar, Anatoly Krasovski and Dzmitry Zavadski in Belarus in 1999–2000. As a Minister of Interior he was responsible for the repression of peaceful demonstrations until his retirement on 6 April 2009 for health reasons | |
| Dmitri Pavlichenko | Head of the Belarusian Special Rapid Reaction Unit | Key person in the unresolved disappearances of Yury Zacharanka, Viktar Hanchar, Anatoly Krasovski and Dzmitry Zavadski in Belarus in 1999-2000 | |
| Viktor Sheiman | Head of the Management Department of the Presidential Administration | Responsible for the unresolved disappearances of Yury Zacharanka, Viktar Hanchar, Anatoly Krasovski and Dzmitry Zavadski in Belarus in 1999-2000 | |
| Yury Sivakov | Former Minister of Interior and former Deputy Head of the Administration of the President of Belarus | Orchestrated the unresolved disappearances of Yury Zacharanka, Viktar Hanchar, Anatoly Krasovski and Dzmitry Zavadski in Belarus in 1999–2000. |
Sanctions after the disputed 2020 presidential election
After the disputed Belarusian presidential elections of 2020, several western countries announced sanctions against Belarusian officials. Latvia has been the first country to do so on 31 August,[10] joined soon by Lithuania and Estonia.[11][12] The list included President Lukashenko and all Central Election Committee members as well as other senior state official and security forces commanders.[10] The Baltic states were later followed by Canada,[13][14] the United Kingdom,[15] the United States,[1][16] the European Union,[17][18][19] Switzerland[20] and New Zealand.[21] These countries have sanctioned various numbers of Belarusian officials "for their roles in the fraudulent August 9, 2020 Belarus presidential election or the subsequent violent crackdown on peaceful protesters"[16] or under similar motivations. More sanctions against Belarusian individuals and entities followed after the Russian invasion of Ukraine; some of them were introduced due to Belarus's role in it. The European Union,[22][23] Switzerland, the United Kingdom, the United States[24] and Canada[14] expanded their existing sanction packages, while Australia,[25] Japan,[26] New Zealand[27] and Ukraine[28] introduced their sanctions. Some of the invasion-related sanctions against Belarusian individuals and entities are listed in the 'Russian' sanctions lists of these countries.[29][30][27]
Timeline of the post-election sanctions
2020
- On 14 August, EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Josep Borrell announced that the EU would bring in sanctions against Belarusian officials responsible for "violence and falsification".[31][32] Charles Michel, President of the European Council went further on 19 August saying the EU would soon impose sanctions on a "substantial number" of individuals responsible for violence, repression, and election fraud.[33] The European Commission announced it would divert €53 million earmarked for Belarus away from the government and towards civil society, victims of the state crackdown on protesters and the country's fight against the coronavirus pandemic.[34][35][36]
- On 18 August, the Lithuanian parliament agreed to impose economic sanctions.[37]
- On 19 August, the prime minister of Slovakia stated that the Government of Slovakia introduced sanctions against Belarus in the new legislative session.[38]
- On 31 August, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania imposed sanctions on 30 Belarusian officials, including Alexander Lukashenko.[39]
- On 10 September, the EU sanctions on Belarus were delayed by a separate dispute between Cyprus and Turkey,[40] which has occupied the northern part of Cyprus since July 1974. Greece and Cyprus were pushing for a sanction on Turkey in a dispute in the Eastern Mediterranean.[41]
- On 25 September, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania imposed sanctions on around a hundred Belarus officials.[42]
- On 29 September, personal sanctions against members of the regime, including Alexander and Viktor Lukashenko, were imposed by the UK and Canada. 8 and 11 individuals were affected, respectively. The sanctions included travel bans and asset freezes.[43][44]
- On 2 October, the EU imposed sanctions on 40 Belarusian officials. Lukashenko was exempted from the sanctions as the EU aims to encourage Lukashenko to engage in talks with the opposition. Hours later, Belarus retaliated with sanctions against EU officials.[45] On the same day, the US imposed sanctions on 8 Belarusian individuals.[46]
- On 13 October, Switzerland joined the EU sanctions against 40 Belarusian individuals.[47][48]
- On 15 October, Canada imposed sanctions on 31 additional Belarusian individuals.[49]
- On 6 November, the EU imposed sanctions on Alexander Lukashenko and 14 other officials for repression of the pro-democracy movement following August's contested election. Their assets in EU member states were frozen and they are banned from entering EU territory.[50] On the same day, Canada imposed sanctions on 13 Belarusian individuals.[51]
- On 19 November, the EU announced an upcoming list of sanctions targeting the country's firms and entrepreneurs that finance Lukashenko. According to Borrell, up to date no positive signs were seen from the regime and the new measures will increase economic pressure on the self-proclaimed president.[52][53]
- On 20 November, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Albania and Ukraine aligned themselves with the October EU sanctions against 40 Belarusian individuals.[54] Separately on the same day, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania imposed sanctions on 28 Belarusian individuals.[55]
- On 24 November, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, North Macedonia, Montenegro and Albania aligned themselves with the November EU sanctions against 15 Belarusian individuals.[56]
- On 11 December, Switzerland joined the November EU sanctions against 15 Belarusian individuals.[57]
- On 17 December, the EU imposed a third round of economic sanctions on dozens of Belarusian individuals and entities. They include restrictive measures imposed on the head of Belarusian state television, Ivan Eismant, Deputy Prime Minister Anatol Sivak, Information Minister Ihar Lutsky, and 26 other individuals. The sanctions package also included asset freezes on seven Belarusian companies, including arms exporter CJSC Beltechexport.[58]
- On 23 December, the US imposed sanctions on one Belarusian individual and four entities, including Central Election Commission of Belarus.[59]
2021 to early 2022
- On 26 January 2021, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, North Macedonia, Montenegro and Albania aligned themselves with the December EU sanctions against Belarusian individuals and entities.[60]
- On 18 February, the UK imposed sanctions on 27 additional individuals.[61]
- On 22 March, Switzerland imposed sanctions on 29 Belarusian individuals and seven entities.[62]
- On 24 March, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, North Macedonia, Montenegro and Albania aligned themselves with the February EU decision to prolong the restrictive measures concerning Belarus.[63]
- On 25 March, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania put another 118 Belarusian individuals on their sanctions lists.[64]
- On 17 June, New Zealand introduced travel bans against more than fifty individuals associated with the Lukashenko regime, including himself and key members of his administration, the electoral commission, the police and other security forces.[21]
- On 21 June, following the forced diversion of Ryanair Flight 4978, several countries added some Belarusian individuals and entities to their sanctions lists. Namely, the EU imposed a fourth round of restrictive measures against 78 Belarusian individuals (including prominent government officials and business figures) and seven[65] entities, with among others, BelAZ and MAZ automobile plants;[66] the UK imposed sanctions against 11 individuals and 2 entities;[67] the US imposed sanctions on 16 Belarusian individuals and five entities, namely, Okrestina detention centre, Internal Troops of Belarus, GUBOPiK, KGB, Investigative Committee of Belarus;[68] Canada imposed sanctions on 17 Belarusian individuals and five entities.[69]
- On June 24, the EU also imposed sanctions on Belarusian economy.[70]
- On 6 July, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, North Macedonia, Montenegro and Albania aligned themselves with the 21 June EU sanctions against Belarusian individuals and entities.[71]
- On 7 July, Switzerland imposed sanctions on 78 individuals and seven organizations from Belarus.[72]
- On 12–13 July, Norway,[73] Iceland, North Macedonia, Montenegro and Albania aligned themselves with the EU sanctions against Belarusian economy.[74]
- On 21 July, the UK imposed sanctions on the Agat Electromechanical Plant.[75]
- On 9 August (anniversary of the 2020 election), several countries added some Belarus-related individuals and entities to their sanctions lists. Namely, the UK announced aviation restrictions, trade and financial measures, and designated businessman Mikhail Gutseriyev;[76] the US sanctioned 23 individuals (government officials, kickboxer Dmitry Shakuta, directors of several state-owned enterprises, businessmen such as Mikalai Varabei and Aliaksei Aleksin, and high-ranking members of law enforcement) and 21 entities (Belaruskali, Grodno tobacco factory, and Belarus Olympic Committee, among others) contributing to the situation in Belarus;[77] Canada imposed trade and financial restrictions.[78]
- On 11 August, Switzerland joined the June EU economic sanctions.[79]
- On 2 December, after the start of the border crisis, several countries expanded their Belarus-related sanctions lists. Namely, the EU imposed a fifth round of restrictive measures against 17 individuals, targeting judges and top Belarusian officials, and 11 companies (Belavia, among others);[80] the UK imposed sanctions against 8 Belarusian individuals and Belaruskali;[81] the US designated 20 Belarusian individuals (Alexander Lukashenko's middle son Dmitry, GUBOPiK and State Border Committee officials, Belarusian sports official and politician Dzmitry Baskau, and Dmitriy Korzyuk, the deputy Minister of internal affairs) and 12 entities, identified three aircraft as blocked property and imposed sovereign debt restrictions on Belarus;[82] Canada blacklisted 24 individuals and 6 entities of Belarus.[83]
- On 10 December, the United States Department of State designated two heads of Akrestsina Detention Center;[84] both had already been designated by the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the United States Department of the Treasury.[68]
- On 20 December, Switzerland imposed sanctions against 17 individuals and 11 companies related to Belarus.[85] The new Swiss sanctions are identical to the 2 December EU designations.[86]
- On 22 December, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Albania aligned themselves with the 2 December EU sanctions against Belarusian individuals and entities.[87]
- On 3 February 2022, the United States imposed visa restrictions on Belarusian nationals involved in extraterritorial counter-dissident activity, including the Summer Olympics incident with Krystsina Tsimanouskaya, under the Khashoggi Ban.[88]
Alexander Lukashenko and his family
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Presidential Administration
Security Council of Belarus
| Name | Remarks | Latvia | Estonia | Lithuania | European Union | United Kingdom | Canada | United States | Norway | Switzerland | Japan | Australia | New Zealand | Ukraine |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alexander Volfovich | State Secretary of Security Council of Belarus (since 2021), earlier Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Belarus (2020–2021) | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | |||
| Andrei Ravkov | Belarus Ambassador to Azerbaijan, former Secretary of State of the Security Council of Belarus (2020), earlier Minister of Defence | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | |||||||
| Aleksandr Rakhmanov | Deputy Secretary of State of the Security Council of Belarus | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg |
Members of Elections Commissions
Judges
Constitutional Court of Belarus
Supreme Court of Belarus
Lower courts
Propaganda and information systems
Regional officials
Security Forces
| File:Information icon4.svg |
KGB
Interior Ministry
Central apparatus
GUBOPiK
OMON
Prison officials
Regional police officials
Prosecutor's Office
| Name | Remarks | Latvia | Estonia | Lithuania | European Union | United Kingdom | Canada | United States | Norway | Switzerland | Japan | Ukraine |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Andrei Shved | Prosecutor General of Belarus | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg |
| Alexey Stuk | Deputy Prosecutor General of the Republic of Belarus | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | |||||
| Aleksandr Konyuk | Former Prosecutor General of the Republic of Belarus. | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg |
Investigative Committee
State Border Committee
| File:Information icon4.svg |
Military
| File:Information icon4.svg |
State Authority for Military Industry
| Name | Remarks | European Union | United Kingdom | Canada | United States | Norway | Switzerland | Japan | Australia | New Zealand | Ukraine |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dmitry Pantus | Chairman of the State Authority for Military Industry | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg |
| Oleg Mishchenko | First Deputy Chairman of the State Authority for Military Industry | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | ||||||
| Viachaslau Rassalai | Deputy Chairman of the State Authority for Military Industry | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg |
State Control Committee
| Name | Remarks | Latvia | Estonia | Lithuania | European Union | United Kingdom | Canada | United States | Norway | Switzerland |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vasily Gerasimov | Chairman of the State Control Committee | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | ||||||
| Igor Marshalov | Deputy Chairman of the State Control Committee, Director of the Financial Investigations Department of the State Control Committee | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | |||||
| Andrey Prokopuk | Deputy Director of the Financial Investigations Department of the State Control Committee | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | ||||||
| Victor Selitskiy | Deputy Director of the Financial Investigations Department of the State Control Committee | File:Yes check.svg | ||||||||
| Viktor Franskevich | Deputy Director of the Financial Investigations Department of the State Control Committee | File:Yes check.svg | ||||||||
| Artem Dunko | Senior Inspector for Special Matters of the Financial Investigations Department of the State Control Committee | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg |
Prime Minister and his deputies
| Name | Remarks | Latvia | Estonia | Lithuania | European Union | United Kingdom | Canada | United States | Norway | Switzerland | Ukraine |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Roman Golovchenko | Prime Minister since June 2020 | File:Yes check.svg | |||||||||
| Syarhey Rumas | Former Prime Minister (before June 2020) | File:Yes check.svg | |||||||||
| Anatoli Sivak | Deputy Prime Minister since 2020, earlier Chairman of the Minsk City Executive Committee (2018–2020) | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | |||
| Igor Petrishenko | Deputy Prime Minister | File:Yes check.svg | |||||||||
| Yuriy Nazarov | Deputy Prime Minister (until 2022), later Head of the Management Department of the Presidential Administration | File:Yes check.svg |
Other government officials
Members of the National Assembly of Belarus
Managers of the state-owned enterprises
Businesspeople
| Name | Remarks | European Union | United Kingdom | Canada | United States | Norway | Switzerland | Japan | Australia | New Zealand | Ukraine |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mikalai Varabei | Businessman. According to the EU, he "is benefiting from and supporting the Lukashenka regime."[91] | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | ||
| Ekaterina Smushkovich | Mikalai Varabei's daughter. | File:Yes check.svg | |||||||||
| Aliaksei Aleksin | According to the EU, "Aliaksei Aleksin is one of the leading businessmen in Belarus, with business interests in the sectors of oil and energy, real estate, development, logistics, tobacco, retail, finance and others. He enjoys a close relationship with Aliaksandr Lukashenka and his son and former National Security Advisor Viktar Lukashenka. He is active in the biker movement in Belarus, a hobby he shares with Viktar Lukashenka. His company owns property in “Alexandria 2” (Mogilev region), commonly called “presidential residence”, where Aliaksandr Lukashenka is a frequent visitor."[89] | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | |||
| Inna Aleksina | Aliaksei Aleksin's wife. | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | ||||||||
| Dzmitry Aleksin | Aliaksei Aleksin's son. | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | ||||||
| Vitaly Aleksin | Aliaksei Aleksin's son. | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | |||||
| Aleksandr Zaitsev | Businessman.[89] | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | ||
| Mikhail Gutseriyev | Russian businessman, owner of SAFMAR, Slavkali and Slavneft companies. According to the EU, Gutseriyev "is a long-time friend of Aliaksandr Lukashenka and thanks to this association has accumulated significant wealth and influence among the political elite in Belarus. “SAFMAR”, a company controlled by Gutseriyev, was the only Russian oil firm that carried on supplying oil to Belarusian refineries during the energy crisis between Belarus and Russia in early 2020."[89] | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | ||
| Siarhei Tsiatsieryn | Businessman. According to the EU, "Siarhei is one of the leading businessmen operating in Belarus, with business interests in distribution of alcohol drinks (through his company “Belglobalstart”), food products and furniture. He belongs to Lukashenko's inner circle. In 2019, Belglobalstart was granted an opportunity to start the construction of a multi-functional business centre in front of the presidential palace in Minsk. He co-owns the company VIBEL that sells commercials on a number of Belarusian national TV channels. He is the chairman of Belarusian Tennis Federation and former Lukashenka's aide for sports matters."[89] | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | |||||||
| Aliaksandr Shakutsin | Businessman. According to the EU, he "is reported to be one of the persons who benefited most from the privatisation during Lukashenko's tenure as President."[91] | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | |||
| Valentin Baiko | Businessman and Member of the Council of the Republic of Belarus. | File:Yes check.svg | |||||||||
| Vladimir Peftiev | Belarusian businessman. | File:Yes check.svg | |||||||||
| Pavel Topuzidis | Businessman. | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | ||||||||
| Olga Sheiman | Businesswoman, Viktor Sheiman's daughter. | File:Yes check.svg | |||||||||
| Sergei Sheiman | Businessman, Viktor Sheiman's son. | File:Yes check.svg | |||||||||
| Anna Pushkareva | Viktor Sheiman's alleged business partner. | File:Yes check.svg | |||||||||
| Bogoljub Karić | Businessman, the key figure in Dana Holdings. | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | |||||||
| Nebojsa Karić | Businessman, one of the key figures in Dana Holdings, son of Bogoljub Karić. | File:Yes check.svg | |||||||||
| Aliaksandr Shatrou | CEO of Synesis. | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | |
| Ivan Nareiko | Director of Rada Airlines. | File:Yes check.svg | |||||||||
| Dmitry Ishchenko | Commercial Director of Rada Airlines. | File:Yes check.svg | |||||||||
| Evgeniy Mikholap | Director of Rubystar Airways. | File:Yes check.svg |
State university rectors
Others
| Name | Remarks | Latvia | Estonia | Lithuania | United States | European Union | Norway | Switzerland | Ukraine |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mikhail Orda[90] | Chief of state-controlled Federation of Unions | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | ||||||
| Aleksandr Lukyanov | First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Belarusian Republican Youth Union | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | |||||
| Vladimir Bazanov | Then-chief of Football Federation of Belarus | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | ||||||
| Andrei Krivonosov | Military Commissary of the Homiel Region | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | |||||
| Igor Romanionok | Employee of Fire Brigade Number 12, Minsk | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | |||||
| Dmitry Shakuta | Former champion kickboxer | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | File:Yes check.svg | |||||
| Maksim Nedasekau | Belarusian high jumper | File:Yes check.svg |
Government institutions
State−owned companies
Other notable entities
Circumvention of sanctions
In 2020 and 2021, Belarusian authorities made various efforts to circumvent the Western sanctions. They also hid the statistics to prevent revealing the ways used to circumvent them and track their effects.[92][93] In particular, access to data regarding production and exports of the sanctioned goods became restricted to public.[92] In October 2021, Belstat started to hide data regarding exports of tractors and trucks.[94] Overall classified exports in January-August 2021 is estimated at US$8.2 billion.[94] In September 2021, Alexander Lukashenko mentioned minister of industry Petr Parkhomchik and vice prime minister Yuriy Nazarov as the people who organized the circumvention of sanctions.[95] He also accused several workers of state factories of gathering information about the ways used to circumvent the sanctions, and he threatened them with imprisonment.[95][96] 13 workers from Grodno Azot fertilizer factory, Naftan oil refinery, BMZ steel mill and Belarusian Railway were arrested by the Belarusian KGB in a possible connection with this statement. It was reported that some of them were accused of state treason.[95] At least two of them were later released.[97] Shareholder structure of several companies was changed in order to take the subsidiary companies out from the restrictions.[92] It was suggested that companies related to Lukashenko's deputy businessperson Mikalai Varabei were used to bypass the sanctions in the petroleum sector of industry.[92] Polisch political scientist Piotr Żochowski suggested that the authorities will redirect their exports "through a chain of intermediaries in other countries", thus partially circumventing the sanctions.[98] Some Western companies helped Belarusian authorities to avoid sanctions or lobbied their lifting. In October 2021, director of the state-owned BMZ steel mill boasted that his factory wasn't sanctioned "due to certain actions taken by BMZ clients".[99][100] In October 2021, Belgian authorities showed interest in easing of sanctions against Belarusian potash industry.[101] It was later revealed that Belgian chemical company Tessenderlo Group lobbied this initiative.[102] Journalists uncovered ways of circumventing the sanctions against the Belarusian Steel Works,[103][104][105] Belaruskali,[106] BelAZ,[107] Dana Holdings,[108][109] Grodno Azot,[110][111][112] Naftan,[113] Aliaksei Aleksin,[114][115] Mikhail Gutseriev,[116] Aliaksandr Shakutsin,[117][118][119] Mikalai Varabei[120] and Aliaksandr Zaitsau,[121] among others.
See also
- Censorship in Belarus
- Human rights in Belarus
- 2010 Belarusian presidential election
- 2006 Belarusian presidential election
- 2004 Belarusian referendum
- 1996 Belarusian referendum
Notes
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 This person has already been added to the respective sanctions list since before the 2020 election.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 This entity has already been added to the US sanctions list after the 2006 or the 2010 election; the sanctions against these entities were temporarily lifted in 2015 and reintroduced following the 2020 election.
- ↑ The European Union sanctions against this entity were subsequently annulled by a court decision.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Cham Wings Airlines was designated by this state not as part of the Belarusian sanctions program.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Sanctions List Search". Office of Foreign Assets Control.
- ↑ Council Regulation (EC) No 765/2006 of 18 May 2006 concerning restrictive measures against President Lukashenko and certain officials of Belarus
- ↑ Consolidated text: Council Decision 2010/639/CFSP of 25 October 2010 concerning restrictive measures against Belarus
- ↑ "'Hundreds of protesters arrested' in Belarus". BBC News. 20 December 2010.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Council Decision 2012/642/CFSP of 15 October 2012 concerning restrictive measures against Belarus
- ↑ "Как есть: журналиста ОНТ Алексея Михальченко исключили из "черного списка" ЕС". Tut.By (in русский). 2014-09-23. Retrieved 2019-07-03.
- ↑ Council Decision 2014/750/CFSP of 30 October 2014 amending Council Decision 2012/642/CFSP concerning restrictive measures against Belarus
- ↑ "CURIA - Documents". Court of Justice of the European Union. Retrieved 2019-07-24.
- ↑ Council Decision (CFSP) 2016/280 of 25 February 2016 amending Decision 2012/642/CFSP concerning restrictive measures against Belarus
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Lithuania sanctions 30 Belarusian officials including Lukashenko". Lithuanian National Radio and Television. BNS. 31 August 2020.
- ↑ "The sanctions of the Government of the Republic in view of the situation in Belarus". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Estonia.
- ↑ Emmott, Robin (7 September 2020). "EU to blacklist 31 Belarus senior officials over election, diplomats say". The Globe and Mail. Reuters.
- ↑ "Consolidated Canadian Autonomous Sanctions List". Global Affairs Canada. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Canadian Sanctions Related to Belarus". Global Affairs Canada. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
- ↑ "Consolidated List of Financial Sanctions Targets in the UK" (PDF). HM Treasury.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Treasury Sanctions Belarus Officials for Undermining Democracy". US Department of Treasury. October 2, 2020.
- ↑ Council Regulation (EC) No 765/2006 of 18 May 2006 concerning restrictive measures in respect of Belarus
- ↑ "EU relations with Belarus". European Council.
- ↑ "EU slaps sanctions on Belarus leader Lukashenko for crackdown". BBC News. November 7, 2020.
- ↑ "Searching for subjects of sanctions". State Secretariat for Economic Affairs.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 "New Zealand introduces Belarus travel bans". New Zealand Government. 17 June 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
- ↑ Council Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/876 of 3 June 2022 implementing Article 8a(1) of Regulation (EC) No 765/2006 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Belarus and the involvement of Belarus in the Russian aggression against Ukraine
- ↑ Council Implementing Regulation (EU) 2023/1591 of 3 August 2023 implementing Article 8a(1) of Regulation (EC) No 765/2006 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Belarus and the involvement of Belarus in the Russian aggression against Ukraine
- ↑ "U.S. Treasury Targets Belarusian Support for Russian Invasion of Ukraine". United States Department of the Treasury. Archived from the original on 2022-02-25. Retrieved 2022-04-20.
- ↑ "Australia and sanctions". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.
- ↑ "Japan hits Russia and Belarus with more sanctions over Ukraine invasion". The Japan Times. 8 March 2022. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 "Russia Sanctions". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade.
- ↑ "State Sanctions Registry". National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
- ↑ Consolidated text: Council Regulation (EU) No 269/2014 of 17 March 2014 concerning restrictive measures in respect of actions undermining or threatening the territorial integrity, sovereignty and independence of Ukraine
- ↑ "Consolidated List of Financial Sanctions Targets in the UK. Regime: Russia" (PDF). HM Treasury.
- ↑ "Belarus election: Exiled leader calls weekend of 'peaceful rallies'". BBC News. 14 August 2020.
- ↑ "EU announces sanctions against Belarus over 'violence' on protesters and electoral 'falsification'". Euronews. 14 August 2020.
- ↑ Meredith, Sam (19 August 2020). "EU to impose sanctions on Belarusian officials for election fraud, calls for a new vote". CNBC.
- ↑ "EU threatens Belarus sanctions as it rejects election result". Sky News. 19 August 2020.
- ↑ "EU Executive to Reroute 53 Million Euros to Help Civil Society, Fight Against COVID in Belarus". The New York Times. Reuters. 19 August 2020. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 19 August 2020.[permanent dead link]
- ↑ "Threat of new crackdown on protesters as EU signals support for 'peaceful transition' in Belarus". Euronews. 19 August 2020.
- ↑ "Lithuanian lawmakers vote for sanctions against Belarus NEW". WVVA. 18 August 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-08-22. Retrieved 2020-08-18.
- ↑ "Bieloruská kríza: Matovič chce ekonomické sankcie proti páchateľom". Hospodárske noviny. 19 August 2020.
- ↑ "Baltic states issue travel ban on Belarus President Lukashenko". Deutsche Welle. 31 August 2020.
- ↑ "Cyprus says its issues with Turkey not linked to EU Belarus sanctions (Updated)". Cyprus Mail. 10 September 2020.
- ↑ "Greece Presses EU to Draw Up 'Severe' Sanctions on Turkey". Bloomberg News. 10 September 2020.
- ↑ "Baltic states extend travel ban to more Belarus officials". Reuters. 25 September 2020.
- ↑ "Belarus: UK sanctions 8 members of regime, including Alexander Lukashenko". Government of the United Kingdom. 29 September 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
- ↑ "Backgrounder: Belarus sanctions". Global Affairs Canada. 29 September 2020.
- ↑ Tidey, Alice (2 October 2020). "Belarus: EU agrees sanctions on 40 officials but not Lukashenko". Euronews. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
- ↑ "Treasury Sanctions Belarus Officials for Undermining Democracy". United States Department of the Treasury.
- ↑ "SECO: Ordinance on measures against Belarus". State Secretariat for Economic Affairs.
- ↑ "Switzerland joins EU in sanctions against top Belarus officials". SWI swissinfo.
- ↑ "Belarus sanctions". Global Affairs Canada. 15 October 2020.
- ↑ "EU slaps sanctions on Belarus leader Lukashenko for crackdown". BBC News. 2020-11-06. Retrieved 2020-11-07.
- ↑ "Backgrounder: Belarus sanctions". Global Affairs Canada. 11 November 2020.
- ↑ "EU to slap sanctions on Belarus firms close to Lukashenko". Deutsche Welle. 2020-11-19. Retrieved 2020-12-19.
- ↑ Jo Harper (2020-11-17). "Lukashenko, Belarus brace for economic winter of discontent". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 2020-12-19.
- ↑ "Declaration by the High Representative on behalf of the EU on the alignment of certain third countries concerning restrictive measures against Belarus". Council of Europe.
- ↑ "Baltic states expand Belarus sanctions list". Lithuanian National Radio and Television. 20 November 2020.
- ↑ "Declaration by the High Representative on behalf of the EU on the alignment of certain countries concerning restrictive measures against Belarus". Council of Europe.
- ↑ "Belarus: Federal Council extends scope of sanctions". Federal Council of Switzerland.
- ↑ Rikard Jozwiak (2020-12-17). "EU Officially Slaps More Economic Sanctions On Belarus Over Crackdown". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 2020-12-19.
- ↑ "Treasury Sanctions Additional Belarusian Regime Actors for Undermining Democracy". United States Department of the Treasury.
- ↑ "Declaration by the High Representative on behalf of the European Union on the alignment of certain countries concerning restrictive measures against Belarus". Council of Europe.
- ↑ "Financial Sanctions Notice: Belarus" (PDF).
- ↑ "Sanctions: Ordinance on measures against Belarus". Federal Council of Switzerland.
- ↑ "Declaration by the High Representative on behalf of the EU on the alignment of certain third countries concerning restrictive measures against Belarus". Council of Europe.
- ↑ "Baltics blacklist another 118 reps of Belarusian regime". Lithuanian National Radio and Television. 25 March 2021.
- ↑ Erroneously stated as eight in the official EU press release; seven entities are mentioned in mass media and in the Official Journal of the EU
- ↑ "Belarus: fourth package of EU sanctions over enduring repression and the forced landing of a Ryanair flight". Council of Europe.
- ↑ "UK imposes sanctions on Belarus following forced landing of Ryanair flight". Government of the United Kingdom. 21 June 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
- ↑ 68.0 68.1 "Treasury and International Partners Condemn Ongoing Human Rights Abuses and Erosion of Democracy in Belarus". United States Department of the Treasury.
- ↑ Global Affairs Canada (21 June 2021). "Backgrounder - Sanctions related to Belarus". Global Affairs Canada.
- ↑ "EU imposes sanctions on Belarusian economy". Council of Europe.
- ↑ "Declaration by the High Representative on behalf of the European Union on the alignment of certain third countries with the Council Decision (CFSP) 2021/1002 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Belarus". Council of Europe.
- ↑ "Sanctions: Ordinance on measures against Belarus". Federal Council of Switzerland.
- ↑ Affairs, Ministry of Foreign (12 July 2021). "Norway adopts further restrictive measures against Belarus". Government.no.
- ↑ "Declaration by the High Representative on behalf of the European Union on the alignment of certain third countries with the Council Decision (CFSP) 2021/1031 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Belarus". Council of Europe.
- ↑ "Financial Sanctions Notice: Belarus" (PDF).
- ↑ "Belarus: UK imposes significant new package of economic sanctions on Belarus on anniversary of fraudulent election". Government of the United Kingdom. 9 August 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
- ↑ "Treasury Holds the Belarusian Regime to Account on Anniversary of Fraudulent Election". United States Department of the Treasury.
- ↑ Global Affairs Canada (9 August 2021). "Canada imposes additional sanctions on first anniversary of Belarus's fraudulent presidential elections". Global Affairs Canada.
- ↑ "Belarus: Federal Council tightens sanctions". Federal Council of Switzerland.
- ↑ "EU imposes new sanctions on Belarus in coordination with U.S., Britain". Reuters. December 2, 2021. Retrieved January 2, 2022.
- ↑ "UK imposes further sanctions to hold Lukashenko regime to account for human rights violations in Belarus". Government of the United Kingdom. 2 December 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
- ↑ "Treasury Expands Sanctions Against Belarusian Regime with Partners and Allies". United States Department of the Treasury.
- ↑ "Belarus sanctions". Global Affairs Canada. 2 December 2021.
- ↑ "The United States Promotes Accountability for Human Rights Violations and Abuses". United States Department of State. December 10, 2021. Retrieved February 3, 2022.
- ↑ "Sanctions: Ordinance on measures against Belarus". Federal Council of Switzerland.
- ↑ O'Kane, Michael (22 December 2021). "Switzerland imposes Belarus sanctions". EU Sanctions.
- ↑ "Declaration by the High Representative on behalf of the European Union on the alignment of certain countries concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Belarus". Council of Europe.
- ↑ "Promoting Accountability for Transnational Repression of Belarusian Athletes Abroad". United States Department of State. February 3, 2022. Retrieved February 3, 2022.
- ↑ 89.0 89.1 89.2 89.3 89.4 89.5 Council Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/997 of 21 June 2021 implementing Article 8a(1) of Regulation (EC) No 765/2006 concerning restrictive measures in respect of Belarus
- ↑ 90.0 90.1 90.2 90.3 90.4 90.5 "Латвия, Литва и Эстония добавили более 20 беларусов в санкционный список" [Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia add more than 20 Belarusians to sanctions list]. Mediazona Belarus (in русский). November 20, 2020.
- ↑ 91.0 91.1 Council Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/2129 of 17 December 2020 implementing Article 8a(1) of Regulation (EC) No 765/2006 concerning restrictive measures in respect of Belarus
- ↑ 92.0 92.1 92.2 92.3 Mateusz Kubiak (10 August 2021). "Belarus Struggles to Circumvent Western Sanctions Against Its Oil Industry". Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
- ↑ Арина Ползик (3 September 2021). "Смертность и экспорт. Зачем Беларусь скрывает статистику". Deutsche Welle (in русский). Retrieved 24 October 2021.
- ↑ 94.0 94.1 Вадим Шаталин (18 October 2021). "Беларусь засекретила 15 процентов экспорта в Россию". Deutsche Welle (in русский). Retrieved 24 October 2021.
- ↑ 95.0 95.1 95.2 "Работники "Азота", БМЗ, БелЖД, "Нафтана". Что известно о задержанных, которых показали по госТВ". Zerkalo.io. 27 September 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
- ↑ «Но посмотрите на своих сотрудников на предприятиях. У меня есть информация, что мерзавцев несколько там еще кое-где осталось, и они ставят перед собой цель проинформировать коллективный Запад о том, как Пархомчик с Назаровым пытаются обойти санкции. Шпионят фактически и сдают информацию туда... — Сядут, и надолго. Это я прямо говорю» = "But look on your employees at your enterprises. I have the information that several scoundrels are still there, and they set themselves the goal of informing the collective West about how Parkhomchik and Nazarov are trying to circumvent the sanctions. They actually spy and pass information there... They will go to prison, and for a long time, let me be clear."
- ↑ "В Новополоцке продолжаются задержания работников". Belsat TV. 28 September 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
- ↑ Piotr Żochowski (25 June 2021). "Painful EU sectoral sanctions against Belarus". Centre for Eastern Studies. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
- ↑ Belarusian steel mill BMZ posts $170m in profits year to date
- ↑ "Гендиректор БМЗ: мы не попали под санкции благодаря определенной работе наших клиентов". be (in русский). October 17, 2021.
- ↑ Alberto Nardelli, Yuliya Fedorinova (19 October 2021). "Belgium Is Pushing to Dilute the EU's Belarus Potash Sanctions". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
- ↑ "Бельгийская пресса выяснила, кто пытался лоббировать интересы "Беларуськалия"". Charter 97 (in русский). 23 October 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
- ↑ "БМЗ торгует с ОАЭ и Турцией, а обходит санкции через литовскую компанию". European Radio for Belarus (in русский). 2023-12-01. Retrieved 2024-03-31.
- ↑ "Как частный бизнес зарабатывает на импорте с Белорусского металлургического завода". Belsat TV (in русский). 2023-12-01. Retrieved 2024-03-31.
- ↑ "Флагшток установил, как подсанкционная беларусская сталь может попадать в ЕС". Флагшток (in русский). 2023-12-07. Retrieved 2024-06-05.
- ↑ "A Murky Cypriot Firm Is Helping Belarus Export Potash — In Breach of EU Sanctions". Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project. August 8, 2024.
- ↑ Cerniauskas, Sarunas; Yarashevich, Ales; Kranceviciute, Migle (2021-11-25). "Ex-Prison Warden in Lithuania Struck $1M Deal with Sanctioned Belarusian State Truckmaker". Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project.
- ↑ Cerniauskas, Sarunas; Yarashevich, Ales; Kranceviciute, Migle (2021-11-25). "Lukashenko Doles Out Prime Belarus Real Estate to Serbian Cronies". Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project.
- ↑ "Belarus Corruption Watch: How the Lukashenko family's friends in the construction business hide from sanctions". Bne IntelliNews. 2022-10-14.
- ↑ "БРЦ: «Гродно Азот» обходит санкции, экспортируя удобрения в ЕС через Узбекистан и фирмы-прокладки". OCCRP (in русский). 2023-10-02.
- ↑ "Литовский бизнесмен признался в контрабанде удобрений от «Гродно Азот»". Newgrodno.by (in русский). 2023-03-06. Archived from the original on 2023-04-14.
- ↑ "RFE/RL Reveals Belarusian Fertilizer Entering Ukraine, Despite Sanctions". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. October 10, 2024.
- ↑ Romanchuk, Yaroslav (28 May 2021). "The final push towards Russia's embrace. How tougher sanctions against Belarus could lead to its disappearance as an independent state". The Insider.
- ↑ Cerniauskas, Sarunas (2021-07-06). "Days Before EU Sanctions, Belarusian Oligarch's Family Sells its Firm and Bank". Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project.
- ↑ "«Бюро Медиа»: Алексей Олексин обходит санкции, переоформляя активы на тайных родственников". Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (in русский).
- ↑ Jasper Jolly (May 24, 2022). "The sanctioned oligarch's son and a £160m London property empire". The Guardian. Retrieved April 23, 2024.
- ↑ "Belarusian oligarch uses Lithuanian firm to dodge sanctions in Germany – media". Lithuanian National Radio and Television. 2023-02-13. Retrieved 2023-04-12.
- ↑ "Владелец «Амкодора» зарабатывает на обходе санкций под видом импортозамещения". Belsat TV (in русский).
- ↑ "БРЦ: Немецкая компания беларусского подсанкционного бизнесмена поставляет сельхозтехнику в Беларусь и Россию". Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (in русский). 2023-10-19.
- ↑ Кому принадлежат белорусские банки
- ↑ Gotev, Georgi (2023-04-25). "'Lukashenko wallet' used Catholic Church to evade EU sanctions". Euractiv.
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