Souletin dialect
Souletin | |
---|---|
Zuberoan | |
Zuberera | |
Region | Soule, France |
Native speakers | (8,700 cited 1991)[1] |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | bsz (deprecated for eus in 2007)[2] |
Glottolog | basq1250 |
File:Zuberera.svg Souletin |
Souletin or Zuberoan (Basque: Zuberera) is the Basque dialect spoken in Soule, France. Souletin is marked by influences from Occitan (in particular the Béarnese dialect), especially in the lexicon. Another distinct characteristic is the use of xuka verb forms, a form of address including in third person verbs the interlocutor marker embedded in the auxiliary verb: jin da → jin düxü (s/he came → s/he came to you).
Name
In English sources, the Basque-based term Zuberoan is sometimes encountered. In Standard Basque, the dialect is known as zuberera (the province name Zuberoa and the language-forming suffix -era). Various local forms are üskara, xiberera and xiberotarra. In French, it is known as souletin. In Spanish, the dialect is called souletino or suletino.
Distribution
The southern dialect Roncalese was sometimes included within Zuberoan. A Basque language variety close to Zuberoan may have extended more to the east, into the Central Pyrenees, as attested by placenames and historical records about the Basque peoples (Wascones, qui trans Garonnam et circa Pirineum montem habitant, 'Vascons, who reside beyond [river] Garonne and around the Pyrenees' in the Royal Frankish Annals[citation needed]).
Phonology
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In addition to the five vowels present in all other Basque dialects, Zuberoan also has a close front rounded vowel /y/ (written ü), which is markedly noticeable to speakers of other varieties. All six vowels can be nasalized (/õ/ is absent in some Souletin varieties), with nasalization being phonemic.[3][4] It is likely that the sixth vowel arose influenced by the Béarnese vowel shift some centuries ago instead of being an ancient vowel lost in other dialects of Basque.[citation needed] Souletin features the voiceless aspirated stops /pʰ/,/tʰ/,/kʰ/, which contrast with their unaspirated counterparts. The alveolar tap /ɾ/ present in other dialects has been lost in Souletin.[3] The voiced fricatives /z̻/,/z̺/ are found almost exclusively in loanwords, they are present in other varieties only as allophones of their unvoiced counterparts. The phoneme /ʒ/ (written as j) corresponds to /x/ in other varieties.[5] The voiceless nasal glottal approximant /h̃/ is found exclusively in intervocalic position, and triggers the nasalization of the adjoining vowels.[6]
Example
This example of the "Orreaga"[7] ballad composed by Arturo Campion shows some differences between this dialect and the standard Basque (Euskara batua).
Zuberoan[note 1] | Euskara batua (Standard Basque) |
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I Gaiherdi da. Errege Karloman Auritz-berrin dago bere armadareki;
zelü ülhünian ezta ageri, ez argizagi, ez izarrik;
hürrünian sügar handi batzük argitzen die mendiartetan;
Frantzesak khantatzen ari dira herrian;
Altabizkarreko üngürünetan entzüten dira
otsoen izigarriko orroak,
eta holatan Üskaldünek zorrozten dütie
beren eztenak eta aizkorak
Ibañetako harri eta harbochietan.
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I Gauerdia da. Errege Karloman Aurizberrin dago bere armadarekin;
zeru ilunean ez da ageri, ez ilargi, ez izarrik;
urrunean sugar handi batzuk argitzen dira mendi arteetan;
Frantsesak kantatzen ari dira herrian;
Altabizkarreko inguruneetan entzuten dira
otsoen izugarrizko orroak,
eta horrela euskaldunek zorrozten dituzte
beren eztenak eta aizkorak
Ibañetako harri eta harkaitzetan.
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See also
Notes
- ↑ Written around 1880 by Emmanuel Intxauspe.
References
Citations
- ↑ Souletin at Ethnologue (15th ed., 2005) Closed access icon
- ↑ "bsz | ISO 639-3". iso639-3.sil.org. SIL International. 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
Retirement Remedy: Merge into Basque [eus]
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Hualde, pp. 17–18.
- ↑ Trask, R.L. (2008). Wheeler, Max W. (ed.). Etymological Dictionary of Basque. University of Sussex. p. 12. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
- ↑ Hualde, pp. 26.
- ↑ Hualde, pp. 25.
- ↑ Campion, A (1971). Orreaga. Balada escrita en el dialecto guipuzcoano, acompañada de versiones a los dialectos bizcaino, labortano y suletino y de diez y ocho variedades dialectales de la region bascongada de Nabarra desde Olazagutia hasta Roncal, Separated edition of the La Gran Enciclopedia Vasca, pg 33.
Sources
- Hualde, José Ignacio; Ortiz de Urbina, Jon (2003). A Grammar of Basque. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3110176831.