Tucanoan languages
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| Tukánoan | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution | Amazon |
| Linguistic classification | One of the world's primary language families |
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | tuca1253 |
| File:Tukano Languages.png East Tukano (nuclear green), Central Tukano (turquoise green) and West Tukano (dark green). Dots indicate current locations of the various languages. Shaded areas indicate their extents before the 20th century. | |
Tucanoan (also Tukanoan, Tukánoan) is a language family of Colombia, Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru.
Language contact
Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Arutani, Paez, Sape, Taruma, Witoto-Okaina, Saliba-Hodi, Tikuna-Yuri, Pano, Barbakoa, Bora-Muinane, and Choko language families due to contact.[1]
Classification
Chacon (2014)
There are two dozen Tucanoan languages.[2] There is a clear binary split between Eastern Tucanoan and Western Tucanoan.[3]
- Tucanoan
- Western Tucanoan
- ?Cueretú (Kueretú) †
- Napo
- Orejón (a.k.a. M'áíhɨ̃ki, Maijiki, Coto, Koto, Payoguaje, Payaguá, Payowahe, Payawá)
- Correguaje–Secoya
- Correguaje (Koreguaje, Korewahe, a.k.a. Caquetá)
- Siona–Secoya (Upper Napo, Baicoca–Siecoca)
- Eastern Tucanoan
- South
- West
- East
- Central
- North
- Western Tucanoan
Plus unclassified Miriti.† Most languages are, or were, spoken in Colombia.
Jolkesky (2016)
Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):[1] († = extinct)
Varieties
Below is a full list of Tucanoan language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.[4]
Tucanoan language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968)
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Vocabulary
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.[4]
| Language | Branch | head | eye | hand | one | two | three |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tucano | I | dex-póa | kaxpéri | tomógha | nĩkáno | peáro | itiáro |
| Uaíana | I | dé-paue | kape | oama | ikãpeleko | peápeleko | itiapeleko |
| Tuyuca | I | déx-píu | kaxfea | uamo | txixkálo | peálo | ixtiéro |
| Waikína | I | dax-púa | káxfea | umuká | axkakiró | péaro | tíaro |
| Uantya | I | kapéga | uamó | ||||
| Bará | I | dex-féa | kapéka | anó | hixkága | peága | tixtíaga |
| Uanána | I | dax-púa | kaxpádi | dapáro | kéliã | peáro | tíaro |
| Uasöna | II | de-póue | káxea | oámu | hikálo | peálo | itíalo |
| Tsölá | II | rix-fóa | kuíri | ámo | híkã | péga | ixtíale |
| Urubu-Tapuya | II | re-kapeã | uamon | ||||
| Pamöä | II | rea-poá | kapé | uamon | |||
| Patsoca | II | kapé | uamó | ||||
| Möxdöá | II | rea-poa | kapea | oamó | hikän | pángara | éteaná |
| Sära | Sära | lix-hóga | káxea | áma | hohogá | héaga | ediaga |
| Omöá | Sära | dix-hóga | káxea | hóga | héaga | ediago | |
| Buhágana | Sära | tix-hóga | kaxea | ámo | kohága | héaga | ediága |
| Macuna | Sära | ri-hóga | kaea | ámo | |||
| Erulia | Erulia | lix-hóga | káxfea | uamó | kóla | héãlã | edíala |
| Tsölöa | Erulia | rix-hóa | káxea | ámo | gohé | héa | idía |
| Palanoa | Erulia | lix-hoá | káxea | ámo | |||
| Cubeo | Cubeo | hi-póbe | hi-yakóli | pubu | kũinálõ | pekálõã | dópekelõã |
| Dyuremáwa | Cubeo | hi-póbi | dya-kóli | pilí | kuináro | pikáro | dyobekiro |
| Hehénawa | Cubeo | hi-póbí | ya-kóli | pilí | kwináro | pikaːro | yobekiro |
| Bahúkiwa | Cubeo | hí-póbi | dyá-koli | pilí | kuinárõã | pikárõã | dyóbekirõã |
| Desána | Desána | dex-púru | yéle | mohópama | yũhúge | péye | eléye |
| Chiranga | Desána | dix-púlu | kudiru | muhá | uhúpũnu | perú | ilerú |
| Yahuna | Yahuna | líupukóa | hiyakóli | pitaka | ínoho | ípo | makalaka |
| Tanimuca | Yahuna | dupukoa | ñákua | pitaka | |||
| Yupuá | Yupuá | kúele | yaːkõá | múho | tzyundyá | axpedyá | aleddyá |
| Durina | Yupuá | kúrʔ | díölö | móhu | chun | apáina | áʔalia |
| Coretu | Coretu | sí-roho | sia-kokia | muhú | námare | nahárakiare | masírakiáre |
| Tama | Western | xixo-pué | nakoba | teyo | káyapa | choteyo | |
| Coreguaje | Western | sixó-pués | nankoká | xẽte | |||
| Amaguaje | Western | zium-bue | nañka | hente | teo | kayapa | toazumba |
| Icaguate | Western | hente | toazumba | ||||
| Siona | Western | sixum-bué | nankoka | enté | teheke | samú | |
| Pjoje | Western | siom-pwö | nánkoa | höntö | tayo | kayayé | toasoñé |
| Cóto | Western | tsíong | ñákoa | óteperé | teyong | tépe | báwabwö |
| Language | Branch | water | fire | sun | star | maize | jaguar | axe |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tucano | I | axkó | pexkáme | mũhípũ | yãxkõá | ohóka | yaí | kumé |
| Uaíana | I | óko | pekáne | muhĩpü | yõkõá | olikaleko | yéi | kóme |
| Tuyuca | I | oxkó | pexkámene | mũhĩphfu | yãxkõá | ohólika | yéi | kumé |
| Waikína | I | axkó | pexkáka | axsé | yapíkoa | yó | nodogé | komé |
| Uantya | I | óko | pekáme | muipem | ñokoam | yahi | kumúa | |
| Bará | I | oxkó | pexkáme | mũhífũ | yöxkóã | ódixka | yeído | kómea |
| Uanána | I | kó | pxtxáka | sé | yapítxoa | iyó | yaído | kúma |
| Uasöna | II | óko | pekáme | múhípe | yókóaː | olíka | yái | komé |
| Tsölá | II | óxko | péro | múhífú | yóxkõã | ohólika | yái | kómea |
| Urubu-Tapuya | II | óko | péro | muipem | ñokon | oriká | kumuá | |
| Pamöä | II | hokó | paʔáro | muipem | yakopaké | oriká | kumuä | |
| Patsoca | II | óko | pekaró | muipum | ñonkóãn | oriká | dyahi | komé |
| Möxdöá | II | okó | péro | moépo | áríka | yáhi | koméa | |
| Sära | Sära | ida | péame | ómakani | yoxkó | ohólika | yái | kómea |
| Omöá | Sära | éde | heáme | amakai | yoxkoá | ohólika | yái | kumá |
| Buhágana | Sära | íde | héame | ómãkãyi | yóxko | oholika | yái | kumá |
| Macuna | Sära | íde | éa | úmakanö | tapia | áre | yáiya | |
| Erulia | Erulia | óxko | heáme | mũhihũ | yõxkóã | ohólika | yái | kumá |
| Tsölöa | Erulia | oxkó | heáno | muhíhú | yoxkó | ohólika | yáí | kúmoa |
| Palanoa | Erulia | óxko | heáne | muhíhu | yoxkó | ohólika | yái | kúmoa |
| Cubeo | Cubeo | okó | toá | auiyá | abiákoa | ueá | yauí | kométako |
| Dyuremáwa | Cubeo | okó | toábo | avía | abíakoli | veá | dyaví | hoekí |
| Hehénawa | Cubeo | okó | toábo | aviá | abíakoli | veá | yawí | hoéki |
| Bahúkiwa | Cubeo | okó | toaːbo | aviá | abiákoli | veá | dyaví | hoekí |
| Desána | Desána | dexkó | peáme | abé | néyãxkã | ohólexka | ye | kumé |
| Chiranga | Desána | dexko | piámeʔe | abé | naiukamo | húdeka | diéche | kumé |
| Yahuna | Yahuna | ókoa | peká | ihía | tãapíã | oáka | yaia | kómeá |
| Tanimuca | Yahuna | ókoa | peka | ayáka | tapia | wáka | yáiya | |
| Yupuá | Yupuá | déxko | píele | aué | yóxkólo | óo | yí | kúmi |
| Durina | Yupuá | pílö | áwe | yokolo | óho | diwórekö | kúmi | |
| Coretu | Coretu | kótapu | hékiekie | háya | yákohe | mitólikere | híyai | kumú |
| Tama | Western | okó | toá | enesé | mañeguai | keá | edyai | supo |
| Coreguaje | Western | óko | toá | ense | mañokó | weá | chaí | supú |
| Amaguaje | Western | óko | toa | ense | manúko | bea | ayroyai | supó |
| Icaguate | Western | toa | enze | mañoko | ||||
| Siona | Western | oko | toá | ensé | mañoko | gueá | ayroxai | supó |
| Pjoje | Western | ókó | towá | öntsö | mánioko | wéa | yaí | súpo |
| Cóto | Western | óko | towaʔa | báñi | túku | béa | yái | dzöʔó |
Proto-language
Proto-Tukanoan reconstructions by Chacon (2013):[5]
| gloss | proto-Tukanoan |
|---|---|
| 3rd.person.masculine | *-pi |
| agouti | *wuɨ |
| ant sp. | *meka |
| aracu fish[6] | *p’ot’ika |
| armadillo | *pãmu |
| back | *sõkɨ |
| bat | *ojo |
| big | *pahi |
| (to) bite | *kũ |
| black | *tj’ĩ |
| black ink (jenipapo) | *weʔe |
| blood | *tj’ie |
| blow | *pu- |
| bone | *k’oʔa |
| (to) break | *p’ope (*poa) |
| breast | *upe |
| buriti palm | *neʔe |
| capybara | *kuetju |
| cara (Dioscorea alata) | *japi |
| case | *-t’e |
| centipede; boa | *jãk’i |
| charcoal (1) | *nitti |
| charcoal (2); grease | *neo |
| cheek | *wajo |
| chew | *tj’ãk’ɨ |
| chili | *p’ia |
| cold | *tjɨsi |
| kapok | *jɨi |
| (to) cut | *t’ɨtte |
| dance / ritualized songs | *p’aja |
| deer | *jama |
| dove | *ƭʃɨ- |
| duck | *p’ete |
| ear | *k’ãp’o |
| egg | *tj’ia |
| elder | *p’ɨkɨ |
| elevated structure (shelves, roof, etc.) (jirau) | *kaja |
| (to) end | *pet’i |
| excrement | *k’ɨt’a |
| face | *tj’ia |
| father | *pa-kɨ |
| feminine | *-k’o |
| fire / firewood | *peka |
| fish; fish sp. (?) | *waʔi |
| (to) fish with a net; strain, remove | *wajo |
| fishing net | *p’api |
| float | *paʔja |
| flower | *k’oʔo |
| foot | *k’ɨp’o |
| fruit sp. | *toa |
| Inga (fruit sp.) | *p’ene |
| garden; outside; village | *wese |
| gather / collect | *tʃɨ-a |
| grandfather | *jẽkku- |
| grape | *ɨʔje |
| grass | *taja |
| green / blue / not ripe | *tjɨ̃p’e |
| hand; palm (of the hand) | *pɨtɨ |
| head | *tj’ɨpo |
| heavy | *t’ɨkkɨ |
| heron | *jahi |
| hole | *k’ope |
| hot; heat | *atjɨ |
| house; anthill | *wɨ’e |
| hummingbird | *mimi |
| I | *jɨʔɨ |
| insect sp. | *tjusi |
| jaguar | *jai |
| kingfisher | *tjãsa |
| know | *masi |
| lake | *tj’itta |
| land / territory / region | *jep’a |
| larva | *p’ekko |
| leg; hips; knee | *jɨ̃ka |
| locative / part-of-a-whole | *-t’o |
| distant | *tj’oa |
| macaw | *maha |
| man | *ɨmɨ |
| manioc | *kɨi |
| monkey | *takke |
| monkey sp. / coati | *sisi |
| mosquito | *mɨte |
| mouth | *tj’ɨse (*jɨ-ʔo) |
| name | *wãmi |
| navel | *tʃõp’ɨ |
| non-3rd animate person | -p’ɨ |
| nose | *ɨ̃kʷ’e |
| paca | *seme |
| pacu fish | *uhu |
| palm weevil | *pĩko |
| parrot | *wekko |
| path | *maʔa |
| peccary | *tjẽse |
| penis | *no- |
| people; 1.pl.inclusive | *p’ã-tjã |
| (to) plant | *otte |
| poison | *tjima |
| pot / ceramics / clay | *sot- |
| pupunha palm | *ɨne |
| red | *sõʔa |
| river | *tj’ia |
| root | *t’ɨ̃k ’o |
| (to) rub | *sĩk’e |
| (to) sit | |
| (to) sleep | *kã- |
| (to) smoke meat | *sɨʔjo |
| snake | *ãja |
| spider | *p’ɨpɨ |
| spirit; ancestral | *wãtti |
| (to) squeeze | *p’ipo |
| (to) stop | *nɨk’V |
| stone | *k’ɨ̃ta |
| stump; stick, club | *tu-tu |
| (to) swell | *p’upi |
| tapir | *wekkɨ |
| termite | *p’utu |
| thorn; fishhook | *pota |
| three | *ɨt’ia |
| thunder | *wɨ̃po |
| toad sp. | *p’opa |
| tobacco | *mɨt’o |
| tocandira ant | *piata |
| tongue / liver | *tj’eme |
| tooth | *k’õpi |
| tortoise; turtle | *k’oɨ |
| toucan | *tj’ase (?) |
| traira fish | *t’oje |
| tree | *tjũkkɨ |
| (to) urinate | *k’one |
| urucum (achiote) | *p’õsa |
| (to) wait | *kʷɨt’e |
| wasp | *utti |
| water | *okko |
| white; whitewash | *p’o- |
| wife | *t’ɨ̃po |
| wind | *wĩno |
| woman | *t’õmi- |
| woodpecker | *kone |
| yam | *jãp’o |
| you all | *mɨ-tja |
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Brasília.
- ↑ Chacon, Thiago (2014). "A Revised Proposal of Proto-Tukanoan Consonants and Tukanoan Family Classification". International Journal of American Linguistics. 80 (3): 275–322. doi:10.1086/676393. S2CID 147252620.
- ↑ Nikulin, Andrey V. 2019. The classification of the languages of the South American Lowlands: State-of-the-art and challenges / Классификация языков востока Южной Америки. Illič-Svityč (Nostratic) Seminar / Ностратический семинар, Higher School of Economics, October 17, 2019.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
- ↑ Chacon, Thiago (2013). On Proto-Languages and Archaeological Cultures: pre-history and material culture in the Tukanoan Family. In Revista Brasileira de Linguística Antropológica. Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 217-245.
- ↑ Aracus. amazonwaters.org
Bibliography
- Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
- Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70414-3.
- Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.
External links
Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix:Proto-Tukanoan reconstructions
- Proel: Familia Tucanoana