Coordinates: 42°19′52″N 72°51′51″W / 42.33111°N 72.86417°W / 42.33111; -72.86417

Massachusetts's 1st congressional district

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Massachusetts's 1st congressional district
Map
Interactive map of district boundaries since January 3, 2023
Representative
Area3,101.14 sq mi (8,031.9 km2)
Distribution
  • 69.21% urban
  • 30.79% rural
Population (2023)767,012
Median household
income		$72,540[1]
Ethnicity
Occupation
Cook PVID+9[2]

Massachusetts's 1st congressional district covers the western portion and the south of the central portion of the state. It is the largest and most sparsely populated district in the state, covering about 30% of the state's land area.[3] The largest cities in the district are Springfield, Chicopee, Pittsfield, Westfield, and Holyoke. Richard Neal, a Democrat from Springfield, represents the district; he previously represented the old 2nd from 1989 to 2013.

Cities and towns represented

As of the 2021 redistricting cycle, the 1st district contains 83 municipalities:[4] Berkshire County (32)

All 32 municipalities

Franklin County (4)

Charlemont, Hawley, Monroe, Rowe

Hampden County (23)

All 23 municipalities

Hampshire County (11)

Belchertown (includes Belchertown CDP), Cummington, Easthampton, Granby (includes Granby CDP), Huntington, Middlefield, Plainfield, South Hadley, Southampton, Ware (includes Ware CDP), Worthington

Worcester County (13)

Brookfield (includes Brookfield CDP), Charlton, Dudley, East Brookfield (includes East Brookfield CDP), New Braintree, North Brookfield (includes North Brookfield CDP), Southbridge, Spencer (includes Spencer CDP), Sturbridge (includes Fiskdale and Sturbridge CDP), Oxford (includes Oxford CDP), Warren (includes Warren CDP and West Warren), Webster (includes Webster CDP; part, also 2nd), West Brookfield (includes West Brookfield CDP)

History of district boundaries

After the 2010 census, the 1st district shifted from covering the western and north-central portions of the state to covering the western and south-central portions of the state.[5][6] Following the 2020 census, the 1st district boundaries did not shift as drastically but moved to cover somewhat less of the western portions of Franklin and Hampshire Counties while encompassing more of Worcester and southeastern Hampshire Counties.[7]

Recent statewide election results

Year Office Result
2000 President Gore 63–35%
2004 President Kerry 63–35%
2008 President Obama 64–34%
2012 President Obama 64–34%
2016 President Clinton 57–37%
2020 President Biden 61–36%

List of members representing the district

Member Party Years Cong
ress 		Electoral history District location
District created March 4, 1789
File:Gilbert Stuart - Fisher Ames - NPG.79.215 - National Portrait Gallery.jpg
Fisher Ames
(Dedham) 		Pro-Administration March 4, 1789 –
March 3, 1793 		1st
2nd 		Elected in 1788.
Re-elected in 1790. 		1789–1793
Suffolk County
General ticket:
Four members
from the
same district
March 4, 1793 –
March 3, 1795 		3rd Re-elected in 1792 with three others on a general ticket representing the district from Suffolk County.
Redistricted to the 8th district. 		1793–1795
Suffolk County, Middlesex County, and Essex County
File:Samuel Dexter.jpg
Samuel Dexter
(Lunenburg) 		Pro-Administration Elected in 1792 with three others on a general ticket representing the district from Middlesex County.
Redistricted to the 9th district and lost re-election.
File:Benjamin Goodhue, 1748-1814, from painting at Essex Institute by George Southward, photo by Frank Cousins, c. 1865-1914, from the Digital Commonwealth - commonwealth 2b88rh309.jpg
Benjamin Goodhue
(Salem) 		Pro-Administration Redistricted from the 2nd district and re-elected in 1792 with three others on a general ticket representing the district from Essex County.
Redistricted to the 10th district.
File:Samuel Holten (Massachusetts Congressman).jpg
Samuel Holten
(Danvers) 		Anti-Administration Elected in 1792 with three others on a general ticket representing the district at-large.
Redistricted to the 10th district and lost re-election.
File:TheodoreSedgwick.jpg
Theodore Sedgwick
(Great Barrington) 		Federalist March 4, 1795 –
June 11, 1796 		4th Redistricted from the 2nd district and re-elected in 1794.
Resigned to become U.S. Senator. 		1795–1803
"1st Western district"
Vacant June 1796 –
January 27, 1797
File:Thomson Joseph Skinner (Massachusetts Congressman).jpg
Thomson J. Skinner
(Williamstown) 		Democratic-Republican January 27, 1797 –
March 3, 1799 		Elected to finish Sedgwick's term.
Re-elected in 1796.
Retired.
5th
File:TheodoreSedgwick.jpg
Theodore Sedgwick
(Great Barrington) 		Federalist March 4, 1799 –
March 3, 1801 		6th Elected in 1798.
Retired.
John Bacon
(Stockbridge) 		Democratic-Republican March 4, 1801 –
March 3, 1803 		7th Elected in 1800.
Retired.
File:William Eustis.jpg
William Eustis
(Boston) 		Democratic-Republican March 4, 1803 –
March 3, 1805 		8th Redistricted from the 8th district and re-elected in 1802.
Lost re-election. 		1803–1813
"Suffolk district"
File:Josiah Quincy.jpg
Josiah Quincy III
(Boston) 		Federalist March 4, 1805 –
March 3, 1813 		9th
10th
11th
12th 		Elected in 1804.
Re-elected in 1806.
Re-elected in 1808.
Re-elected in 1810.
Retired.
Artemas Ward Jr.
(Boston) 		Federalist March 4, 1813 –
March 3, 1817 		13th
14th 		Elected in 1812.
Re-elected in 1814.
Retired. 		1813–1823
"Suffolk district"
File:Jonathan Mason, Senator from Massachusetts, by American school of the 19th century.jpg
Jonathan Mason
(Boston) 		Federalist March 4, 1817 –
May 15, 1820 		15th
16th 		Elected August 26, 1817 to Representative-elect James Lloyd's term and seated December 2, 1816.[8]
Re-elected in 1818.
Resigned to pursue law practice.
Vacant May 15, 1820 –
November 6, 1820 		16th
Benjamin Gorham
(Boston) 		Democratic-Republican November 6, 1820 –
March 3, 1823 		16th
17th 		Elected to finish Mason's term.
Also elected to the next term in 1820.
Retired.
File:Daniel Webster by Gilbert Stuart 1825.jpeg
Daniel Webster
(Boston) 		Adams-Clay Federalist March 4, 1823 –
March 3, 1825 		18th
19th
20th 		Elected in 1822.
Re-elected in 1824.
Re-elected in 1826, but resigned to become U.S. Senator. 		1823–1833
"Suffolk district"
Anti-Jacksonian March 4, 1825 –
May 30, 1827
Vacant May 30, 1827 –
July 23, 1827 		20th
Benjamin Gorham
(Boston) 		Anti-Jacksonian July 23, 1827 –
March 3, 1831 		20th
21st 		Elected to finish Webster's term.
Re-elected in 1828.
Retired.
File:Nathan Appleton.jpg
Nathan Appleton
(Boston) 		Anti-Jacksonian March 4, 1831 –
March 3, 1833 		22nd Elected in 1830.
Retired.
Benjamin Gorham
(Boston) 		Anti-Jacksonian March 4, 1833 –
March 3, 1835 		23rd Elected in 1833.
[data missing] 		1833–1843
[data missing]
File:Abbott Lawrence.jpg
Abbott Lawrence
(Boston) 		Anti-Jacksonian March 4, 1835 –
March 3, 1837 		24th Elected in 1834.
Retired.
File:Richard Fletcher ASA.jpg
Richard Fletcher
(Boston) 		Whig March 4, 1837 –
March 3, 1839 		25th Elected in 1836.
Re-elected in 1838, but declined to serve.
Vacant March 4, 1839 –
November 11, 1839 		26th
File:Abbott Lawrence.jpg
Abbott Lawrence
(Boston) 		Whig November 11, 1839 –
September 18, 1840 		Elected to finish Fletcher's term.
Resigned.
Vacant September 18, 1840 –
November 9, 1840
File:Robert Charles Winthrop.jpg
Robert C. Winthrop
(Boston) 		Whig November 9, 1840 –
May 25, 1842 		26th
27th 		Elected to finish Lawrence's term.
Also elected to the next term in 1840.
Resigned.
Vacant May 25, 1842 –
June 9, 1842 		27th
File:Nathan Appleton.jpg
Nathan Appleton
(Boston) 		Whig June 9, 1842 –
September 28, 1842 		Elected to finish Winthrop's term.
Resigned.
Vacant September 28, 1842 –
November 29, 1842
File:Robert Charles Winthrop.jpg
Robert C. Winthrop
(Boston) 		Whig November 29, 1842 –
July 30, 1850 		27th
28th
29th
30th
31st 		Elected to finish Appleton's term.
Also elected to the next term in 1842.
Re-elected in 1844.
Re-elected in 1846.
Re-elected in 1848.
Resigned to become U.S. Senator.
1843–1853
"City of Boston."[9]
Vacant July 30, 1850 –
August 22, 1850 		31st
File:Samuel Atkins Eliot (politician) Picture.png
Samuel A. Eliot
(Boston) 		Whig August 22, 1850 –
March 3, 1851 		Elected to finish Winthrop's term.
Retired.
File:William Appleton by Southworth & Hawes c1852 (cropped).png
William Appleton
(Boston) 		Whig March 4, 1851 –
March 3, 1853 		32nd Elected in 1850.
Redistricted to the 5th district.
File:ZenoScudder.jpg
Zeno Scudder
(Barnstable) 		Whig March 4, 1853 –
March 4, 1854 		33rd Redistricted from the 10th district and re-elected in 1852.
Retired because of injury. 		1853–1863
[data missing]
Vacant March 4, 1854 –
April 17, 1854
File:Thomas D. Eliot.png
Thomas D. Eliot
(New Bedford) 		Whig April 17, 1854 –
March 3, 1855 		Elected to finish Scudder's term.
Retired.
File:Robert B. Hall (Massachusetts Congressman).jpg
Robert B. Hall
(Plymouth) 		American
(Know Nothing) 		March 4, 1855 –
March 3, 1857 		34th
35th 		Elected in 1854.
Re-elected in 1856.
[data missing]
Republican March 4, 1857 –
March 3, 1859
File:Thomas D. Eliot.png
Thomas D. Eliot
(New Bedford) 		Republican March 4, 1859 –
March 3, 1869 		36th
37th
38th
39th
40th[10] 		Elected in 1858.
Re-elected in 1860.
Re-elected in 1862.
Re-elected in 1864.
Re-elected in 1866.
Retired.
1863–1873
"All of Barnstable, Dukes and Nantucket counties; the city of New Bedford and towns of Dartmouth and Fairhaven, in Bristol county; the towns of Carver, Kingston, Plymouth, Plympton, Rochester, and Wareham, in Plymouth county."[11]
File:JBuffington.jpg
James Buffinton
(Fall River) 		Republican March 4, 1869 –
March 7, 1875 		41st
42nd
43rd
44th[12] 		Elected in 1868.
Re-elected in 1870.
Re-elected in 1872.
Re-elected in 1874.
Died.
1873–1883
[data missing]
Vacant March 7, 1875 –
November 2, 1875 		44th
File:William Wallace Crapo.png
William W. Crapo
(New Bedford) 		Republican November 2, 1875 –
March 3, 1883 		44th
45th
46th
47th[13][14] 		Elected to finish Buffinton's term.
Re-elected in 1876.
Re-elected in 1878.
Re-elected in 1880.
Retired.
File:RobertTDavis.jpg
Robert T. Davis
(Fall River) 		Republican March 4, 1883 –
March 3, 1889 		48th
49th
50th 		Elected in 1882.
Re-elected in 1884.
Re-elected in 1886.
Retired. 		1883–1893
[data missing]
File:Charles Sturtevant Randall.png
Charles S. Randall
(New Bedford) 		Republican March 4, 1889 –
March 3, 1893 		51st
52nd 		Elected in 1888.
Re-elected in 1890.
Redistricted to the 13th district.
File:Ashley B. Wright.png
Ashley B. Wright
(North Adams) 		Republican March 4, 1893 –
August 14, 1897 		53rd
54th
55th[15] 		Elected in 1892.
Re-elected in 1894.
Re-elected in 1896.
Died. 		1893–1903
[data missing]
Vacant August 14, 1897 –
November 2, 1897 		55th
File:George P Lawrence Massachusetts Congressman circa 1908.png
George P. Lawrence
(North Adams) 		Republican November 2, 1897 –
March 3, 1913 		55th
56th
57th
58th
59th
60th
61st
62nd[16][17] 		Elected to finish Wright's term.
Re-elected in 1898.
Re-elected in 1900.
Re-elected in 1902.
Re-elected in 1904.
Re-elected in 1906.
Re-elected in 1908.
Re-elected in 1910.
Retired.
1903–1913
[data missing]
File:Allen Towner Treadway.png
Allen T. Treadway
(Stockbridge) 		Republican March 4, 1913 –
January 3, 1945 		63rd
64th
65th
66th
67th
68th
69th
70th
71st
72nd
73rd
74th
75th
76th
77th
78th[18] 		Elected in 1912.
Re-elected in 1914.
Re-elected in 1916.
Re-elected in 1918.
Re-elected in 1920.
Re-elected in 1922.
Re-elected in 1924.
Re-elected in 1926.
Re-elected in 1928.
Re-elected in 1930.
Re-elected in 1932.
Re-elected in 1934.
Re-elected in 1936.
Re-elected in 1938.
Re-elected in 1940.
Re-elected in 1942.
Retired. 		1913–1933
"Berkshire County.

Franklin County: Ashfield, Buckland, Charlemont, Colrain, Conway, Greenfield, Hawley, Heath, Leyden, Monroe, Rowe, Shelburne. Hampshire County: Chesterfield, Cummington, Goshen, Huntington, Middlefield, Plainfield, Southampton, Westhampton, Worthington. Hampden County: Holyoke, Blandford, Chester, Granville, Montgomery, Russell, Southwick, Tolland, and Westfield."[19]

1933–1943
[data missing]
1943–1953
[data missing]
File:John W. Heselton (Massachusetts Congressman).jpg
John W. Heselton
(Deerfield) 		Republican January 3, 1945 –
January 3, 1959 		79th
80th
81st
82nd
83rd
84th
85th 		Elected in 1944.
Re-elected in 1946.
Re-elected in 1948.
Re-elected in 1950.
Re-elected in 1952.
Re-elected in 1954.
Re-elected in 1956.
Retired.
1953–1963
"Berkshire County.

Franklin County Hamdpen County: Holyoke, Westfield, Blandford, Chester, Granville, Montgomery, Russell, Southwick, and Tolland. Hampshire County: Belchertown, Chesterfield, Cummington, Goshen, Huntington, Middlefield, Pelham, Plainfield, Southampton, Westhampton, Williamsburg, Worthington. Worcester County: Athol, Petersham, Phillipston, Royalston, Templeton."[20]

File:Silvio O. Conte.jpg
Silvio O. Conte
(Pittsfield) 		Republican January 3, 1959 –
February 8, 1991 		86th
87th
88th
89th
90th
91st
92nd
93rd
94th
95th
96th
97th
98th
99th
100th
101st
102nd 		Elected in 1958.
Re-elected in 1960.
Re-elected in 1962.
Re-elected in 1964.
Re-elected in 1966.
Re-elected in 1968.
Re-elected in 1970.
Re-elected in 1972.
Re-elected in 1974.
Re-elected in 1976.
Re-elected in 1978.
Re-elected in 1980.
Re-elected in 1982.
Re-elected in 1984.
Re-elected in 1986.
Re-elected in 1988.
Re-elected in 1990.
Died.
1963–1973
"Berkshire County: North Adams, Pittsfield, Adams, Alford, Becket, Cheshire, Clarksburg, Dalton, Egremont, Florida, Great Barrington, Hancock, Hinsdale, Lanesborough, Lee, Lenox, Monterey, Mount Washington, New Ashford, New Marlborough, Otis, Peru, Richmond, Sandisfield, Savoy, Sheffield, Stockbridge, Tyringham, Washington, West Stockbridge, Williamstown, Windsor.

Franklin County: Ashfield, Bernardston, Buckland, Charlemont, Colrain, Conway, Deerfield, Erving, Gill, Greenfield, Hawley, Heath, Leverett, Leyden, Monroe, Montague, New Salem, Northfield, Orange, Rowe, Shelburne, Shutesbury, Sunderland, Warwick, Wendell, Whately. Hampden County: Cities of Holyoke, Westfield, Blandford, Chester, Granville, Montgomery, Russell, Southwick, Tolland. Hampshire County: Northampton, Amherst, Chesterfield, Cummington, Easthampton, Goshen, Hadley, Hatfield, Huntington, Middlefield, Pelham, Plainfield, Southampton, Westhampton, Williamsburg, Worthington. Worcester County: Athol, Petersham, Phillipston, Royalston, Templeton."[21][lower-alpha 1]

1973–1983
"Berkshire County.

Franklin County: All except Orange. Hampden County: Holyoke, Westfield, Agawam, Blandford, Chester, Granville, Montgomery, Russell, Southwick, Tolland, West Springfield. Hampshire County: Northampton and all towns."[23]

1983–1993
[data missing]
Vacant February 8, 1991 –
June 18, 1991 		102nd
File:John Olver, Official Portrait, 111th Congress.jpg
John Olver
(Amherst) 		Democratic June 18, 1991 –
January 3, 2013 		102nd
103rd
104th
105th
106th
107th
108th
109th
110th
111th
112th 		Elected to finish Conte's term.
Re-elected in 1992.
Re-elected in 1994.
Re-elected in 1996.
Re-elected in 1998.
Re-elected in 2000.
Re-elected in 2002.
Re-elected in 2004.
Re-elected in 2006.
Re-elected in 2008.
Re-elected in 2010.
Retired.[24]
1993–2003
[data missing]
2003–2013
File:Ma01 109.gif

All of Berkshire County and Franklin County as well as the following towns and cities: In Hampden County: Blandford, Chester, Granville, Holyoke, Montgomery, Russell, Southwick, Tolland, Westfield, West Springfield. In Hampshire County: Amherst, Belchertown, Chesterfield, Cummington, Easthampton, Goshen, Granby, Hatfield, Huntington, Middlefield, Pelham, Plainfield, Southampton, Ware, Westhampton, Williamsburg, Worthington. In Middlesex County: Ashby, Pepperell, Townsend. In Worcester County: Ashburnham, Athol, Barre, Fitchburg, Gardner, Hardwick, Hubbardston, Leominster, Lunenburg, New Braintree, Oakham, Petersham, Phillipston, Royalston, Sterling, Templeton, West Brookfield, Westminster, Winchendon.

File:Richardneal.jpg
Richard Neal
(Springfield) 		Democratic January 3, 2013 –
present 		113th
114th
115th
116th
117th
118th 		Redistricted from the 2nd district and re-elected in 2012.
Re-elected in 2014.
Re-elected in 2016.
Re-elected in 2018.
Re-elected in 2020.
Re-elected in 2022.
Re-elected in 2024. 		2013–2023
File:Massachusetts US Congressional District 1 (since 2013).tif
Berkshire County.

Hampden County All except Precinct 1A in Palmer. In western Franklin County: Ashfield, Bernardston, Buckland, Charlemont, Colrain, Conway, Hawley, Heath, Leyden, Monroe, Rowe, Shelburne. In western Hampshire County: Chesterfield, Cummington, Easthampton, Goshen, Granby, Huntington, Middlefield, Plainfield, South Hadley, Southampton, Westhampton, Williamsburg, Worthington. In southwestern Worcester County: Brookfield, Charlton, Dudley, East Brookfield, Southbridge, Sturbridge, Warren.

2023–present
File:Massachusetts's 1st congressional district (since 2023).svg

Recent election results

2002

2002 general election
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic John Olver (incumbent) 137,841 67.56
Republican Matthew Kinnaman 66,061 32.40
Write-in 117 0.06
Majority 71,780 35.18
Turnout 204,019
Democratic hold

2004

2004 general election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic John Olver (incumbent) 229,465 99.02 + 31.46
Write-in 2,282 0.98 + 0.92
Majority 227,183 98.04 + 62.86
Turnout 231,747
Democratic hold Swing

2006

2006 general election
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic John Olver (incumbent) 158,035 76%
Unenrolled challenger William H. Szych 49,123 24%
Socialist Eric Chester <253 <1%
Democratic hold

2008

2008 general election
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic John Olver (incumbent) 215,696 69.7%
Republican Nathan Bech 80,067 25.9%
Democratic hold

2010

2010 general election
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic John Olver (incumbent) 128,011 60%
Republican William L. Gunn Jr. 74,418 34.9%
Independent Michael Engel 10,880 5.1%
Democratic hold

2012

2012 Democratic primary[25]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Richard Neal (redistricted incumbent) 40,295 65.4
Democratic Andrea F. Nuciforo Jr. 15,159 24.63
Democratic Bill Shein 6,059 9.85
Write-in Other 0.05 0.1
Total votes 61,546 100
2012 general election[26]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Richard E. Neal (redistricted incumbent) 261,936 98.42
Write-in Other 4,197 1.58
Total votes 266,133 100

2014

2014 Democratic primary[27]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Richard Neal (Incumbent) 44,857 98.45
Write-in Other 706 1.55
Total votes 45,563 100
2014 general election[28]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Richard E. Neal (Incumbent) 167,612 97.97
Write-in Other 3,498 2.04
Total votes 171,110 100

2016

2016 Democratic primary[29]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Richard Neal (Incumbent) 44,857 98.45
Write-in Other 706 1.55
Total votes 45,563 100
2016 general election[30]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Richard E. Neal (Incumbent) 235,803 73.34
Independent Frederick O. Mayock 57,504 17.88
Libertarian Thomas T. Simmons 27,511 8.56
Write-in Other 721 0.22
Total votes 321,539 100

2018

2018 Democratic primary[31]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Richard Neal (Incumbent) 49,696 70.64
Democratic Tahirah Amatul-Wadud 20,565 29.23
Write-in Other 93 0.13
Total votes 70,354 100
2018 general election[32]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Richard E. Neal (Incumbent) 211,790 97.64
Write-in Other 5,110 2.36
Total votes 216,900 100

2020

2020 Democratic primary
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Richard Neal (Incumbent) 83,437 58.8
Democratic Alex Morse 58,390 41.2
Write-in Other
Total votes
2020 general election
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Richard Neal (Incumbent) 275,376 96.5%
Write-in Other 9,956 3.5%
Total votes

2022

2022 general election
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Richard Neal (incumbent) 157,635 61.5%
Republican Dean Martilli 98,386 38.4%
Write-in 378 0.1%
Total votes 263,651 100%

2024

2024 general election
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Richard Neal (incumbent)
Independent Nadia Milleron
Write-in
Total votes

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ One source has a different list for the second session of the 88th Congress, which met in 1972: "Berkshire County: All cities and towns. Franklin County: All towns. Hampden County: Cities of Holyoke and Westfield. Towns of Agawam, Blandford, Chester, Granville, Montgomery, Russell, Southwick, Tolland, and West Springfield. Hampshire County: City of Northampton. Towns of Amherst, Chesterfield, Cummington, Easthampton, Goshen, Hadley, Hatfield, Huntington, Middlefield, Pelham, Plainfleld, Southampton, Westhampton, Williamsburg, and Worthington. Worcester County: Towns of Athol, Barre, Hardwick, Hubbardston, New Braintree, Oakham, Petersham, Phillipston, Royalston. Rutland, and Templeton."[22]

References

  1. ↑ "My Congressional District / Massachusetts / District 1". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 22, 2024 – via Census.gov.
  2. ↑ "2022 Cook PVI: District Map and List". Cook Political Report. July 12, 2022. Retrieved January 10, 2023.
  3. ↑ "State of Massachusetts Congressional Districts - Current/BAS24 - Data as of January 1, 2023". US Census Bureau.
  4. ↑ "Massachusetts Congressional Districts". Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
  5. ↑ "Commonwealth of Massachusetts: U.S. Congressional Districts (Chapter 29 of the Acts of 2002)".
  6. ↑ "The Commonwealth of Massachusetts: Congressional Districts, Chapter 177 of the Acts of 2011".
  7. ↑ "Massachusetts Congressional Districts" (PDF).
  8. ↑ "Fourteenth Congress March 4, 1815 to March 3, 1817". Office of the Historian, United States House of Representatives. Retrieved January 11, 2019 – via History.house.gov.
  9. ↑ John Hayward (1849). "Congressional Districts". Gazetteer of Massachusetts. Boston: J.P. Jewett & Co. hdl:2027/mdp.39015078325076.
  10. ↑ "Massachusetts". Congressional Directory for the Second Session of the Thirty-Seventh Congress. Washington, D.C.: Postmaster of the United States House of Representatives. 1861.
  11. ↑ "Congressional Districts". Massachusetts Register 1862. Boston: Adams, Sampson, & Co. 1862.
  12. ↑ Ben. Perley Poore (1869). "Massachusetts". Congressional Directory for the First Session of the Forty-First Congress (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. hdl:2027/nyp.33433081796686.
  13. ↑ Ben. Perley Poore (1878). "Massachusetts". Congressional Directory: 45th Congress (3rd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. ISBN 9780160411762.
  14. ↑ Ben. Perley Poore (1882). "Massachusetts". Congressional Directory: 47th Congress (3rd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
  15. ↑ L.A. Coolidge (1897). "Massachusetts". Official Congressional Directory: Fifty-Fifth Congress. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
  16. ↑ A.J. Halford (1903). "Massachusetts". Official Congressional Directory: Fifty-Eighth Congress. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
  17. ↑ A.J. Halford (1909). "Massachusetts". Congressional Directory: 60th Congress (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
  18. ↑ "Massachusetts". Official Congressional Directory: 75th Congress (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1938.
  19. ↑ "Massachusetts". Official Congressional Directory: 64th Congress. 1991/1992- : S. Pub. (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1916. hdl:2027/uc1.l0075858456.
  20. ↑ "Massachusetts". Official Congressional Directory: 83rd Congress. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1953. hdl:2027/mdp.39015038055821.
  21. ↑ "Massachusetts". Official Congressional Directory: 88th Congress. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1963. hdl:2027/mdp.39015071164118.
  22. ↑ "Massachusetts". Official Congressional Directory: 92nd Congress. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1972. hdl:2027/mdp.39015011922419.
  23. ↑ "Massachusetts". Official Congressional Directory: 93rd Congress. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1973. hdl:2027/mdp.39015038055771.
  24. ↑ "U.S. Rep. John Olver announces plan to retire when term ends next year". masslive.com. October 26, 2011. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
  25. ↑ "2012 U.S. House Democratic Primary 1st Congressional District". PD43+. Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
  26. ↑ "STATISTICS OF THE PRESIDENTIAL AND CONGRESSIONAL ELECTIONS OF NOVEMBER 6, 2012". United States House of Representatives. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
  27. ↑ "2016 U.S. House Democratic Primary 1st Congressional District". PD43+. Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
  28. ↑ "STATISTICS OF THE CONGRESSIONAL ELECTIONS OF NOVEMBER 4, 2014". United States House of Representatives. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
  29. ↑ "2016 U.S. House Democratic Primary 1st Congressional District". PD43+. Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
  30. ↑ "STATISTICS OF THE PRESIDENTIAL AND CONGRESSIONAL ELECTIONS OF NOVEMBER 8, 2016". United States House of Representatives. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
  31. ↑ "2018 U.S. House Democratic Primary 1st Congressional District". PD43+. Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
  32. ↑ "STATISTICS OF THE PRESIDENTIAL AND CONGRESSIONAL ELECTIONS OF NOVEMBER 6, 2018". United States House of Representatives. Retrieved February 29, 2020.

Further reading

  • Martis, Kenneth C. (1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
  • Martis, Kenneth C. (1982). The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.

External links

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42°19′52″N 72°51′51″W / 42.33111°N 72.86417°W / 42.33111; -72.86417

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