Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization

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Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
Flag
Logo
Members of UNPO. Former members are in dark gray.
Members of UNPO. Former members are in dark gray.
Membership44 groups[1]
Leaders
• President[2]
Edna Adan Ismail
• Vice-Presidents[2]
Elisenda Paluzie
Rubina Greenwood
• Presidency members include
Abdirahman Mahdi
Dolkun Isa
Paul Strauss
Tina Rose Muña Barnes
Establishment11 February 1991
Part of a series on
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The Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) is an international organization established to facilitate the voices of unrepresented and marginalized nations and peoples worldwide. It was formed on 11 February 1991[3][4] in The Hague, Netherlands. Its members consist of indigenous peoples, minorities, and unrecognised or occupied territories. UNPO works to develop the understanding of and respect for the right to self-determination, provides advice and support related to questions of international recognition and political autonomy, trains groups on how to advocate for their causes effectively, and directly advocates for an international response to human rights violations perpetrated against UNPO member groups. Some former members, such as Armenia, East Timor, Estonia, Latvia, Georgia and Palau, have gained full independence and joined the United Nations (UN).[5][6] Throughout 2024, UNPO conducted several training sessions aimed at helping its members and activists. Sessions included in-person training for Asia Pacific members in Geneva, online cybersecurity training, a cybersecurity training in person for the Baloch community in Stockholm, and a youth study session supported by the Council of Europe, emphasizing the importance of acquiring and improving necessary skills for advocacy within marginalized communities. [7]

History

UNPO was conceived of in the 1980s by leaders of self-determination movements, Linnart Mäll of the Congress of Estonia, Erkin Alptekin of East Turkestan, and Lodi Gyari of Tibet, together with Michael van Walt van Praag [nl], along with the international law adviser of the 14th Dalai Lama. The founders were representatives of national movements of Estonia, Latvia, Tibet, Crimean Tatars, Armenia, Georgia, Tatarstan, East Turkestan, East Timor, Australian Aboriginals, the Cordillera in the Philippines, the Greek minority in Albania, Kurdistan, Palau, Taiwan, and West Papua.[8] A key UNPO goal was, and remains, to replicate the success of the 14th Dalai Lama's and the Tibetan people's non-violent message in the face of oppression and occupation.[9][10] UNPO chose for its founding headquarters in 1991 The Hague in the Netherlands because the city aimed at becoming the International City of Peace and Justice and hosts international courts like the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and International Criminal Court (ICC). A Foundation was established in the Netherlands to provide secretarial support to the UNPO General Assembly and to carry out research and educational activities related to unrepresented peoples worldwide. The Foundation maintains a permanent presence before the European Union, United States and United Nations. It is funded by a combination of member contributions, donations from individuals, and project-based grants from foundations.[citation needed]

Aims

UNPO's vision is to affirm democracy as a fundamental human right, implement human, civil and political rights worldwide, uphold the universal right to autonomy and self-determination, and further federalism. It encourages nonviolent methodologies to reach peaceful solutions to conflicts and oppression. UNPO supports members in getting their human and cultural rights respected and in preserving their environments. The organization provides a forum for members to network and assists them in participating at an international level.[9] Although UNPO members often have different goals, they have one thing in common: they are generally not represented diplomatically (or only with a minor status, such as observer) in major international institutions, such as the United Nations (UN). As a result, their ability to have their concerns addressed by the global bodies mandated to protect human rights and address conflict is limited.[9] UNPO is dedicated to the five principles enshrined in its Covenant:

All members are required to sign and abide by the UNPO Covenant.[11] UNPO members are required to be nonviolent.[12]

Members

The following are listed as members by the UNPO.[13] Original members are listed with pink background and in bold. Members who are recognised as independent countries by at least 1 UN Member or by other countries recognised by at least 1 UN member are marked by asterisk (*).

Member Date joined Represented by Ref
File:Flag of the Republic of Abkhazia.svg Abkhazians* 6 August 1991 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Abkhazia [14]
File:Flag of Free Aceh Movement.svg Aceh 11 February 1991 Acheh-Sumatra National Liberation Front [15]
File:Annobon.png Annobón 14 May 2024 Ambô Legadu [16]
File:Afrikaner Vryheidsvlag.svg Afrikaners 15 May 2008 Freedom Front Plus [17]
File:Flag of Arabistan.svg Ahwazi 14 November 2003 Democratic Solidarity Party of Ahwaz [18]
File:Flag of the Assyrians (no Assur).svg Assyrians 6 August 1991 Assyrian Universal Alliance [19]
File:Flag of the Baloch People.svg Balochistan 1 March 2008 Balochistan National Party (Mengal) [20]
Barotseland Barotseland 23 November 2013 Barotse National Freedom Alliance [21]
File:Bellah flag (UNPO).jpg Bellah 6 June 2017 Malian Association for the Preservation of Bellah Culture [22]
Republic of Biafra Biafra 31 July 2020 Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra/Biafra Independence Movement [1][23]
Brittany Brittany 8 June 2015 Kelc’h An Dael [br] [24]
Catalonia Catalans 14 December 2018 Assemblea Nacional Catalana [25]
File:Flag of the Chittagong Hill Tracts Shanti Bahini.svg Chittagong Hill Tracts 6 August 1991 Parbatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti [26]
File:Flag of the Crimean Tatar people.svg Crimean Tatars 11 February 1991 Milli Mejlis [27]
File:Flag of Washington, D.C.svg District of Columbia (Washington, DC) 4 December 2015 D.C. Statehood Congressional Delegation [28]
East Turkestan East Turkestan 11 February 1991 World Uyghur Congress [29]
File:Flag of Balawaristan.svg Gilgit Baltistan 20 September 2008 Gilgit Baltistan Democratic Alliance [30]
Guam Guam 31 July 2020 Government of Guam [1][23]
File:Flagge Haratin FALM.PNG Haratin 18 September 2011 Initiative de Résurgence du Mouvement Abolitionniste en Mauritanie [31]
File:Hmong Flag (UNPO).svg Hmong 2 February 2007 Congress of World Hmong People [32]
File:Flag of Kurdistan.svg Iranian Kurds 2 February 2007 Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan and Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan [33]
File:Berber flag.svg Kabylia 6 June 2017 MAK-Anavad [34]
File:Flag of KKF.svg Khmer Krom 15 July 2001 Khmers Kampuchea-Krom Federation [35]
File:Unofficial flag of Nagaland.svg Nagalim 23 January 1993 National Socialist Council of Nagalim [36]
File:Flag of the union of the Niger delta Republic.jpg Niger Delta 1 June 2023 Niger Delta Peoples Movement [37]
Ogaden Ogaden 6 February 2010 Ogaden National Liberation Front [38]
Ogoni Ogoni 19 January 1993 Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People [39]
File:Flag of the Oromo Liberation Front.svg Oromo 19 December 2004 Oromo Liberation Front [40]
File:Flag of Sindhudesh.svg Sindhis 19 January 2002 World Sindhi Congress [41]
Somaliland Somaliland* 19 December 2004 Government of Somaliland [42]
Republic of South Maluku South Moluccas 6 August 1991 Republic of South Moluccas [43]
File:Flag of South Azerbaijan.svg Southern Azerbaijanis 2 February 2007 South Azerbaijan Democratic Party [44]
File:Flag of the Inner Mongolian People's Party.svg Southern Mongolians 2 February 2007 Southern Mongolian Human Rights Information Center [45]
Taiwan Taiwan* 11 February 1991 Taiwan Foundation for Democracy [46]
Tibet Tibet 11 February 1991 Central Tibetan Administration [47]
File:Balochistan flag.svg West Balochistan 26 June 2005 Balochistan People's Party [48]
File:Flag of Western Togoland.svg Western Togolanders 2017 Homeland Study Group Foundation [49]
Republic of West Papua West Papuans 11 February 1991 Free Papua Movement [8][50]
File:Oduduwa Flag.jpg Yoruba 31 July 2020 Yoruba World Congress [1][23]
File:Flag of Zambesia.jpg Zambesia 31 July 2020 Movement for the Survival of the River Races of Zambesia [1][23]

Former members

Some members of the UNPO have left because of United Nations (UN) recognition, autonomy agreements, or for other reasons. The following lists former and suspended members.[13] Former members who became part of the UN are highlighted with a blue background and italics. Original members (from 11 February 1991) are listed with pink background and in bold. Former members who are recognised as independent countries by at least 1 UN member or by other countries recognised by at least 1 UN member are marked by asterisk (*). Suspended members are marked by yellow background.

Former member Date joined Date withdrew Note Ref
File:Australian Aboriginal Flag.svg Aboriginals of Australia 11 February 1991 7 July 2012 Represented by National Committee to Defend Black Rights [51]
File:Flag of Albanians in North Macedonia.svg Albanians in North Macedonia 16 April 1994 1 March 2008 Reached agreement on wider rights with North Macedonia in 2001 [52]
File:Berber flag.svg Amazigh 28 November 2014 26 November 2016 Represented by World Amazigh Congress [53]
File:Flag of the Federal Republic of Southern Cameroons.svg Ambazonia 25 October 2006 7 June 2021 Represented by the Southern Cameroons National Council and Ambazonia Governing Council (from September 2018). [54]
File:Flag of Armenia.svg Armenia 11 February 1991 2 March 1992 Became member of the UN in 1992 [55]
Bashkortostan Bashkortostan 3 February 1996 30 June 1998 [56]
File:Bandera poble Batwa.svg Batwa 17 January 1993 December 2019 Cultural Conservation Act [57]
File:Flag of Bougainville.svg Bougainville 6 August 1991 1 March 2008 Reached an agreement with Papua New Guinea in 2021, in which Bougainville will be independent by 2027. [58]
Buffalo River Dene Nation 19 December 2004 9 October 2009 [59]
File:Flag of Myanmar.svg Burma 15 May 2008 13 February 2010 Represented by National Council of the Union of Burma. The Myanmar military junta was dissolved in 2011. [60]
Buryatia Buryatia 3 February 1996 13 February 2010 Represented by All-Buryat Association for the Development of Culture [61]
File:Flag of Cabinda (FLEC propose).svg Cabinda 17 April 1997 18 September 2011 Represented by the Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda [62]
File:Unofficial flag of Cham Albanians.svg Chameria 8 June 2015 December 2019 Democratic Foundation of Chameria [63][13]
File:Flag of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (with COA).svg Chechen Republic of Ichkeria* 6 August 1991 10 September 2010 Government-in-exile in London. [64]
File:Chin National Flag.png Chin 15 July 2001 26 November 2016 Represented by Chin National Front [65]
Chuvashia Chuvash 17 January 1993 1 March 2008 Represented by the Chuvash National Congress [66]
Circassia Circassia 16 April 1994 6 November 2015 Represented by International Circassian Association [67]
File:Pi cpdf.GIF Cordillera 11 February 1991 6 November 2015 Represented by Cordillera Peoples' Alliance [68]
Degar-Montagnards 14 November 2003 29 April 2016 Represented by Montagnard Foundation, Inc. [69]
File:Flag of East Timor (1975–1976).png East Timor 17 January 1993 27 September 2002 Became member of the UN in 2002 [70]
File:Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia 11 February 1991 17 September 1991 Became member of the UN in 1991 [71]
File:Flag of Gagauzia.svg Gagauzia 16 April 1994 1 December 2007 Reached autonomy agreement with Moldova in 1994 [72]
File:Flag of Georgia (1990–2004).svg Georgia 11 February 1991 31 July 1992 Became member of the UN in 1991 [73]
File:Flag of Greece.svg Greek minority in Albania 11 February 1991 7 July 2012 Represented by Omonoia [74]
Hungary Hungarian minority in Romania 30 July 1994 2015 Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania [75]
Ingushetia Ingushetia 30 July 1994 1 March 2008 [76]
File:Inkerin lippu.svg Inkeri 17 January 1993 9 October 2009 [77]
Kurdistan Region Iraqi Kurdistan 11 February 1991 1 July 2015 Represented by Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iraq and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan [78]
File:Flag of Iraq Turkmen Front.svg Iraqi Turkmen 6 August 1991 27 November 2016 Represented by Iraqi Turkmen Front, Turkmen Nationalist Movement, Turkmen Wafa Movement, and Islamic Union of Iraqi Turkmens [79]
File:Ka Lahui Hawai Flag.svg Kalahui Hawaii 3 August 1993 7 July 2012 Represented by Ka Lahui Hawaii [80]
File:Flag of the Karenni people.png Karenni State 19 January 1993 7 July 2012 Represented by Karenni National Progressive Party[failed verification] [81]
File:Flag-of-Khalistan.svg Khalistan 24 January 1993[82] 4 August 1993 Membership suspended on 4 August 1993 and suspension made permanent 22 January 1995.[83] [84]
Komi Republic Komi 17 January 1993 9 October 2009 [85]
Republic of Kosova Kosovo* 6 August 1991 24 March 2018 Represented by Democratic League of Kosovo [86]
File:Flag of the Kumukh people.png Kumyk 17 April 1997 1 March 2008 [87]
File:Pine Ridge Flag Oglala Lakota Nation.gif Lakota Nation 30 July 1994 1 December 2007 Followed by the declaration of the Republic of Lakotah [88]
Latin American Indigenous Peoples (Project) 2016 ? [13]
File:Flag of Latvia.svg Latvia 11 February 1991 17 September 1991 Became member of the UN in 1991 [89]
File:Lezgian flag.svg Lezghin 7 July 2012 30 October 2023 Federal Lezgian National and Cultural Autonomy [90]
Maasai people Maasai 19 December 2004 7 July 2012 Represented by Maasai Women for Education and Economic Development [91]
File:Personal Standard of Pomare IV.svg Maohi 30 July 1994 1 December 2007 Represented by Hiti Tau [92]
File:Flagge fan Madesj.png Madhesh 14 October 2017 30 October 2023 Represented by Alliance for Independent Madhesh [93]
File:Flag of the Mapuches (1992).svg Mapuche 19 January 1993 26 April 2016 Represented by Mapuche Inter-Regional Council [94]
File:Flag of Mari UNPO.gif Mari 6 August 1991 9 October 2009 [95]
File:New Mon State Party flag.svg Mon 3 February 1996 7 July 2012 Represented by Mon Unity League [96]
File:Flag of the Moro Islamic Liberation Front.svg Moro 26 September 2010 28 November 2014 Represented by the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, autonomy and peace deal with the government in 2014 [97]
Nahua Del Alto Balsas 19 December 2004 20 September 2008 [98]
Nuxalk Nation 23 September 1998 1 March 2008 [99]
File:Flag of Palau.svg Palau (Belau) 11 February 1991 15 December 1994 Became member of the UN in 1994 [100]
File:Flag of Transcarpathian Oblast (unofficial).svg Rusyn 23 September 1998 1 December 2007 [101]
Yakutia Sakha 3 August 1993 30 June 1998 [102]
Sandžak Sanjak 17 January 1993 18 September 2011 Represented by the Bosnian National Council of Sanjak [103]
Savoy Savoy 29 June 2014 30 October 2023 [104]
Skåneland Scania (Skåneland) 19 January 1993 18 September 2011 Membership suspended on 18 September 2011.[105] [106]
File:Rehobothflag.svg Rehoboth Basters 2 February 2007 December 2019[107] Represented by Captains Council
File:Flag of the Shan State.svg Shan 17 April 1997 6 February 2010 [108]
File:Flagge fan Súd-Araabje.png South Arabia 29 April 2016 Represented by the Southern Democratic Assembly for Self-Determination for South Arabia's People [109]
File:War Flag of Sulu Sultanate.svg Sulu 5 January 2015 30 October 2023 Sulu Foundation of Nine Ethnic Tribes [110]
File:Flag of Talysh.svg Talysh 15 July 2014 National Talysh Movement [111]
Tatarstan Tatarstan 11 February 1991 1 March 2008 [112]
File:Free Territory Trieste Flag.svg Trieste (Free Territory of Trieste) 28 December 2014 Represented by TRIEST NGO [113]
Tsimshian 2 February 2007 18 September 2011 [114]
Tuva Tuva 3 February 1996 13 February 2010 [115]
Udmurtia Udmurt 17 January 1993 6 July 2013 Represented by Udmurt Council [116]
File:Flagge Venda Dabalorivhuwa Patriotic Front.png Vhavenda 14 November 2003 1 July 2015 Represented by Dabalorivhuwa Patriotic Front [117]
Zanzibar Zanzibar 6 August 1991 1 July 2015 Represented by Zanzibar Democratic Alternative, in cooperation with the Civic United Front [118]

Suspensions

UNPO's representing nations may become suspended from the Organization if they fail to follow its covenant.[119] In 24 January 1993, Khalistan was briefly admitted in the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, but was suspended a few months after its admission. The membership suspension was made permanent on 22 January 1995.[120][121] Scania was also suspended on 18 September 2011.[122]

Leadership

Secretaries general[123]

Name Term
Netherlands Michael van Walt van Praag [nl] (Netherlands) 1991–1998
Tibet Tsering Jampa [fr] (Tibet) 1997–1998
File:Australian Aboriginal Flag.svg Helen S. Corbett (Australian Aboriginals) 1998–1999
East Turkestan Erkin Alptekin (Uyghurs) 1999–2003
Italy Marino Busdachin (Italy) 2003–2018
United States Ralph J. Bunche III (USA) 2018–2023
Spain Mercè Monje Cano (Spain) 2023–current

Chair/Presidents of the General Assembly

  • Linnart Mäll – (Estonia) 1991–1993
  • Erkin Alptekin – (Uyghurs) 1993–1997
  • Seif Sharif Hamad – (Zanzibar) 1997–2001
  • John J. Nimrod – (Assyrians) 2001–2005
  • Göran Hansson – (Scania) 2005–2006
  • Ledum Mitee – (Ogoni) 2006–2010
  • Ngawang Choephel Drakmargyapon – (Tibet) 2010–2015
  • Nasser Boladai – (West Balochistan) 2015–2022
  • Edna Adan Ismail - (Somaliland) since 2022

Special Executive Director

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 "UNPO Welcomes 5 New Members!". UNPO. 3 August 2020. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "UNPO Organizational Structure". UNPO. Archived from the original on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  3. ↑ "UNPO World Statesman.org". Worldstatesman. Archived from the original on 27 April 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
  4. ↑ "About UNPO". UNPO. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
  5. ↑ Crossette, Barbara (18 December 1994). "Those Knocking, Unheeded, at UN's Doors Find Champion". New York Times.
  6. ↑ Tishkov, Valerie (July 2008). "An Anthropology of NGOs". Eurozine. Archived from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2008.
  7. ↑ "UNPO: UNPO's Journey of Empowerment: The 2023-2024 Activity Report in Global Advocacy and Solidarity". unpo.org. 2 November 2009. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Simmons, Mary Kate, ed. (1996). Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization Yearbook 1995. Kluwer Law International. pp. 1–3. ISBN 90-411-0223-X. OCLC 36779050.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 UNPO 20th Anniversary Publication: Twenty Years of Promoting Nonviolence, Human Rights and Self Determination (PDF). The Hague, Netherlands: UNPO. 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2012.
  10. ↑ Gluckman, Ron (1998). "World's wanna-be republics find a home with UNPO". Asiaweek. Archived from the original on 25 November 2010. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
  11. ↑ "UNPO: UNPO Covenant". UNPO. Archived from the original on 15 November 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  12. ↑ Bob, Clifford (2005). The Marketing of Rebellion: Insurgents, Media, and International Activism. Cambridge University Press. pp. 47–48, 76–77.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 "Members". UNPO. Archived from the original on 17 June 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
  14. ↑ "UNPO: Abkhazia". UNPO. 16 February 2015. Archived from the original on 23 October 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  15. ↑ "UNPO: Acheh". UNPO. 19 January 2018. Archived from the original on 23 July 2019. Retrieved 18 November 2022.
  16. ↑ "The UNPO approves three resolutions proposed by Assemblea, while revalidating the presidency of the international organisation". 14 May 2024.
  17. ↑ "UNPO: Afrikaners". UNPO. 28 July 2017. Archived from the original on 28 November 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  18. ↑ "UNPO: Ahwazi". UNPO. 9 November 2017. Archived from the original on 23 October 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  19. ↑ "UNPO: Assyria". UNPO. 19 January 2018. Archived from the original on 16 January 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  20. ↑ "UNPO: Balochistan". UNPO. 5 April 2018. Archived from the original on 23 October 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  21. ↑ "UNPO: Barotseland". UNPO. 18 August 2015. Archived from the original on 23 July 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  22. ↑ "UNPO: Bellah People". UNPO. 6 July 2017. Archived from the original on 23 July 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 "Guam: Territory to be Inducted into UNPO". UNPO. 31 July 2020. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
  24. ↑ "UNPO: Brittany". UNPO. 8 July 2015. Archived from the original on 23 October 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  25. ↑ "UNPO: UNPO Welcomes the Assemblea Nacional Catalana as its Newest Member". UNPO. 10 January 2019. Archived from the original on 28 July 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
  26. ↑ "UNPO: Chittagong Hill Tracts". UNPO. 31 May 2018. Archived from the original on 8 September 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  27. ↑ "UNPO: Crimean Tatars". UNPO. 19 October 2017. Archived from the original on 23 October 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  28. ↑ "UNPO: District of Columbia (Washington, DC)". UNPO. 4 December 2015. Archived from the original on 23 October 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  29. ↑ "UNPO: East Turkestan". UNPO. 16 December 2015. Archived from the original on 7 September 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  30. ↑ "UNPO: Gilgit Baltistan". UNPO. 11 September 2017. Archived from the original on 23 October 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  31. ↑ "UNPO: Haratin". UNPO. 10 April 2017. Archived from the original on 23 October 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  32. ↑ "UNPO: Hmong". UNPO. 17 July 2017. Archived from the original on 23 October 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  33. ↑ "UNPO: Iranian Kurdistan". UNPO. Archived from the original on 23 October 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  34. ↑ "UNPO: Kabylia". UNPO. 6 July 2017. Archived from the original on 23 October 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  35. ↑ "UNPO: Khmer-Krom". UNPO. 30 January 2018. Archived from the original on 29 August 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  36. ↑ "UNPO: Nagalim". UNPO. 17 September 2018. Archived from the original on 23 July 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  37. ↑ "Niger Delta -". 1 June 2023. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
  38. ↑ "UNPO: Ogaden". UNPO. 12 February 2010. Archived from the original on 23 July 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  39. ↑ "UNPO: Ogoni". UNPO. 11 September 2017. Archived from the original on 28 August 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  40. ↑ "UNPO: Oromo". UNPO. 12 February 2015. Archived from the original on 23 October 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  41. ↑ "UNPO: Sindh". UNPO. 6 February 2018. Archived from the original on 23 October 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  42. ↑ "UNPO: Somaliland". UNPO. 1 February 2017. Archived from the original on 23 October 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  43. ↑ "UNPO: South Moluccas". UNPO. 25 March 2008. Archived from the original on 15 October 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  44. ↑ "UNPO: Southern Azerbaijan". UNPO. 31 January 2017. Archived from the original on 6 August 2010. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  45. ↑ "UNPO: Southern Mongolia". UNPO. 25 March 2008. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  46. ↑ "UNPO: Taiwan". UNPO. 19 July 2018. Archived from the original on 23 October 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  47. ↑ "UNPO: Tibet". UNPO. 23 May 2018. Archived from the original on 23 October 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  48. ↑ "UNPO: West Balochistan". UNPO. 22 August 2017. Archived from the original on 23 October 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  49. ↑ "UNPO: Western Togoland". UNPO. 15 November 2017. Archived from the original on 23 July 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  50. ↑ "UNPO: West Papua". UNPO. 15 October 2014. Archived from the original on 23 October 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  51. ↑ "UNPO: Aboriginals of Australia". UNPO. 6 June 2018. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  52. ↑ "UNPO: Albanians in Macedonia". UNPO. 6 June 2018. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  53. ↑ "UNPO: Amazigh". UNPO. 6 June 2018. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  54. ↑ "UNPO: Ambazonia". unpo.org. Archived from the original on 23 October 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
  55. ↑ "UNPO: Armenia". UNPO. 6 June 2018. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  56. ↑ "UNPO: Bashkortostan". UNPO. 6 June 2018. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  57. ↑ "UNPO: Batwa". UNPO. 14 June 2018. Archived from the original on 23 July 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  58. ↑ "UNPO: Bougainville". UNPO. 6 June 2018. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  59. ↑ "UNPO: Buffalo River Dene Nation". UNPO. 6 June 2018. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  60. ↑ "UNPO: Burma". UNPO. 6 June 2018. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
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  63. ↑ "UNPO: Chameria". UNPO. 6 July 2017. Archived from the original on 23 October 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  64. ↑ "UNPO: Chechen Republic of Ichkeria". UNPO. 6 June 2018. Archived from the original on 23 July 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  65. ↑ "UNPO: Chin". UNPO. 6 June 2018. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  66. ↑ "UNPO: Chuvash". UNPO. 6 June 2018. Archived from the original on 5 October 2022. Retrieved 18 November 2022.
  67. ↑ "UNPO: Circassia". UNPO. 6 June 2018. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  68. ↑ "UNPO: Cordillera". UNPO. 6 June 2018. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  69. ↑ "UNPO: Degar-Montagnards". UNPO. 6 June 2018. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  70. ↑ "UNPO: East Timor". UNPO. 6 June 2018. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  71. ↑ "UNPO: Estonia". UNPO. 6 June 2018. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  72. ↑ "UNPO: Gagauzia". UNPO. 6 June 2018. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  73. ↑ "UNPO: Georgia". UNPO. 6 June 2018. Archived from the original on 13 April 2023. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  74. ↑ "UNPO: Greek Minority in Albania". UNPO. 6 June 2018. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  75. ↑ "UNPO: Hungarian Minority in Romania". UNPO. 6 June 2018. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  76. ↑ "UNPO: Ingushetia". UNPO. 6 June 2018. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  77. ↑ "UNPO: Inkeri". UNPO. 6 June 2018. Archived from the original on 13 April 2023. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  78. ↑ "UNPO: Iraqi Kurdistan". UNPO. 6 June 2018. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  79. ↑ "UNPO: Iraqi Turkmen". UNPO. 11 March 2015. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  80. ↑ "UNPO: Kalahui Hawaii". UNPO. 6 June 2018. Archived from the original on 18 October 2018.
  81. ↑ "UNPO: Karenni State". UNPO. 6 June 2018. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  82. ↑ Downing, John D. H. (2011). Encyclopedia of Social Movement Media. SAGE. p. 290. ISBN 9780761926887. Archived from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2019 – via Google Books.
  83. ↑ Simmons, Mary Kate (1998). Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization: yearbook. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 187. ISBN 9789041102232. Archived from the original on 13 April 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2018 – via Google Books.
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