V-Dem Democracy Indices

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For overview of democracy indices, see Democracy indices.
File:V-Dem Electoral Democracy Index 2023.svg
Map of V-Dem Electoral Democracy Index for 2023

The Democracy Indices by V-Dem are democracy indices published by the V-Dem Institute that describe qualities of different democracies. It is published annually.[1] In particular, the V-Dem dataset is popular among political scientists and describes the characteristics of political regimes. Datasets released by the V-Dem Institute include information on hundreds of indicator variables describing all aspects of government, especially on the quality of democracy, inclusivity, and other economic indicators. By 2020, the V-Dem index had "more than 470 indicators, 82 mid-level indices, and 5 high-level indices covering 202 polities from the period of 1789–2019".[2] V-Dem uses methodological tools to deal with the subject nature of ratings and their reliability.[2]

Democracy indices

As of 2022, the V-Dem Institute published 483 indicators and republishes 59 other indicators.[3][4] V-Dem publishes five core indices with several other supplementary indices. The core indices are the electoral democracy index, the liberal democracy index, the participatory democracy index, the Deliberative Democracy Index and the egalitarian democracy index.[5]

The Electoral Democracy Index
This index measures the principle of electoral or representative democracy, including whether elections were free and fair, as well as the prevalence of a free and independent media. This index is part of all the other indices as a central component of democracy.[6]
Liberal Democracy Index
This index incorporates measures of rule of law, checks and balances, and civil liberties along with the concepts measured in the electoral democracy index.[6]
Participatory Democracy Index
This index measures the degree to which citizens participate in their own government through local democratic institutions, civil society organizations, direct democracy, and the concepts measured in the electoral democracy index.[6]
Deliberative Democracy Index
See also: deliberative democracy
This index measures the degree to which decisions are made in the best interest of the people as opposed to due to coercion or narrow interest groups, in addition to the basic electoral democracy index.[6]
Egalitarian Democracy Index
See also: political egalitarianism
This index measures the level of equal access to resources, power, and freedoms across various groups within a society, in addition to the level of electoral democracy.[6]

Rankings

The table below shows V-Dem Democracy rankings published in 2024.[7][8][9]

V-Dem Democracy Indices (14th edition)
Country Democracy Indices Democracy Component Indices
Electoral Liberal Liberal Egalitarian Participatory Deliberative
File:Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark 0.915 0.883 0.977 0.972 0.716 0.967
File:Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland 0.896 0.831 0.933 0.875 0.634 0.905
File:Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia 0.895 0.845 0.955 0.887 0.638 0.85
File:Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium 0.895 0.814 0.909 0.931 0.648 0.91
File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Switzerland 0.89 0.844 0.962 0.931 0.882 0.98
File:Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand 0.886 0.831 0.95 0.866 0.703 0.831
File:Flag of Norway.svg Norway 0.886 0.836 0.955 0.961 0.655 0.988
File:Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden 0.884 0.852 0.98 0.903 0.651 0.905
File:Flag of Luxembourg.svg Luxembourg 0.878 0.798 0.91 0.939 0.578 0.975
File:Flag of France.svg France 0.877 0.81 0.93 0.811 0.632 0.939
File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czech Republic 0.871 0.805 0.933 0.913 0.585 0.88
File:Flag of Costa Rica.svg Costa Rica 0.868 0.816 0.953 0.886 0.648 0.945
File:Flag of Finland.svg Finland 0.86 0.82 0.972 0.896 0.637 0.942
File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada 0.856 0.755 0.882 0.777 0.648 0.822
File:Flag of Germany.svg Germany 0.856 0.812 0.967 0.941 0.662 0.976
File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia 0.854 0.804 0.957 0.832 0.704 0.921
File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands 0.854 0.8 0.951 0.891 0.62 0.943
File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom 0.852 0.772 0.914 0.81 0.66 0.843
File:Flag of Latvia.svg Latvia 0.852 0.768 0.908 0.862 0.674 0.825
File:Flag of the United States.svg United States 0.848 0.772 0.92 0.651 0.657 0.838
File:Flag of Portugal.svg Portugal 0.845 0.751 0.887 0.795 0.611 0.872
File:Flag of Uruguay.svg Uruguay 0.845 0.77 0.922 0.821 0.768 0.849
File:Flag of Austria.svg Austria 0.844 0.773 0.926 0.893 0.65 0.827
File:Flag of Spain.svg Spain 0.843 0.757 0.902 0.841 0.645 0.828
File:Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina 0.84 0.69 0.803 0.769 0.616 0.696
File:Flag of Chile.svg Chile 0.838 0.786 0.956 0.723 0.661 0.939
File:Flag of Italy.svg Italy 0.837 0.757 0.911 0.904 0.747 0.911
File:Flag of Iceland.svg Iceland 0.834 0.744 0.896 0.87 0.659 0.845
File:Flag of Slovakia.svg Slovakia 0.823 0.739 0.909 0.792 0.686 0.583
File:Flag of the Republic of China.svg Taiwan 0.823 0.722 0.878 0.913 0.751 0.897
File:Flag of Japan.svg Japan 0.818 0.731 0.901 0.927 0.565 0.9
File:Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania 0.798 0.735 0.938 0.868 0.692 0.822
File:Flag of Jamaica.svg Jamaica 0.798 0.678 0.847 0.829 0.59 0.807
File:Flag of Barbados.svg Barbados 0.796 0.678 0.849 0.825 0.295 0.887
File:Flag of Vanuatu.svg Vanuatu 0.796 0.691 0.872 0.764 0.556 0.754
File:Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil 0.784 0.692 0.887 0.592 0.643 0.925
File:Flag of Malta.svg Malta 0.779 0.64 0.807 0.894 0.653 0.803
File:Flag of Cyprus.svg Cyprus 0.774 0.636 0.817 0.869 0.574 0.837
File:Flag of Slovenia.svg Slovenia 0.758 0.653 0.864 0.884 0.71 0.867
File:Flag of Cape Verde.svg Cape Verde 0.754 0.648 0.863 0.725 0.538 0.695
File:Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg Trinidad and Tobago 0.753 0.635 0.84 0.788 0.577 0.928
File:Flag of Suriname.svg Suriname 0.753 0.631 0.837 0.713 0.572 0.773
File:Flag of Greece.svg Greece 0.751 0.582 0.752 0.835 0.641 0.868
File:Flag of Seychelles.svg Seychelles 0.743 0.659 0.894 0.831 0.288 0.942
File:Flag of Croatia.svg Croatia 0.733 0.639 0.879 0.768 0.625 0.68
File:Flag of Panama.svg Panama 0.73 0.571 0.76 0.541 0.518 0.737
File:Flag of Israel.svg Israel 0.723 0.634 0.889 0.762 0.603 0.759
File:Flag of Moldova.svg Moldova 0.713 0.608 0.86 0.8 0.665 0.93
File:Flag of Colombia.svg Colombia 0.704 0.565 0.793 0.528 0.648 0.695
File:Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea 0.703 0.604 0.863 0.863 0.61 0.844
File:Flag of Peru.svg Peru 0.699 0.576 0.819 0.519 0.622 0.506
File:Flag of East Timor.svg East Timor 0.698 0.507 0.692 0.555 0.554 0.72
File:Flag of South Africa.svg South Africa 0.687 0.584 0.851 0.629 0.563 0.865
File:Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg Dominican Republic 0.685 0.438 0.577 0.46 0.595 0.837
File:Flag of Nepal.svg Nepal 0.681 0.523 0.742 0.592 0.614 0.555
File:Flag of São Tomé and Príncipe.svg São Tomé and Príncipe 0.675 0.563 0.835 0.67 0.561 0.678
File:Flag of Kosovo.svg Kosovo 0.674 0.494 0.702 0.685 0.524 0.6
File:Flag of Romania.svg Romania 0.669 0.501 0.72 0.674 0.657 0.35
File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria 0.666 0.588 0.898 0.76 0.663 0.914
File:Flag of Ghana.svg Ghana 0.661 0.562 0.858 0.683 0.381 0.854
File:Flag of Ecuador.svg Ecuador 0.646 0.467 0.689 0.488 0.759 0.54
File:Flag of Namibia.svg Namibia 0.646 0.519 0.792 0.425 0.486 0.706
File:Flag of Lesotho.svg Lesotho 0.644 0.503 0.758 0.727 0.531 0.689
File:Flag of The Gambia.svg The Gambia 0.641 0.517 0.798 0.659 0.592 0.728
File:Flag of Liberia.svg Liberia 0.639 0.436 0.638 0.561 0.469 0.836
File:Flag of Armenia.svg Armenia 0.634 0.422 0.611 0.811 0.442 0.69
File:Flag of the Solomon Islands.svg Solomon Islands 0.619 0.481 0.759 0.517 0.514 0.495
File:Flag of Senegal.svg Senegal 0.617 0.459 0.719 0.688 0.582 0.844
File:Flag of Georgia.svg Georgia 0.604 0.473 0.761 0.784 0.542 0.803
File:Flag of Maldives.svg Maldives 0.599 0.453 0.728 0.61 0.49 0.782
File:Flag of Poland.svg Poland 0.588 0.444 0.729 0.877 0.555 0.719
File:Flag of Bolivia.svg Bolivia 0.586 0.353 0.53 0.595 0.632 0.541
File:Flag of Montenegro.svg Montenegro 0.581 0.467 0.785 0.771 0.561 0.759
File:Flag of Malawi.svg Malawi 0.58 0.485 0.83 0.479 0.567 0.753
File:Flag of Sri Lanka.svg Sri Lanka 0.58 0.421 0.688 0.625 0.549 0.61
File:Flag of Paraguay.svg Paraguay 0.579 0.426 0.697 0.315 0.535 0.493
File:Flag of Kenya.svg Kenya 0.564 0.456 0.789 0.59 0.603 0.833
File:Flag of North Macedonia.svg North Macedonia 0.56 0.359 0.584 0.598 0.61 0.64
File:Flag of Botswana.svg Botswana 0.558 0.434 0.753 0.658 0.432 0.587
File:Flag of Indonesia.svg Indonesia 0.541 0.36 0.604 0.445 0.595 0.816
File:Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico 0.534 0.299 0.476 0.452 0.654 0.545
File:Flag of Honduras.svg Honduras 0.534 0.394 0.695 0.389 0.544 0.675
File:Flag of Zambia.svg Zambia 0.529 0.424 0.771 0.582 0.652 0.883
File:Flag of Mongolia.svg Mongolia 0.527 0.405 0.732 0.607 0.398 0.769
File:Flag of Bhutan.svg Bhutan 0.527 0.445 0.819 0.831 0.558 0.921
File:Flag of Guyana.svg Guyana 0.512 0.332 0.578 0.686 0.513 0.38
File:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.512 0.346 0.616 0.655 0.527 0.678
File:Flag of Albania.svg Albania 0.51 0.402 0.75 0.706 0.555 0.444
File:Flag of Malaysia.svg Malaysia 0.506 0.359 0.655 0.726 0.533 0.662
File:Flag of Guatemala.svg Guatemala 0.505 0.309 0.536 0.294 0.489 0.46
File:Flag of Fiji.svg Fiji 0.504 0.41 0.779 0.638 0.432 0.78
File:Flag of Benin.svg Benin 0.498 0.325 0.58 0.729 0.487 0.516
File:Flag of Sierra Leone.svg Sierra Leone 0.497 0.384 0.728 0.642 0.585 0.912
File:Flag of Nigeria.svg Nigeria 0.491 0.327 0.597 0.493 0.609 0.614
File:Flag of Mauritius.svg Mauritius 0.479 0.36 0.696 0.729 0.57 0.809
File:Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg Papua New Guinea 0.475 0.383 0.761 0.493 0.527 0.524
File:Flag of Madagascar.svg Madagascar 0.474 0.241 0.404 0.313 0.5 0.44
File:Flag of Tunisia.svg Tunisia 0.472 0.301 0.558 0.813 0.548 0.766
File:Flag of Côte d'Ivoire.svg Ivory Coast 0.454 0.253 0.457 0.522 0.611 0.822
File:Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary 0.44 0.325 0.668 0.631 0.571 0.361
File:Flag of Tanzania.svg Tanzania 0.435 0.39 0.844 0.708 0.532 0.777
File:Flag of the Philippines.svg Philippines 0.43 0.287 0.581 0.334 0.567 0.749
File:Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg Guinea-Bissau 0.421 0.233 0.425 0.454 0.345 0.401
File:Flag of Togo (3-2).svg Togo 0.416 0.215 0.409 0.626 0.477 0.735
File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine 0.415 0.249 0.5 0.654 0.58 0.761
File:Flag of Somaliland.svg Somaliland 0.404 0.247 0.508 0.28 0.509 0.507
File:Flag of Singapore.svg Singapore 0.403 0.331 0.735 0.81 0.134 0.738
File:Flag of Niger.svg Niger 0.389 0.282 0.595 0.613 0.599 0.792
File:Flag of El Salvador.svg El Salvador 0.388 0.111 0.151 0.315 0.469 0.261
File:Flag of India.svg India 0.377 0.275 0.621 0.429 0.507 0.612
File:Flag of Iraq.svg Iraq 0.367 0.21 0.452 0.449 0.462 0.589
File:Flag of Lebanon.svg Lebanon 0.364 0.237 0.529 0.503 0.472 0.667
File:Flag of Serbia.svg Serbia 0.364 0.253 0.579 0.747 0.55 0.486
File:Flag of Mauritania.svg Mauritania 0.363 0.184 0.373 0.338 0.52 0.548
File:Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg Kyrgyzstan 0.358 0.199 0.432 0.582 0.392 0.367
File:Flag of Mozambique.svg Mozambique 0.353 0.221 0.496 0.513 0.539 0.56
File:Flag of Angola.svg Angola 0.349 0.173 0.358 0.293 0.179 0.367
File:Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan 0.344 0.212 0.484 0.243 0.545 0.531
File:Flag of Kuwait.svg Kuwait 0.333 0.313 0.8 0.58 0.186 0.66
File:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg Democratic Republic of the Congo 0.317 0.122 0.244 0.353 0.398 0.631
File:Flag of the Central African Republic.svg Central African Republic 0.302 0.1 0.189 0.282 0.306 0.373
File:Flag of Cameroon.svg Cameroon 0.298 0.131 0.289 0.498 0.25 0.229
File:Flag of Gabon.svg Gabon 0.293 0.175 0.429 0.632 0.56 0.533
File:Flag of Zanzibar.svg Zanzibar 0.289 0.23 0.608 0.696 0.462 0.698
File:Flag of Thailand.svg Thailand 0.288 0.228 0.598 0.472 0.388 0.341
File:Flag of Zimbabwe.svg Zimbabwe 0.288 0.174 0.436 0.36 0.532 0.543
File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey 0.287 0.113 0.245 0.53 0.416 0.195
File:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Kazakhstan 0.284 0.144 0.345 0.597 0.299 0.446
File:Flag of Ethiopia.svg Ethiopia 0.283 0.11 0.238 0.518 0.385 0.612
File:Flag of Uganda.svg Uganda 0.28 0.217 0.577 0.421 0.392 0.693
File:Flag of the Comoros.svg Comoros 0.275 0.106 0.232 0.592 0.534 0.483
File:Flag of Algeria.svg Algeria 0.27 0.121 0.287 0.716 0.23 0.434
File:Flag of Morocco.svg Morocco 0.263 0.249 0.706 0.566 0.411 0.727
File:Flag of Jordan.svg Jordan 0.256 0.253 0.729 0.566 0.284 0.692
File:Flag of Palestine.svg Palestine (West Bank) 0.254 0.138 0.359 0.623 0.422 0.388
File:Flag of Bangladesh.svg Bangladesh 0.253 0.096 0.219 0.243 0.303 0.298
File:Flag of Djibouti.svg Djibouti 0.253 0.122 0.303 0.528 0.397 0.387
File:Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg Republic of the Congo 0.245 0.119 0.305 0.34 0.546 0.562
File:Flag of Mali.svg Mali 0.229 0.148 0.413 0.609 0.582 0.724
File:Flag of Uzbekistan.svg Uzbekistan 0.215 0.081 0.2 0.449 0.173 0.445
File:Flag of Rwanda.svg Rwanda 0.214 0.096 0.252 0.548 0.419 0.589
File:Flag of Haiti.svg Haiti 0.214 0.066 0.152 0.128 0.259 0.597
File:Flag of Venezuela.svg Venezuela 0.211 0.055 0.115 0.285 0.482 0.067
File:Flag of Burkina Faso.svg Burkina Faso 0.205 0.182 0.559 0.619 0.421 0.697
File:Flag of Cambodia.svg Cambodia 0.198 0.057 0.13 0.219 0.371 0.187
File:Flag of Libya.svg Libya 0.194 0.103 0.295 0.446 0.451 0.703
File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia 0.19 0.062 0.151 0.396 0.379 0.2
File:Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt 0.189 0.129 0.388 0.317 0.211 0.303
File:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Azerbaijan 0.188 0.064 0.162 0.37 0.119 0.123
File:Flag of Burundi.svg Burundi 0.188 0.059 0.145 0.31 0.181 0.199
File:Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg Equatorial Guinea 0.183 0.057 0.14 0.327 0.113 0.1
File:Flag of Guinea.svg Guinea 0.18 0.088 0.253 0.388 0.424 0.22
File:Flag of Cuba.svg Cuba 0.176 0.058 0.151 0.771 0.236 0.3
File:Flag of Somalia.svg Somalia 0.172 0.136 0.429 0.29 0.251 0.734
File:Flag of Oman.svg Oman 0.17 0.137 0.436 0.58 0.388 0.203
File:Flag of Nicaragua.svg Nicaragua 0.17 0.027 0.042 0.306 0.28 0.033
File:Flag of Tajikistan.svg Tajikistan 0.168 0.041 0.091 0.198 0.157 0.149
File:Flag of Belarus.svg Belarus 0.157 0.036 0.082 0.734 0.161 0.044
File:Flag of Iran.svg Iran 0.156 0.082 0.246 0.5 0.079 0.186
File:Flag of Hong Kong.svg Hong Kong 0.154 0.124 0.401 0.721 0.131 0.17
File:Flag of Turkmenistan.svg Turkmenistan 0.15 0.036 0.083 0.288 0.065 0.043
File:Flag of Vietnam.svg Vietnam 0.149 0.114 0.372 0.662 0.563 0.613
File:Flag of Chad.svg Chad 0.148 0.047 0.127 0.215 0.34 0.327
File:Flag of Syria.svg Syria 0.146 0.054 0.153 0.167 0.137 0.056
File:Flag of South Sudan.svg South Sudan 0.143 0.065 0.193 0.082 0.232 0.076
File:Flag of Palestine.svg Palestine (Gaza Strip) 0.136 0.07 0.219 0.582 0.357 0.202
File:Flag of Sudan.svg Sudan 0.135 0.046 0.132 0.208 0.279 0.163
File:Flag of Laos.svg Laos 0.132 0.095 0.313 0.44 0.393 0.181
File:Flag of Yemen.svg Yemen 0.13 0.048 0.14 0.108 0.217 0.181
File:Flag of Bahrain.svg Bahrain 0.129 0.054 0.165 0.391 0.122 0.209
File:Flag of Eswatini.svg Eswatini 0.124 0.094 0.315 0.219 0.253 0.164
File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg United Arab Emirates 0.102 0.078 0.27 0.486 0.095 0.285
File:Flag of Qatar.svg Qatar 0.087 0.085 0.306 0.382 0.041 0.389
File:Flag of North Korea.svg North Korea 0.084 0.015 0.036 0.317 0.153 0.036
File:Flag of Myanmar.svg Myanmar 0.081 0.016 0.044 0.207 0.314 0.221
File:Flag of the Taliban.svg Afghanistan 0.075 0.03 0.101 0.112 0.03 0.093
File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China 0.074 0.037 0.129 0.315 0.124 0.382
File:Flag of Eritrea.svg Eritrea 0.068 0.01 0.025 0.439 0.028 0.109
File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg Saudi Arabia 0.015 0.046 0.184 0.446 0.087 0.249

Impact and usage

File:Countries democratizing or autocratizing substantially and significantly 2010–2020.svg
Countries autocratizing (red) or democratizing (blue) substantially and significantly (2010–2020). Countries in grey are substantially unchanged.[10]

A variety of other organizations use V-Dem's dataset in the construction of their indicators.[11][12] The World Bank's Worldwide Governance Indicators also use V-Dem's data to inform their Control of Corruption indicator (includes V-Dem's Corruption index), Rule of Law Indicator (includes V-Dem's liberal component index), and the Voice and Accountability Indicator (includes V-Dem's Expanded freedom of expression, freedom of association, and Clean elections indicators).[12]

Digital Society Project

The Digital Society Project is a subset of indicators on V-Dem's survey that asks questions about social media's political status and the internet.[6] Specifically, the Digital Society Project measures a range of questions related to internet censorship, misinformation online, and internet shutdowns.[13] This annual report includes 35 indicators assessing five areas: disinformation, digital media freedom, state regulation of digital media, the polarization of online media, and online social cleavages.[14][15] It has been updated each year starting in 2019, with data covering from 2000–2021.[14] Similar to other expert analyses like Freedom House, these data are more prone to false positives when compared with remotely sensed data, such as that from Access Now or the OpenNet Initiative.[15]

Criticisms

This section is an excerpt from Democracy indices § Critiques of measures of democracy.[edit]
Data on democracy, and particularly global indices of democracy, and the data they rely on, have been the subject of scrutiny and criticized by various scholars. Gerardo L. Munck and Jay Verkuilen for instance, have raised concerns about the methodologies used by prominent democracy indices such as Freedom House and Polity.Such as the concept of democracy they measured, the design of indicators, and the aggregation rule.[16] Political scientists Andrew T. Little and Anne Meng "highlight measurement concerns regarding time-varying bias in expert-coded data" such as Freedom House and V-Dem and encourage improving expert-coding practices.[17] Knutsen et al.[18] did not see evidence for time-varying bias in their expert-coded data and note the application of item response theory, factor analysis and estimates of uncertainties to limit expert biases while discussing concerns in operationalization of observer-invariant measures of democracy.

Political scientist Jonas Wolff criticized V-Dem for gradually abandoning a pluralist conceptualization of democracy. According to him, V-Dem has moved away from its original emphasis on the conceptual varieties of democracy and adopted an uncontested view of democracy as liberal democracy while also ignoring the limitations of liberal democracy.[19] The V-Dem dataset does not cover some countries, namely: Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Belize, Brunei, Dominica, Federated States of Micronesia, Grenada, Kiribati, Liechtenstein, Marshall Islands, Monaco, Nauru, Palau, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino, Tonga, Tuvalu, and the Vatican.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "New index rates countries by degree of freedom for scholars".
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Hegedüs, Daniel (2020). "Varieties of Democracy: Measuring Two Centuries of Political Change. By Michael Coppedge, John Gerring, Adam Glynn, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Daniel Pemstein, Brigitte Seim, Svend-Erik Skaaning, and Jan Teorell. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020. 226p. $99.99 cloth". Perspectives on Politics. 18 (4): 1258–1260. doi:10.1017/S1537592720003059. ISSN 1537-5927. S2CID 230623566.
  3. ↑ "New democracy dataset to 'revolutionize' democracy research". 8 January 2016.
  4. ↑ Tucker, Joshua. "Open data and (15 million!) new measures of democracy". Washington Post.
  5. ↑ Coppedge, Michael; John Gerring; Carl Henrik Knutsen; Staffan I. Lindberg; Jan Teorell; Kyle L. Marquardt; Juraj Medzihorsky; Daniel Pemstein; Nazifa Alizada; Lisa Gastaldi; Garry Hindle; Johannes von Römer; Eitan Tzelgov; Yi-ting Wang; and Steven Wilson. 2020. "V-Dem Methodology v10". Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Coppedge, Michael; John Gerring; Carl Henrik Knutsen; Staffan I. Lindberg; Jan Teorell; David Altman; Michael Bernhard; Agnes Cornell; M. Steven Fish; Lisa Gastaldi; Haakon Gjerløw; Adam Glynn; Allen Hicken; Anna Lührmann; Seraphine F. Maerz; Kyle L. Marquardt; Kelly McMann; Valeriya Mechkova; Pamela Paxton; Daniel Pemstein; Johannes vonRömer; Brigitte Seim; Rachel Sigman; Svend-Erik Skaaning; Jeffrey Staton; Aksel Sundtröm; EitanTzelgov; Luca Uberti; Yi-ting Wang; Tore Wig; and Daniel Ziblatt (2021). "V-Dem Codebook v11". Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. Archived 8 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine.
  7. ↑ Democracy Report 2024, Varieties of Democracy
  8. ↑ "The V-Dem Dataset". V-Dem Institute. 2024. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
  9. ↑ Coppedge, Michael; Gerring, John; Glynn, Adam; Knutsen, Carl Henrik; Lindberg, Staffan I.; Pemstein, Daniel; Seim, Brigitte; Skaaning, Svend-Erik; Teorell, Jan; Altman, David; Bernhard, Michael; Bizzarro, Fernando; Krusell, Joshua; Maguire, Matthew; Marquardt, Kyle; McCann, Kelly; Mechkova, Valeriya; Miri, Farhad; Pernes, Josefine; Staton, Jeffrey; Stepanova, Natalia; Tzelgov, Eitan; Wang, Yi-Ting (2020). Varieties of Democracy. doi:10.1017/9781108347860. ISBN 978-1-108-34786-0.
  10. ↑ Nazifa Alizada, Rowan Cole, Lisa Gastaldi, Sandra Grahn, Sebastian Hellmeier, Palina Kolvani, Jean Lachapelle, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Shreeya Pillai, and Staffan I. Lindberg. 2021. Autocratization Turns Viral. Democracy Report 2021. University of Gothenburg: V-Dem Institute. https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/74/8c/748c68ad-f224-4cd7-87f9-8794add5c60f/dr_2021_updated.pdf.
  11. ↑ USAID (2020). FY 2021 USAID Journey to Self-Reliance Country RoadmapMethodology Guide. https://selfreliance.usaid.gov/docs/FY_2021_USAID_Journey_to_Self-Reliance_Country_Roadmap_Methodology_Guide.pdf.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "WGI-Documents". The World Bank. Retrieved 2021-06-27.
  13. ↑ Mechkova, Valeriya; Daniel Pemstein; Brigitte Seim; & Steven Wilson. (2020). Digital Society Project Dataset v2.Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. http://digitalsocietyproject.org/.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Mechkova, Valeriya; Pemstein, Daniel; Seim, Brigitte; Wilson, Steven (2021). Digital Society Survey Codebook (PDF). Digital Society Project.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Fletcher, Terry; Hayes-Birchler, Andria (2020-07-30). Comparing Measures of Internet Censorship: Analyzing the Tradeoffs between Expert Analysis and Remote Measurement. Data for Policy 2020.
  16. ↑ Gerardo L. Munck and Jay Verkuilen, “Conceptualizing and Measuring Democracy: Evaluating Alternative Indices,” Comparative Political Studies. 35, 1 (2002): 5–34. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.469.3177&rep=rep1&type=pdf.
  17. ↑ Little, Andrew T.; Meng, Anne (2024-01-11). "Measuring Democratic Backsliding". PS: Political Science & Politics. 57 (2): 149–161. doi:10.1017/S104909652300063X. ISSN 1049-0965.
  18. ↑ Knutsen, Carl Henrik; Marquardt, Kyle L.; Seim, Brigitte; Coppedge, Michael; Edgell, Amanda B.; Medzihorsky, Juraj; Pemstein, Daniel; Teorell, Jan; Gerring, John; Lindberg, Staffan I. (2024-01-11). "Conceptual and Measurement Issues in Assessing Democratic Backsliding". PS: Political Science & Politics. 57 (2): 162–177. doi:10.1017/S104909652300077X. ISSN 1049-0965.
  19. ↑ Wolff, Jonas (2022-07-06). "From the Varieties of Democracy to the defense of liberal democracy: V-Dem and the reconstitution of liberal hegemony under threat". Contemporary Politics. 29 (2): 161–181. doi:10.1080/13569775.2022.2096191. ISSN 1356-9775. S2CID 250372421.

Further reading

External links

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