Paralomis

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Paralomis
File:Paralomis granulosa - Canal Beagle.jpg
Paralomis granulosa
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Malacostraca
Order: Decapoda
Suborder: Pleocyemata
Infraorder: Anomura
Family: Lithodidae
Subfamily: Lithodinae
Genus: Paralomis
White, 1856[1]
Type species
Paralomis granulosa
(Hombron & Jacquinot, 1846)
Synonyms[2]
  • Benedict, 1895 Stimpson, 1858
  • Leptolithodes Acantholithus
  • Benedict, 1895 Pristopus

Paralomis is a widely distributed, highly speciose, and morphologically diverse genus of king crabs in the subfamily Lithodinae.[2][3]

Description

Like all king crabs, Paralomis has evolved a crab-like appearance through a process called carcinisation.[3] Paralomis has either a pentagonal or pyriform carapace.[3] At the very front, its rostrum consists of one short, conical spine projecting forward in the middle and one or more pairs of spines angled upward around the base.[3][4] Like all king crabs, the gastric region, directly behind the rostrum, is elevated above the others.[3] Like Lithodes and Neolithodes, the cardiac region – directly behind the gastric region, separated by a deep groove – is triangular.[3] Its three pairs of walking legs – morphologically similar, with the middle pair typically being the longest – are not covered at their bases by the carapace.[3] In adults, the undersides of the dactyli feature horn-like spines.[3] The abdomen is more calcified than in other king crab genera: the second segment is undivided, the third segment has fused submedian and marginal (outer) plates, and segments three, four, and five are all entirely calcified.[3]

Distribution

Paralomis is present in four of Earth's five oceans – namely the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, and Southern – as well as all seven continents.[3] They are found from the very shallow intertidal zone to the deep, perpetually dark abyssal zone.[4] The deepest known species of Paralomis is P. bouvieri, which has been discovered living at 4,152 m (13,622 ft).[3]

Taxonomy

Paralomis was described in 1856 by zoologist Adam White and named for its similarity to the genus Lomis.[1] In 1895, marine biologist James Everard Benedict incorrectly placed Paralomis granulosa, the genus' type species, under the genus Lithodes.[5][3] Benedict therefore dissolved the genus and created two now-defunct ones – Leptolithodes and Pristopus – for other members of Paralomis.[5][3] Paralomis is closely related to Echidnocerus, and the monospecific genus Glyptolithodes – nested cladistically inside Paralomis – may simply be a species of Paralomis.[6][7][8] Paralomis contains over 70 species – more than any other king crab genus – and is the most morphologically diverse genus in the subfamily Lithodinae.[3][4] It contains one fossil species, Paralomis debodeorum, which lived in New Zealand in the MiddleLate Miocene.[3] Paralomis is distinguished from other king crabs by its abdominal segments: the second is undivided, and the third, fourth, and fifth are entirely calcified.[3] Current scientific consensus is that Paralomis is monophyletic, although within this group, carcinologist Shane T. Ahyong in 2010 identified several informal subgroups of Paralomis.[3] Paralomis' relationship to other king crabs can be seen in the following cladogram:[6]

Lithodidae cladogram
Lithodidae

Paralithodes brevipes File:Paralithodes brevipes.jpg

Paralomis/Glyptolithodes
Echidnocerus

Paralithodes platypus File:Paralithodes platypus (Blue king crab).jpg

Paralithodes camtschaticus File:The Childrens Museum of Indianapolis - Alaskan red king crab.jpg

Phyllolithodes/Rhinolithodes

Acantholithodes hispidus File:Acantholithodes hispidus.jpg

Placetron wosnessenskii File:Placetron wosnessenskii.jpg

Cryptolithodes
Hapalogaster

Oedignathus inermis File:Oedignathus inermis.jpg


Species

Paralomis contains the following species:[2]

Image Scientific name Common name Distribution
File:Paralomis aculeata.png Paralomis aculeata Henderson, 1888 Southwest Indian Ridge
Paralomis africana Macpherson, 1982 Namibia
Paralomis alcockiana Hall & Thatje, 2009
Paralomis alis Ahyong, 2020
File:NMNH-Paralomis anamerae-000001.jpg Paralomis anamerae Macpherson, 1988
Paralomis arae Macpherson, 2001
Paralomis arethusa Macpherson, 1994
Paralomis aspera Faxon, 1893
File:Paralomis birsteini dorsal.jpg Paralomis birsteini Macpherson, 1988 Southern Ocean near Scott Island
File:Paralomis bouvieri illustration.png Paralomis bouvieri Hansen, 1908
Paralomis ceres Macpherson, 1989
Paralomis chilensis Andrade, 1980
Paralomis cristata Takeda & Ohta, 1979
Paralomis cristulata Macpherson, 1988
Paralomis cubensis Chace, 1939
Paralomis danida Takeda & Bussarawit, 2007
Paralomis dawsoni Macpherson, 2001 New Caledonia, northern New Zealand, and the Solomon Islands
Paralomis debodeorum Feldmann, 1998 New Zealand (MiddleLate Miocene)
Paralomis diomedeae (Faxon, 1893)
Paralomis dofleini Balss, 1911
Paralomis echidna Ahyong, 2010
Paralomis elongata Spiridonov, Turkay, Arntz & Thatje, 2006
Paralomis erinacea Macpherson, 1988
File:Paralomis formosa frontal.jpg Paralomis formosa Henderson, 1888
Paralomis gowlettholmes Ahyong, 2010
File:Paralomis granulosa - Canal Beagle.jpg Paralomis granulosa (Hombron & Jacquinot, 1846) False king crab, Chilean snow crab
Paralomis grossmani Macpherson, 1988
Paralomis haigae Eldredge, 1976
Paralomis hirtella de Saint Laurent & Macpherson, 1997
File:Paralomis hystrix 2.jpg Paralomis histrix (De Haan, 1849) Japan (Tokyo Bay to Kyūshū)
Paralomis hystrixoides Sakai, 1980
Paralomis inca Haig, 1974
File:Paralomis indica FMIB 45483 Deceptive Hermit-Crab of the Lithodes Group.jpeg Paralomis indica Alcock & Anderson, 1899
Paralomis investigatoris Alcock & Anderson, 1899
Paralomis jamsteci Takeda & Hashimoto, 1990
Paralomis japonica Balss, 1911
Paralomis kyushupalauensis Takeda, 1985
Paralomis longidactylus Birstein & Vinogradov, 1972
Paralomis longipes Faxon, 1893
Paralomis macphersoni Muñoz & García-Isarch, 2013
Paralomis makarovi Hall & Thatje, 2009
Paralomis manningi Williams, Smith & Baco, 2000 Deep-sea spider crab West Coast of the United States
Paralomis medipacifica Takeda, 1974
Paralomis mendagnai Macpherson, 2003
Paralomis microps Filhol, 1884
Paralomis multispina (Benedict, 1895)
Paralomis nivosa Hall & Thatje, 2009
Paralomis ochthodes Macpherson, 1988 Indonesia (Gulf of Boni)
Paralomis odawarai (Sakai, 1980)
Paralomis okitoriensis Takeda, 2019 Okinotorishima
Paralomis otsuae Wilson, 1990
Paralomis pacifica Sakai, 1978
Paralomis papillata (Benedict, 1895)
Paralomis papua Ahyong, 2020
Paralomis pectinata Macpherson, 1988
Paralomis phrixa Macpherson, 1992
Paralomis poorei Ahyong, 2010
Paralomis roeleveldae Kensley, 1981
Paralomis seagranti Eldredge, 1976
Paralomis serrata Macpherson, 1988
Paralomis sonne Guzmán, 2009
File:Paralomis spectabilis illustration.png Paralomis spectabilis Hansen, 1908
File:Paralomis spinosissima dorsal.jpg Paralomis spinosissima Birstein & Vinogradov, 1972
Paralomis staplesi Ahyong, 2010
Paralomis stella Macpherson, 1988
Paralomis stevensi Ahyong & Dawson, 2006
Paralomis taylorae Ahyong, 2010
Paralomis truncatispinosa Takeda & Miyake, 1980
Paralomis tuberipes Macpherson, 1988 Chile (Puerto Aguirre [es])
File:Paralomis verrilli.jpg Paralomis verrilli (Benedict, 1895)
Paralomis webberi Ahyong, 2010 New Zealand
File:Paralomis zealandica NIWA specimen.jpg Paralomis zealandica Dawson & Yaldwyn, 1971 Prickly king crab New Zealand

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 White, Adam (1856). "Some remarks on Crustacea of the genus Lithodes, with a brief description of a species apparently hitherto unrecorded". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London: 132–135. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 Ahyong, Shane T. (12 December 2023). "Paralomis White, 1856". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 21 October 2024.
  3. 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 Ahyong, Shane T. (2010). The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: King Crabs of New Zealand, Australia, and the Ross Sea (Crustacea: Decapoda: Lithodidae) (PDF). NIWA Biodiversity Memoirs. Vol. 123. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research. pp. 108–110. ISBN 978-0478232851. LCCN 2010497356. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 February 2020.
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 Poore, Gary C. B.; Ahyong, Shane T. (2023). "Anomura". Marine Decapod Crustacea: A Guide to Families and Genera of the World. CRC Press. pp. 311–317. ISBN 978-1-4863-1178-1.
  5. 5.0 5.1 Benedict, James Everard (1895). "Descriptions of new genera and species of crabs of the family LIthodidæ, with notes on the young of Lithodes camtschaticus and Lithodes brevipes". Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 17: 479–488. Retrieved 30 November 2024 – via the Internet Archive.
  6. 6.0 6.1 Noever, Christoph; Glenner, Henrik (2017-07-05). "The origin of king crabs: hermit crab ancestry under the magnifying glass" (PDF). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 182 (2): 300–318. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx033. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-07-16 – via the University of Copenhagen.
  7. Hall, Sally; Thatje, Sven. "Evolution through cold and deep waters: the molecular phylogeny of the Lithodidae (Crustacea: Decapoda)". The Science of Nature. 105. article 19. Bibcode:2018SciNa.105...19H. doi:10.1007/s00114-018-1544-2. PMC 5829116. PMID 29488024.
  8. Macpherson, Enrique (May 1988). "Revision of the family Lithodidae Samouelle, 1819 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura) in the Atlantic Ocean" (PDF). Monografías de Zoología Marina. II: 23. ISSN 0213-4020. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 14, 2020 – via the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County.

External links