ISSF 10 meter air pistol

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ISSF 10 meter air pistol
File:Ukraine at the 2020 Summer Olympics011.jpg
Olena Kostevych and Oleh Omelchuk in the Air Pistol pairs event at the 2020 Olympic Games.
Men
Number of shots60 + 24
Olympic GamesSince 1988
World ChampionshipsSince 1970
AbbreviationAP60
Women
Number of shots60 + 24
Olympic GamesSince 1988
World ChampionshipsSince 1974
AbbreviationAP60W

The 10 metre air pistol is an Olympic shooting event governed by the International Shooting Sport Federation (ISSF). It is similar to 10 metre air rifle in that it is shot with 4.5 mm (or .177) caliber air guns at a distance of 10 metres (11 yards), and that the match consists of a qualification round of 60 competition shots within 75 minutes. If an electronic scoring system (EST) is not available, 15 minutes are added to the time limit. Competitors are allowed to shoot an unlimited number of shots during the 15 minutes preparation and sighting time.[1][lower-alpha 1] Along with the 50 meter pistol, it is considered a precision shooting event. Thus, numerous shooters compete in both events. There are some restrictions on the pistol regarding its dimensions, weight and trigger pull weight.[2] It must be operated by one hand only from a standing, unsupported position. The shooter decides their own tempo as long as the maximum time is not exceeded. After the qualification round, the shooters with the top eight scores move on to a final round consisting of 24 competition shots. After the tenth shot, individual commands are given so that the audience may follow the progress of the standings. The major competitions are the Olympic Games every four years and the ISSF World Shooting Championships every four years. In addition, the event is included in ISSF World Cups and in continental championships, as well as in many other international and national competitions. It is an indoor sport and, at the highest level, electronic targets are used instead of the traditional paper targets.

Range and target

File:2022 European Commonwealth Shooting Championships 10 metre range.jpg
Temporary 10-metre range using electronic targets in a multi-use sports hall

The air pistol range is the same as the air rifle range, giving each shooter a table, a 1 meter wide firing point, and a 10-meter distance between the firing line and the target line.[3] The current rules require ranges to be built indoors,[4] with specified minimum requirements for artificial lighting.[5] The distance from floor level to the centre of the target is 1400mm +/- 50mm.[6] Many larger and top-level competitions are held on temporary ranges installed in multi-use sporting facilities or convention centers.

File:10 meter air pistol target.svg
The air pistol target is 17x17 cm with concentric score zones, the innermost (worth ten points) having a diameter of 11.5 mm.

The target, 17 by 17 cm (6.7 by 6.7 in), is traditionally made of light-coloured cardboard upon which scoring lines and a black aiming mark consisting of the score zones 7 through 10 are printed.[7] There is also an inner ten ring, but the number of inner tens is used only for tie-breaking.[8] The changing of these traditional targets is handled by each shooter by means of electronic—or more archaically, manually operated—carrier devices.[9] In major competitions, only one shot may be fired on each target,[10] a number that can increase to two, five, or even ten with lowering level and importance of the competition. Used targets are collected by range officials to be scored in a separate office.[11] During the last few decades, these paper targets have been gradually replaced by electronic target systems, which immediately display the results on monitors. When using these systems, actual scoring lines are not printed, but the location of the impact hole (which can be determined acoustically) is automatically converted into corresponding scores by a computer. ISSF rules now require the use of these systems in top-level competitions.[12] They are generally used in other international competitions as well,[13] and in some countries they are even common in national competitions.[14]

Equipment

To promote comfortable and accurate shooting from a standing position, match air pistols must have fast lock times, shoot with little recoil or vibration, and exhibit minimal movement and balance shifts during discharge. The pistol must also be able to be tailored by adjustable user interfaces and various accessories to an individual shooter's personal preferences. Combined with appropriate match pellets, the pistol must produce a consistent 10-ring performance so that a non maximal result during the initial phase can be attributed to the participant. The pistols used are gas-driven with a caliber of 4.5 mm (0.18 in). The minimum trigger pull weight is 500 grams (18 ounces), half that of a sport pistol. The grip restrictions are similar to sport pistols, but the box in which an air pistol must fit is larger: 42 by 20 by 5 cm (16.5 by 7.9 by 2.0 in).[15] This allows for longer sight lines and also gives room for cocking arms, although with a few exceptions (such as the Baikal IZH-46M) modern match air pistols use pre-filled air, or less commonly carbon dioxide, containers.[16] The maximum overall weight is 1.5 kg (3.31 lb). The pistol must be operated by only one hand from a standing position, and may be loaded with only one pellet at a time.[17]

File:4.5 mm (.177 in) match air gun pellet.jpg
A typical 4.5 mm (0.18 in) 10 m air pistol match pellet
File:Elizabeth Callahan in 2004.jpg
Optical aids are common amongst pistol shooting competitors

For the 10 metre air pistol and air rifle disciplines match, diabolo pellets are used. These pellets have wadcutter heads, meaning the front is (nearly) flat, which leave clean round holes in paper targets for easy scoring. Match pellets are offered in tins and more elaborate packages that avoid deformation and other damage that could impair their uniformity. Air gunners are encouraged to perform shooting group tests with their gun clamped in a machine rest to establish which particular match pellet type performs best for their particular air gun.[18] To facilitate maximum performance out of various air guns, the leading match pellet manufacturers produce pellets with graduated "head sizes", which means the pellets are offered with front diameters from 4.48 mm up to 4.51 mm. As in other ISSF pistol events, clothing that restricts the movement of joints for support is not allowed.[19] Optical aids such as iris diaphragms or prescription glasses are allowed as long as they are not mounted on the pistol, which may have open sights only.[20] Though shooting glasses are extremely customizable, most pairs contain three basic elements: a lens, a mechanical iris, and a blinder. These components work together to help shooters focus on both the faraway target and their gun's sights at the same time. Ear protection is recommended by the ISSF[21] as well as by coaches, who sometimes stress their usefulness in shutting out distracting noise rather than their necessity for safety reasons (paramount in other shooting disciplines).[22][23] It is each shooter's responsibility to get his or her pistol and shoes validated in a specific area (the equipment control) prior to starting the competition. To discourage shooters from lowering the trigger pull weight after passing equipment control, random controls are conducted after the match. Failure to pass such controls results in immediate disqualification.[24]

Match air pistols in production

File:Steyr lp10.jpg
Steyr LP10 PCP air pistol

Course of fire

Shooters are generally divided into four classes: men, junior men, women and junior women. The junior classes are included in most championships, with some notable exceptions (such as the Olympic Games and the ISSF World Cups). A shooter remains a junior up to and including the calendar year in which he or she becomes 21 years of age, although a junior may opt to participate in the main class instead.[25] There are also ISSF Junior World Cups. In both the qualification stage and the final stage, all shooting is supervised by a Chief Range Officer, whose duties include responsibility for the correct behaviour of all personnel, dealing with technical irregularities, and cooperation with the jury.[26]

Qualification

For the qualification stage, the shooters are divided as necessary into relays.[27] Each relay starts with a 15-minute preparation time[1] during which the shooter may fire an unlimited number of sighting shots.[28] Afterwards, the Chief Range Officer gives the command "match firing, start", indicating the start of the competition time.[29] 60 competition shots must be shot within a 75-minute period time (90 minutes if no electronic targets are available).[1] The 60 shots are usually organized in 6 ten-shot series for display on scoreboards.

Final

File:KOCIS London Korea Jinjongoh Shooting 13 (7683323904).jpg
Men's 10 meter air pistol final in the 2012 Olympic Games Shooting competition at the Royal Artillery Barracks.

The top eight shooters in the qualification round advance to the final.[30] Often, many shooters have the same score. The higher number of inner tens is the first tiebreaker. If two or more shooters have the same number of inner tens, the shooter with the highest score in the last ten-shot series is placed higher. During the final, the score zones are divided into tenths (by means of a special gauge, in the absence of automatic scoring devices), so that each hit can give up to 10.9 points instead of the maximum 10 during the qualification. Electronic targets are required by the ISSF for finals at the Olympic Games, ISSF World Cups and ISSF World Championships. After a five-minute sighting shot period and the presentation of the athletes to the audience, the athletes have 250 seconds to shoot five shots after the command "for the first competition series, load, start". The same command is given again for a second five shot series. After the tenth shot, separate commands are given for each competition shot with a time limit of 50 seconds per shot. After each two shots, the athlete with the lowest score is eliminated until two shooters are left to compete for the first place in the 23rd and 24th shot. Current rules were introduced in 2017 after the 2016 Summer Olympics.

History

File:Air pistol cal 177.jpg
Spring-piston air guns were in common use during the first decades of the sport, but are now seldom seen at high levels.

The air pistol event was introduced on the World Championship level in 1970,[31] and on the Olympic programme in 1988.[32] Before 1985, when finals began to be used, championships were decided by the results of the 40 or 60 shot match (40 for women and 60 for men). Before 1982, the men's match also consisted of 40 shots.[31] As in many other ISSF events, the target for air pistol was reduced in size in 1989, also lowering the scores (although not by much), and thereby resetting all records. The development after this shows a contrast to that of air rifle shooting: whereas in air rifle the winning score of the 1989 World Championships would not have reached the final 17 years later,[33][34] the same result increase has not occurred in air pistol. Sergei Pyzhianov's world record of 593 points, set in the first World Cup Final with the new targets, remained unbeaten for almost 20 years until Jin Jong-oh set a new one with 594 points in at the ISSF World Cup Changwon 2009. Although competitions are no longer held outdoors, the most important competitions (Olympics, World Championships, World Cups) are still scheduled for the Northern Hemisphere summer season because they are combined with outdoor events such as 50m rifle and 25m pistol events. Many lesser international events, however, are held during the European indoor season between October and March, culminating in the European Championships each year. Most of these competitions are multi-day events held together with air rifle matches.[35]

World Championships, Men

Year Place Gold Silver Bronze
1970 United States Phoenix File:Flag of Hungary.svg Kornel Marosvari (HUN) File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Vladimir Stolipin (URS) File:Flag of East Germany.svg Harald Vollmar (GDR)
1974 Switzerland Thun File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Grigori Kosych (URS) File:Flag of Romania.svg Corneliu Ion (ROM) File:Flag of France.svg Jean Faggion (FRA)
1978 South Korea Seoul File:Flag of Finland.svg Paavo Palokangas (FIN) File:Flag of Finland.svg Seppo Saarenpää (FIN) File:Flag of Brazil.svg Paulo Lamego (BRA)
1979 South Korea Seoul File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Geoffrey Robinson (GBR) File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Thomas Guinn (CAN) File:Flag of Sweden.svg Ragnar Skanåker (SWE)
1981 Dominican Republic Santo Domingo File:Flag of the United States.svg Don Nygord (USA) File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg Ljubtcho Diakov (BUL) File:Flag of Sweden.svg Ragnar Skanåker (SWE)
1982 Venezuela Caracas File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Vladas Turla (URS) File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Alexsander Melentiev (URS) File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Anatoli Egrishin (URS)
1983 Austria Innsbruck File:Flag of Sweden.svg Ragnar Skanåker (SWE) File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Alexsander Melentiev (URS) File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Anatoli Egrishin (URS)
1985 Mexico Mexico City File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Rolf Beutler (SUI) File:Flag of East Germany.svg Jens Potteck (GDR) File:Flag of France.svg Pierre Brémond (FRA)
1986 East Germany Suhl File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Igor Basinski (URS) File:Flag of East Germany.svg Uwe Potteck (GDR) File:Flag of France.svg Pierre Brémond (FRA)
1987 Hungary Budapest File:Flag of Hungary.svg Zoltán Papanitz (HUN) File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Alexsander Melentiev (URS) File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg Ljubtcho Diakov (BUL)
1989 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Sarajevo File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Sergei Pyzhianov (URS) File:Flag of East Germany.svg Uwe Potteck (GDR) File:Flag of Romania.svg Sorin Babii (ROM)
1990 Soviet Union Moscow File:Flag of Colombia.svg Bernardo Tovar (COL) File:Flag of Hungary.svg István Ágh (HUN) File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Boris Kokorev (URS)
1991 Norway Stavanger File:Flag of Germany.svg Uwe Potteck (GER) File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg Yifu Wang (CHN) File:Flag of Romania.svg Sorin Babii (ROM)
1994 Italy Milan File:Flag of France.svg Franck Dumoulin (FRA) File:Flag of Belarus.svg Igor Basinski (BLR) File:Flag of Italy.svg Roberto Di Donna (ITA)
1998 Spain Barcelona File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg Yifu Wang (CHN) File:Flag of Belarus.svg Igor Basinski (BLR) File:Flag of Belarus.svg Kanstantsin Lukashyk (BLR)
2002 Finland Lahti File:Flag of Russia.svg Mikhail Nestruev (RUS) File:Flag of Serbia and Montenegro (1992–2006).svg Andrija Zlatić (YUG) File:Flag of France.svg Franck Dumoulin (FRA)
2006 Croatia Zagreb File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg Pang Wei (CHN) File:Flag of Thailand.svg Jakkrit Panichpatikum (THA) File:Flag of Russia.svg Vladimir Gontcharov (RUS)
2010 Germany Munich File:Flag of Japan.svg Tomoyuki Matsuda (JPN) File:Flag of Serbia.svg Andrija Zlatić (SRB) File:Flag of South Korea.svg Jin Jong-oh (KOR)
2014 Spain Granada File:Flag of South Korea.svg Jin Jong-oh (KOR) File:Flag of Turkey.svg Yusuf Dikeç (TUR) File:Flag of Russia.svg Vladimir Gontcharov (RUS)
2018 South Korea Changwon File:Flag of South Korea.svg Jin Jong-oh (KOR) File:Flag of Russia.svg Artem Chernousov (RUS) File:Flag of South Korea.svg Lee Dae-myung (KOR)
2022 Egypt Cairo File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg Liu Jinyao (CHN) File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg Zhang Yifan (CHN) File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Pavlo Korostylov (UKR)

World Championships, Men's Team

Year Place Gold Silver Bronze
1970 United States Phoenix Soviet Union Soviet Union
Anatoli Egrishin
Grigori Kosych
Evgeni Raskazov
Vladimir Stolipin
Finland Finland
Immo Huhtinen
Seppo Makinen
Matti Juhani Patteri
Seppo Saarenpää
West Germany West Germany
Heinrich Fretwurst
Heinz Mertel
Ernst Mueller
Manfred Moeller
1974 Switzerland Thun Soviet Union Soviet Union
Anatoli Egrishin
Grigori Kosych
Valeri Margasov
Vladimir Stolipin
West Germany West Germany
Manfred Deichmann
Heinrich Fretwurst
Dieter Gruetz
Wolfgang Labenski
East Germany East Germany
Helmut Artelet
Heinz Szurlies
Matthias Hoeflitz
Harald Vollmar
1978 South Korea Seoul Finland Finland
Teemu Anttila
Seppo Mäkinen
Paavo Palokangas
Seppo Saarenpää
Brazil Brazil
Paulo Lamego
Wilson Scheidemantel
Benevenuto Tilli
Bertino Souza
Sweden Sweden
Weith Andersson
Ove Gunnarsson
Staffan Oscarsson
Ragnar Skanåker
1979 South Korea Seoul Sweden Sweden
Weith Andersson
Stig Borje Nilsson
Staffan Oscarsson
Ragnar Skanåker
File:Flag of the United States.svg United States
Jimmie Dorsey
Don Hamilton
Samual Hunter
Don Nygord
South Korea South Korea
Jang Sik Kim
Won Suk Lee
Tae Ho Lim
Seung Lin Park
1981 Dominican Republic Santo Domingo Bulgaria Bulgaria
Ljubtcho Diakov
Liubcho Dimitrov
Ivan Mandov
Jean Mihov
Switzerland Switzerland
Rolf Beutler
Roman Burkhard
Jacques Alain Perrin
Rene von Gunten
Soviet Union Soviet Union
Igor Basinski
Anatoli Egrishin
Alexander Sniezhko
Sergei Sumatokhin
1982 Venezuela Caracas Soviet Union Soviet Union
Anatoli Egrishin
Alexsander Melentiev
Sergei Sumatokhin
Vladas Turla
File:Flag of the United States.svg United States
Erich Buljung
Jimmie Mc Coy
Don Nygord
Darius Young
Sweden Sweden
Weith Andersson
Stig Borje Nilsson
Benny Oestlund
Ragnar Skanåker
1983 Austria Innsbruck Soviet Union Soviet Union
Anatoli Egrishin
Alexsander Melentiev
Vladas Turla
Sweden Sweden
Benny Oestlund
Staffan Oscarsson
Ragnar Skanåker
File:Flag of France.svg France
Jean Bilon
Jacky Durand
Remy Harang
1985 Mexico Mexico City Soviet Union Soviet Union
Anatoli Egrishin
Boris Kokorev
Vladas Turla
File:Flag of France.svg France
Pierre Brémond
Philippe Cola
Remy Harang
File:Flag of the United States.svg United States
George Ross
Arnold Vitarbo
Darius Young
1986 East Germany Suhl Soviet Union Soviet Union
Igor Basinski
Boris Kokorev
Alexsander Melentiev
File:Flag of France.svg France
Pierre Brémond
Philippe Cola
Remy Harang
East Germany East Germany
Gernot Eder
Jens Potteck
Uwe Potteck
1987 Hungary Budapest Soviet Union Soviet Union
Anatoli Egrishin
Boris Kokorev
Alexsander Melentiev
East Germany East Germany
Gernot Eder
Jens Potteck
Uwe Potteck
Bulgaria Bulgaria
Ljubtcho Diakov
Tanyu Kiryakov
Sabi Sabev
1989 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Sarajevo Soviet Union Soviet Union
Sergei Barmin
Alexsander Melentiev
Sergei Pyzhianov
Italy Italy
Roberto Di Donna
Dario Palazzani
Vincenzo Spilotro
Hungary Hungary
Csaba Gyorik
Zsolt Karacs
Zoltán Papanitz
1990 Soviet Union Moscow Soviet Union Soviet Union
Boris Kokorev
Mikhail Nestruev
Sergei Pyzhianov
Hungary Hungary
István Ágh
Csaba Gyorik
Zoltán Papanitz
East Germany East Germany
Gernot Eder
Uwe Potteck
Jens Potteck
1991 Norway Stavanger Soviet Union Soviet Union
Sergei Barmin
Boris Kokorev
Sergei Pyzhianov
Germany
Gernot Eder
Hans-Juergen Bauer-Neumaier
Uwe Potteck
China
Jinbao Li
Yifu Wang
Haifeng Xu
1994 Italy Milan China
Haifeng Xu
Yifu Wang
Shengge Zhang
Italy Italy
Vigilio Fait
Roberto Di Donna
Vincenzo Spilotro
Hungary Hungary
Csaba Gyorik
Zsolt Karacs
Zoltán Papanitz
1998 Spain Barcelona China
Yifu Wang
Dan Xu
Hui Wu
Russia Russia
Mikhail Nestruev
Vladimir Gontcharov
Boris Kokorev
Belarus Belarus
Igor Basinski
Kanstantsin Lukashyk
Siarhei Yurusau
2002 Finland Lahti Russia Russia
Mikhail Nestruev
Vladimir Gontcharov
Vladimir Isakov
China
Yifu Wang
Zongliang Tan
Huaiyu Li
Ukraine Ukraine
Oleg Dronov
Victor Makarov
Ivan Rybovalov
2006 Croatia Zagreb China
Wei Pang
Zhongzai Lin
Zongliang Tan
Russia Russia
Mikhail Nestruev
Vladimir Isakov
Vladimir Gontcharov
File:Flag of France.svg France
Walter Lapeyre
Manuel Alexandre-Augrand
Franck Dumoulin
2010 Germany Munich Russia Russia
Sergey Chervyakovskiy
Leonid Ekimov
Vladimir Isakov
Serbia Serbia
Andrija Zlatić
Damir Mikec
Dimitrije Grgic
South Korea South Korea
Jin Jong-oh
Lee Dae-myung
Han Seung Woo
2014 Spain Granada File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China
Pang Wei
Pu Qifeng
Wang Zhiwei
File:Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea
Jin Jong-oh
Kim Cheong-Yong
Lee Dae-myung
File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia
Vladimir Gontcharov
Vladimir Isakov
Sergey Chervyakovskiy
2018 South Korea Changwon File:Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea
Lee Dae-myung
Jin Jong-oh
Han Seung-woo
File:Flag of India.svg India
Abhishek Verma
Om Prakash Mitharwal
Shahzar Rizvi
File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia
Artem Chernousov
Denis Koulakov
Anton Gourianov
2022 Egypt New Administrative Capital File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China
Liu Jinyao
Zhang Bowen
Zhang Yifan
File:Flag of Iran.svg Iran
Mohammad Rasoul Effati
Javad Foroughi
Sajjad Pourhosseini
File:Flag of Korea (1899).svg Korea
Lee Woon-ho
Lee Dae-myung
Park Dae-hun

World Championships, Women

Year Place Gold Silver Bronze
1970 United States Phoenix File:Flag of the United States.svg Sally Carroll (USA) File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Nina Rasskazova (URS) File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Nina Stolyarova (URS)
1974 Switzerland Thun File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Zinaida Simonian (URS) File:Flag of Romania.svg Anisoara Matei (ROM) File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Nina Stolyarova (URS)
1978 South Korea Seoul File:Flag of Sweden.svg Kerstin Hansson (SWE) File:Flag of Sweden.svg Gun Naesman (SWE) File:Flag of South Korea.svg Yang Ja Moon (KOR)
1979 South Korea Seoul File:Flag of the United States.svg Ruby Fox (USA) File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Patricia Dench (AUS) File:Flag of the United States.svg Sally Carroll (USA)
1981 Dominican Republic Santo Domingo File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Nonna Kalinina (URS) File:Flag of Sweden.svg Kerstin Bodin (SWE) File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Marina Dobrantcheva (URS)
1982 Venezuela Caracas File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Marina Dobrantcheva (URS) File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Auksne Treinite (URS) File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Inna Rose (URS)
1983 Austria Innsbruck File:Flag of Sweden.svg Kerstin Bodin (SWE) File:Flag of Poland.svg Julita Macur (POL) File:Flag of South Korea.svg Yang Ja Kim (KOR)
1985 Mexico Mexico City File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Marina Dobrantcheva (URS) File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Irada Ashumova (URS) File:Flag of Sweden.svg Maritha Karlsson (SWE)
1986 East Germany Suhl File:Flag of East Germany.svg Anke Voelker (GDR) File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Marina Dobrantcheva (URS) File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg Haiying Liu (CHN)
1987 Hungary Budapest File:Flag of Yugoslavia (1946-1992).svg Jasna Brajkovic (YUG) File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Svetlana Smirnova (URS) File:Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Anne Goffin (BEL)
1989 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Sarajevo File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Nino Salukvadze (URS) File:Flag of Yugoslavia (1946-1992).svg Jasna Šekarić (YUG) File:Flag of Germany.svg Lieselotte Breker (FRG)
1990 Soviet Union Moscow File:Flag of Yugoslavia (1946-1992).svg Jasna Šekarić (YUG) File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Marina Logvinenko (URS) File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Svetlana Smirnova (URS)
1991 Norway Stavanger File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Marina Logvinenko (URS) File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg Shuanghong Li (CHN) File:Flag of Germany.svg Margit Stein (GER)
1994 Italy Milan Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Jasna Šekarić (IOP) File:Flag of Germany.svg Margit Stein (GER) File:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Galina Belyayeva (KAZ)
1998 Spain Barcelona File:Flag of Mongolia.svg Munkhbayar Dorjsuren (MGL) File:Flag of Japan.svg Yoko Inada (JPN) File:Flag of Belarus.svg Lalita Yauhleuskaya (BLR)
2002 Finland Lahti File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Olena Kostevych (UKR) File:Flag of Georgia.svg Nino Salukvadze (GEO) File:Flag of Russia.svg Olga Kousnetsova (RUS)
2006 Croatia Zagreb File:Flag of Russia.svg Natalia Paderina (RUS) File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg Jun Hu (CHN) File:Flag of Belarus.svg Viktoria Chaika (BLR)
2010 Germany Munich File:Flag of Serbia.svg Zorana Arunović (SRB) File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Lalita Yauhleuskaya (AUS) File:Flag of Belarus.svg Viktoria Chaika (BLR)
2014 Spain Granada File:Flag of South Korea.svg Jung Jeehae (KOR) File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Olena Kostevych (UKR) File:Flag of Chinese Taipei for Olympic games.svg Chiaying Wu (TPE)
2018 South Korea Changwon File:Flag of Greece.svg Anna Korakaki (GRE) File:Flag of Serbia.svg Zorana Arunović (SRB) File:Flag of South Korea.svg Kim Bo-mi (KOR)
2022 Egypt New Administrative Capital File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg Lu Kaiman (CHN) File:Flag of Greece.svg Anna Korakaki (GRE) File:Flag of Serbia.svg Zorana Arunovic (SRB)

World Championships, Women's Team

Year Place Gold Silver Bronze
1970 United States Phoenix Soviet Union Soviet Union
Nina Stoliarova
Nina Rasskazova
Nadezda Ibragimova
West Germany West Germany
Ortrud Feickert
Karin Fitzner
Ruth Kasten
File:Flag of the United States.svg United States
Lucile Chambliss
Sally Carroll
Barbara Hile
1974 Switzerland Thun Soviet Union Soviet Union
Zinaida Simonian
Nina Stoliarova
Galina Zarikova
File:Flag of the United States.svg United States
Sharon Best
Barbara Hile
Ruby Fox
West Germany West Germany
Karin Fitzner
Ruth Kasten
Ortrud Feickert
1978 South Korea Seoul Sweden Sweden
Kerstin Hansson
Gun Näsman
Ingridh Strömqvist
Australia Australia
Julie Aitken
Patricia Dench
Maureen Hill
South Korea South Korea
Kwan Seok Kang
Yang Ja Kim
Yang Ja Moon
1979 South Korea Seoul File:Flag of the United States.svg United States
Sally Carroll
Ruby Fox
Patricin Olsowsky
Sweden Sweden
Kerstin Hansson
Gun Naesman
Sally Remmert
United Kingdom Great Britain
Carol Bartlett
Rosemarie Edgar
Trudy Henry
1981 Dominican Republic Santo Domingo Soviet Union Soviet Union
Marina Dobrantcheva
Nonna Kalinina
Zinaida Simonian
Switzerland Switzerland
Veronica Edelmann
Doris Hafen
Elisabeth Sager
File:Flag of the United States.svg United States
Carol Baker
Ruby Fox
Sally Carroll
1982 Venezuela Caracas Soviet Union Soviet Union
Marina Dobrantcheva
Inna Rose
Auksne Treinite
China
Jianmin Gao
Yi Nang
Zhifang Wen
Sweden Sweden
Monica Aberg
Chris Johansson
Gun Naesman
1983 Austria Innsbruck Sweden Sweden
Monica Aberg
Kerstin Bodin
Sally Remmert
Austria Austria
Corinna Hoffmann
Christine Strahalm
Christa Werk
File:Flag of the United States.svg United States
Sally Carroll
Ruby Fox
Cathy Graham
1985 Mexico Mexico City Soviet Union Soviet Union
Irada Ashumova
Marina Dobrantcheva
Inna Rose
Sweden Sweden
Kerstin Bodin
Britt Marie Ellis
Maritha Karlsson
West Germany West Germany
Angelika Hermann
Kirsten Steinert
Margit Stein
1986 East Germany Suhl Soviet Union Soviet Union
Marina Dobrantcheva
Irina Kotcherova
Lalita Tsvetkova
East Germany East Germany
Diana Mueller
Heidrun Richter
Anke Voelker
Sweden Sweden
Kerstin Bodin
Britt Marie Ellis
Maritha Karlsson
1987 Hungary Budapest Soviet Union Soviet Union
Nino Salukvadze
Svetlana Smirnova
Lalita Tsvetkova
Poland Poland
Dorota Bidolach
Maria Janicka-Janda
Julita Macur
West Germany West Germany
Lieselotte Breker
Anetta Kalinowski
Margit Stein
1989 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Sarajevo West Germany West Germany
Lieselotte Breker
Anetta Kalinowski
Margit Stein
Soviet Union Soviet Union
Olga Shilenok
Nino Salukvadze
Svetlana Smirnova
Hungary Hungary
Agnes Ferencz
Anna Gonczi
Marta Kotroczo
1990 Soviet Union Moscow Soviet Union Soviet Union
Marina Logvinenko
Nino Salukvadze
Svetlana Smirnova
West Germany Federal Republic of Germany
Lieselotte Breker
Monika Schilleder
Margit Stein
Bulgaria Bulgaria
Mariya Grozdeva
Margarita Shkodrova
Tania Staneva
1991 Norway Stavanger Soviet Union Soviet Union
Olga Klochneva
Marina Logvinenko
Nino Salukvadze
Germany
Lieselotte Breker
Margit Stein
Anke Voelker
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia
Ksenja Macek
Jasna Šekarić
Mirela Skoko
1994 Italy Milan China
Xiaoping Fan
Duihong Li
Ge Ma
Bulgaria Bulgaria
Diana Iorgova
Mariya Grozdeva
Tania Staneva
Germany
Doreen Mueller
Margit Stein
Anke Voelker
1998 Spain Barcelona Russia Russia
Galina Beliaeva
Svetlana Smirnova
Marina Logvinenko
China
Yeqing Cai
Jie Ren
Luna Tao
Germany
Carmen Meininger
Margit Stein
Anke Schumann
2002 Finland Lahti Russia Russia
Olga Kousnetsova
Svetlana Smirnova
Galina Beliaeva
Belarus Belarus
Viktoria Chaika
Liudmila Chabatar
Yuliya Alipava
China
Luna Tao
Ying Chen
Jie Ren
2006 Croatia Zagreb China
Jun Hu
Fengji Fei
Ying Chen
Belarus Belarus
Viktoria Chaika
Liudmila Chabatar
Yauheniya Haluza
Russia Russia
Natalia Paderina
Olga Kousnetsova
Svetlana Smirnova
2010 Germany Munich Australia Australia
Lalita Yauhleuskaya
Dina Aspandiyarova
Linda Ryan
South Korea South Korea
Lee Ho-Lim
Kim Byung-Hee
Park Min-Jin
China
Guo Wenjun
Su Yuling
Zhang Jingjing
2014 Spain Granada File:Flag of Serbia.svg Serbia
Jasna Šekarić
Bobana Veličković
Zorana Arunović
File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China
Guo Wenjun
Zhang Mengyuan
Zhou Qingyuan
File:Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary
Renáta Tobai-Sike
Zsófia Csonka
Adrienn Nemes
2018 South Korea Changwon File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China
Jiang Ranxin
Wang Qian
Ji Xiaojing
File:Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea
Kim Min-jung
Kim Bo-mi
Kwak Jung-hye
File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia
Vitalina Batsarashkina
Margarita Lomova
Svetlana Medvedeva
2022 Egypt New Administrative Capital File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China
Jiang Ranxin
Li Xue Yan
Lu Kaiman
File:Flag of India.svg India
Palak Palak
Rhythm Sangwan
Yuvika Tomar
File:Flag of Iran.svg Iran
Mina Ghorbani
Hanieh Rostamian
Golnoush Sebghatollahi

World Championships, Mixed Team

Year Place Gold Silver Bronze
2018 South Korea Changwon File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia
Vitalina Batsarashkina
Artem Chernousov
File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China
Wang Qian
Wang Mengyi
File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine
Olena Kostevych
Oleh Omelchuk
2022 Egypt New Administrative Capital File:Flag of Austria.svg Austria
Sylvia Steiner
Richard Zechmeister
File:Flag of Korea (1899).svg Korea
Yoo Hyun-young
Park Dae-hun
File:Flag of Iran.svg Iran
Hanieh Rostamian
Javad Foroughi
File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China
Jiang Ranxin
Zhang Bowen

World Championships, total medals

RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union2911949
2File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China76417
3File:Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden65718
4File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia62311
5File:Flag of the United States (23px).png United States43512
6File:Flag of Yugoslavia (1946-1992).svg Yugoslavia3216
7File:Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary2237
8File:Flag of Finland.svg Finland2204
9File:Flag of East Germany.svg East Germany15410
10File:Flag of Germany.svg West Germany1359
11File:Flag of Germany.svg Germany1337
12File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia1304
13File:Flag of France.svg France1269
14File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria1236
15File:Flag of Serbia.svg Serbia1203
File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Switzerland1203
17File:Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea1168
18File:Flag of Georgia.svg Georgia1102
File:Flag of Japan.svg Japan1102
20File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Great Britain1012
File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine1012
22File:Flag of Colombia.svg Colombia1001
File:Flag of Mongolia.svg Mongolia1001
24File:Flag of Belarus.svg Belarus0459
25File:Flag of Romania.svg Romania0224
26File:Flag of Italy.svg Italy0213
27File:Flag of Poland.svg Poland0202
28File:Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil0112
29File:Flag of Austria.svg Austria0101
File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada0101
File:Flag of India.svg India0101
File:Flag of Thailand.svg Thailand0101
33File:Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium0011
File:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Kazakhstan0011
Totals (34 entries)747372219

Current world records

Current world records in 10 metre air pistol
Men Qualification 594 File:Flag of South Korea.svg Jin Jong-oh (KOR) April 12, 2009 Changwon (KOR) edit
Final 246.5 File:Flag of North Korea.svg Kim Song Guk (PRK) November 11, 2019 Doha (QAT) edit
Teams 1759 File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia (Isakov, Nestruyev, Yekimov)
File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China (Wang, Pang, Mai)
March 16, 2007
March 9, 2014
Deauville (FRA)
Kuwait City (KUW)
edit
Junior Men Individual 588 File:Flag of Russia.svg Leonid Yekimov (RUS)
File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Lukas Grunder (SUI)
March 16, 2007
May 24, 2009
Deauville (FRA)
Milan (ITA)
edit
Final 246.3 File:Flag of India.svg Saurabh Chaudhary (IND) May 27, 2019 Munich (GER)
Teams 1732 File:Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea (Lim, Sung, Shin) September 6, 2018 Changwon (KOR)
Women Qualification 591 File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg Jiang Ranxin (CHN) Oct 15, 2022 Cairo (EGY) edit
Final 246.9 File:Flag of Serbia.svg Zorana Arunović (SRB) March 11, 2017 ECH Maribor (SLO) edit
Teams 1739 File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China (Jiang, Wang, Ji) September 4, 2018 Changwon (KOR) edit
Junior Women Individual 585 File:Flag of Uruguay.svg Julieta Mautone (URU) May 29, 2019 Munich (GER)
Final 244.7 File:Flag of India.svg Manu Bhaker (IND) November 21, 2019 Putian (CHN)
Teams 1721 File:Flag of India.svg India (Singh, Raghav, Tomar) November 7, 2019 Doha (QAT)
Mixed Team Qualification 586 File:Flag of India.svg Manu Bhaker (IND)
File:Flag of India.svg Saurabh Chaudhary (IND)
May 30, 2019 Munich (GER)
Junior Mixed Team Qualification 586 File:Flag of India.svg Manu Bhaker (IND)
File:Flag of India.svg Saurabh Chaudhary (IND)
May 30, 2019 Munich (GER)

Olympic and World Champions

The ISSF publishes lists of historical champions.[32][33]

Men

A green background indicates the Olympic champion.

Year Venue Individual Team
1970 Phoenix File:Flag of Hungary.svg Kornel Marosvari (HUN) File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union
1974 Thun File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Grigori Kosych (URS) File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union
1978 Seoul File:Flag of Finland.svg Paavo Palokangas (FIN) File:Flag of Finland.svg Finland
1979 Seoul File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Geoffrey Robinson (GBR) File:Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden
1981 Santo Domingo File:Flag of the United States.svg Don Nygord (USA) File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria
1982 Caracas File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Vladas Turla (URS) File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union
1983 Innsbruck File:Flag of Sweden.svg Ragnar Skanåker (SWE) File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union
1985 Mexico City File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Rolf Beutler (SUI) File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union
1986 Suhl File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Igor Basinski (URS) File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union
1987 Budapest File:Flag of Hungary.svg Zoltán Papanitz (HUN) File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union Junior Men
1988 Seoul File:Flag of Bulgaria (1971-1990).svg Tanyu Kiryakov (BUL) Individual Team
1989 Sarajevo File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Sergei Pyzhianov (URS) File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Andrei Kandikov (URS) File:Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary
1990 Moscow File:Flag of Colombia.svg Bernardo Tobar (COL) File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union
1991 Stavanger File:Flag of Germany.svg Uwe Potteck (GER) File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Kanstantsin Lukashyk (URS) File:Flag of France.svg France
1992 Barcelona File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg Wang Yifu (CHN)
1994 Milan File:Flag of France.svg Franck Dumoulin (FRA) File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China File:Flag of Russia.svg Alexander Wiskepzev (RUS) File:Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary
1996 Atlanta File:Flag of Italy.svg Roberto Di Donna (ITA)
1998 Barcelona File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg Wang Yifu (CHN) File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China File:Flag of Finland.svg Teemu Tiainen (FIN) File:Flag of Germany.svg Germany
2000 Sydney File:Flag of France.svg Franck Dumoulin (FRA)
2002 Lahti File:Flag of Russia.svg Mikhail Nestruyev (RUS) File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia File:Flag of Russia.svg Denis Kulakov (RUS) File:Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea
2004 Athens File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg Wang Yifu (CHN)
2006 Zagreb File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg Pang Wei (CHN) File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg Pu Qifeng (CHN) File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China
2008 Beijing File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg Pang Wei (CHN)
2010 Munich File:Flag of Japan.svg Tomoyuki Matsuda (JPN) File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg Zhang Bin (CHN) File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China
2012 London File:Flag of South Korea.svg Jin Jong-oh (KOR)
2014 Granada File:Flag of South Korea.svg Jin Jong-oh (KOR) File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China File:Flag of Germany.svg Alexander Kindig (GER) File:Flag of Latvia.svg Latvia
2016 Rio de Janeiro File:Flag of Vietnam.svg Hoàng Xuân Vinh (VIE)
2018 Changwon File:Flag of South Korea.svg Jin Jong-oh (KOR) File:Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea File:Flag of India.svg Saurabh Chaudhary (IND) File:Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea
2020 Tokyo File:Flag of Iran.svg Javad Foroughi (IRI)

Women

A green background indicates the Olympic champion.

Year Venue Individual Team
1970 Phoenix File:Flag of the United States.svg Sally Carroll (USA) File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union
1974 Thun File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Zinaida Simonian (URS)
1978 Seoul File:Flag of Sweden.svg Kerstin Hansson (SWE) File:Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden
1979 Seoul File:Flag of the United States.svg Ruby Fox (USA) File:Flag of the United States.svg United States
1981 Santo Domingo File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Nonna Kalinina (URS) File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union
1982 Caracas File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Marina Dobrantcheva (URS) File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union
1983 Innsbruck File:Flag of Sweden.svg Kerstin Bodin (SWE) File:Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden
1985 Mexico City File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Marina Dobrantcheva (URS) File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union
1986 Suhl File:Flag of East Germany.svg Anke Völker (GDR) File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union
1987 Budapest File:Flag of Yugoslavia (1946-1992).svg Jasna Brajković (YUG) File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union Junior Women
1988 Seoul File:Flag of SFR Yugoslavia.svg Jasna Šekarić (YUG) Individual Team
1989 Sarajevo File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Nino Salukvadze (URS) File:Flag of Germany.svg West Germany File:Flag of Poland.svg Mirosława Sagun-Lewandowska (POL) File:Flag of Poland.svg Poland
1990 Moscow File:Flag of Yugoslavia (1946-1992).svg Jasna Šekarić (YUG) File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union
1991 Stavanger File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Marina Logvinenko (URS) File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union File:Flag of Germany.svg Stefanie Koch (GER) File:Flag of France.svg France
1992 Barcelona File:Olympic flag.svg Marina Logvinenko (EUN)
1994 Milan File:Flag of Serbia and Montenegro (1992–2006).svg Jasna Šekarić (YUG) File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China File:Flag of France.svg Karen Macary (FRA) File:Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark
1996 Atlanta File:Flag of Russia.svg Olga Klochneva (RUS)
1998 Barcelona File:Flag of Mongolia.svg Dorjsürengiin Mönkhbayar (MGL) File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia File:Flag of Belarus.svg Viktoria Chaika (BLR) File:Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary
2000 Sydney File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg Tao Luna (CHN)
2002 Lahti File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Olena Kostevych (UKR) File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia File:Flag of Poland.svg Katarzyna Szymanska (POL) File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China
2004 Athens File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Olena Kostevych (UKR)
2006 Zagreb File:Flag of Russia.svg Natalia Paderina (RUS) File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China File:Flag of Serbia.svg Brankica Zarić (SRB) File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China
2008 Beijing File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg Guo Wenjun (CHN)
2010 Munich File:Flag of Serbia.svg Zorana Arunović (SRB) File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia File:Flag of Mongolia.svg Khongorzul Tsagaandalai (MGL) File:Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea
2012 London File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg Guo Wenjun (CHN)
2014 Granada File:Flag of South Korea.svg Jung Jee-hae (KOR) File:Flag of Serbia.svg Serbia File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg Lin Yuemei (CHN) File:Flag of Poland.svg Poland
2016 Rio de Janeiro File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg Zhang Mengxue (CHN)
2018 Changwon File:Flag of Greece.svg Anna Korakaki (GRE) File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China File:Flag of Turkey.svg Sevval Ilayda Tarhan (TUR) File:Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea
2020 Tokyo File:Russian Olympic Committee flag.png Vitalina Batsarashkina (ROC)
2022 Cairo File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg Lu Kaiman (CHN) File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg Wang Siyu (CHN) File:Flag of India.svg India

Footnotes

  1. Not to be confused with 15 minutes, which are allowed when EST is not available.

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 ISSF Rulebook. 2017. pp. 436, Table 8.11.
  2. ISSF Rulebook. 2017. pp. 437–438, Tables 8.12 and 8.13.
  3. Rules 6.3.12 and 6.3.15. General Technical Rules for all Shooting Disciplines, International Shooting Sport Federation, January 16, 2006, archived from the original on June 17, 2008, retrieved 2008-06-18
  4. Rule 6.3.6.3.4. General Technical Rules for all Shooting Disciplines, International Shooting Sport Federation, January 16, 2006, archived from the original on June 17, 2008, retrieved 2008-06-18
  5. Rule 6.3.15.4. General Technical Rules for all Shooting Disciplines, International Shooting Sport Federation, January 16, 2006, archived from the original on June 17, 2008, retrieved 2008-06-18
  6. ISSF RuleBook 2013, Rule 6.4.6.1
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  10. Rule 8.15.0. Special Technical Rules for Pistol Shooting, International Shooting Sport Federation, January 16, 2006, archived from the original on June 17, 2008, retrieved 2008-06-19
  11. Rule 8.6.3.1.1.2. Special Technical Rules for Pistol Shooting, International Shooting Sport Federation, January 16, 2006, archived from the original on June 17, 2008, retrieved 2008-06-19
  12. Rule 3.5.1.4. ISSF General Regulations, International Shooting Sport Federation, November 30, 2005, archived from the original on June 10, 2008, retrieved 2008-06-19
  13. International Shooting Events, SIUS-ASCOR, archived from the original on 2009-01-06, retrieved 2008-06-19
  14. For example, the Megalink target system is used on club level in its native Norway. Klubber, luftpistol.no, retrieved 2008-06-16
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  16. Rowling, Patrick, Air Pistol Competition – A Brief History, The Air Pistol Home Page, retrieved 2008-06-19[permanent dead link]
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  18. Air Gun Testing Target Pellets Archived March 27, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
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