Ašmu-nikal

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Ašmu-Nikkal
Queen of Hittite empire
File:Aszmu-Nikal pecsétje.jpg
SpouseArnuwanda I
IssueTudḫaliya III
Ašmi-Šarruma
Mannini
Pariyawatra
Kantuzzili
Tulpi-Teššub
FatherTudḫaliya II
MotherNikkal-mati
File:Aszmu-Nikal pecsétje.jpg

Ašmu-nikal or Ašmu-Nikkal was a Queen consort of the Hittite empire.

Biography

Ašmu-Nikkal was born as a princess, the daughter of the Hittite great king Tudḫaliya II (also called Tudḫaliya I/II) and Queen Nikkal-mati.[1] She married a man called Arnuwanda, who became Tudḫaliya II's heir, co-ruler, and eventual successor.[2] The nature of the relationship between Ašmu-Nikkal and her husband Arnuwanda was long controversial, since both are described as children of Tudḫaliya II on their respective seals,[3] ostensibly implying that they were siblings or at least half-siblings.[4] This, however, was clearly forbidden by Hittite custom and law,[5] and it is now generally agreed that while Ašmu-Nikkal was indeed the daughter of Tudḫaliya II, Arnuwanda was only his son-in-law and possibly adoptive son, as the daughter's antiyant husband, an acceptable heir in the absence of a son.[6] Ašmu-Nikkal and Arnuwanda I appear to have had several sons: Ašmi-Šarruma, Mannini, Pariyawatra, Kantuzzili, Tulpi-Teššub, and the future king Tudḫaliya III.[7] Through her son Tudḫaliya III, she was the grandmother of Tudhaliya the Younger and of Ḫenti, the wife of Šuppiluliuma I.[8] Ašmu-Nikkal, great queen of Hatti, seems to have actively participated in the government of her husband Arnuwanda I, and is cited with him in administrative documents and oaths.[9] Together with Arnuwanda, she offered up prayers to the gods to alleviate the Kaška invasion of the northern portions of the Hittite kingdom.[10] Some instructions and decrees, for example those regarding the rights and entitlements of the "mausoleum guardians," were issued in the queen's name alone.[11] It is possible that Ašmu-Nikkal survived her husband.[12]

Gallery

Hittite New Kingdom royal family tree according to Trevor Bryce
Kantuzilli[lower-alpha 1]
Tudhaliya I/II[lower-alpha 2]Nikkalmati[lower-alpha 3]
Arnuwanda I[lower-alpha 3]Asmunikal[lower-alpha 3]
Hattusili II?[lower-alpha 4]Tudhaliya III[lower-alpha 5]Daduhepa[lower-alpha 6]Zida[lower-alpha 7]
Tudhaliya the Younger[lower-alpha 8]Henti[lower-alpha 7] (1)Šuppiluliuma I[lower-alpha 8](2) Tawananna[lower-alpha 9]
Arnuwanda II[lower-alpha 7]Telipinu[lower-alpha 10]Sarri-Kusuh[lower-alpha 11][lower-alpha 12]Zannanza[lower-alpha 13]Gassulawiya[lower-alpha 14] (1)Mursili II[lower-alpha 7](2) Tanuhepa[lower-alpha 15]
Talmi-Sarruma[lower-alpha 16]Sahurunuwa[lower-alpha 11][lower-alpha 17]Muwatalli II[lower-alpha 15]Halpasulupi[lower-alpha 18]Massanauzzi[lower-alpha 19]Hattusili III[lower-alpha 20]Puduhepa[lower-alpha 21]
Ini-Tesub[lower-alpha 11][lower-alpha 22]Urhi-Tesub[lower-alpha 15]Kurunta[lower-alpha 23]Nerikkaili[lower-alpha 24]numerous daughters[lower-alpha 25] and sons[lower-alpha 26]Tudhaliya IV[lower-alpha 27]
Talmi-Tesub[lower-alpha 11][lower-alpha 28]Arnuwanda III[lower-alpha 29]Suppiluliuma II[lower-alpha 29][lower-alpha 30]
Kuzi-Tesub[lower-alpha 31]
  • (1) = 1st spouse
  • (2) = 2nd spouse
  • Small caps indicates a Great King (LUGAL.GAL) of the Land of Hatti; italic small caps indicates a Great Queen or Tawananna.
  • Dashed lines indicate adoption.
  • Solid lines indicate marriage (if horizontal) or parentage (if vertical).
References:
  • Trevor Bryce (1997). The Kingdom of the Hittites. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
  • Trevor Bryce (2005). The Kingdom of the Hittites (new edition). Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
  • Trevor Bryce (2012). The World of the Neo-Hittite Kingdoms. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
  • Jacques Freu (2007). Les débuts du nouvel empire hittite. Paris, France: L'Harmattan.
  • Volkert Haas (2006). Die hethitische Literatur. Berlin, Germany: de Gruyter.
Notes:
  1. ↑ Scholars have suggested that Tudhaliya I/II was possibly a grandson of the Hittite king Huzziya II; the first Tudhaliya is now known to be the son of Kantuzzili (Bryce 1997, p. 131 suggested Himuili, but the new edition, Bryce 2005, p. 122, indicated Kantuzzili).
  2. ↑ Bryce (1997) does not consider it clear whether Tudhaliya I/II was one king or two (p. 133); the link points to Tudhaliya II. Among those who identify distinct kings Tudhaliya I and Tudhaliya II, Freu (2007) has Kantuzzili—his son Tudhaliya I—his son Hattusili II—his son Tudhaliya II (p. 311).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Bryce (1997), p. 139.
  4. ↑ The existence of Hattusili II is doubted by many scholars (Bryce 1997, pp. 153–154; Bryce 2005, p. 141). Among those who accept the existence of Hattusili II, Freu (2007), p. 311, has Tudhaliya I—his son Hattusili II—his son Tudhaliya II.
  5. ↑ Bryce (1997), p. 158.
  6. ↑ Bryce (1997), p. 172.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Bryce (1997), p. 174.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Bryce (1997), p. 168.
  9. ↑ Also known as Malnigal; daughter of Burnaburias II of Babylonia (Bryce 1997, p. 173).
  10. ↑ ‘Great priest’ in Kizzuwadna and king (lugal) of Aleppo (Bryce 1997, p. 174).
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 King (lugal) of Carchemish.
  12. ↑ Bryce (1997), pp. 174, 203–204.
  13. ↑ Zannanza died on his way to Egypt to marry a pharaoh's widow, probably Ankhesenpaaten, the widow of Tutankhamun (Bryce 1997, pp. 196–198).
  14. ↑ Bryce (1997), p. 227.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Bryce (1997), p. 230.
  16. ↑ Bryce (1997), p. 220.
  17. ↑ Bryce (1997), p. 222.
  18. ↑ Haas (2006), p. 91.
  19. ↑ Massanauzzi married Masturi, king of the Seha River Land (Bryce 1997, p. 313).
  20. ↑ Bryce (1997), p. 296.
  21. ↑ Puduhepa was the daughter of the Kizzuwadnan priest Pentipsarri (Bryce 1997, p. 273).
  22. ↑ Bryce (1997), pp. 346, 363.
  23. ↑ King (lugal) of Tarhuntassa (Bryce 1997, p. 296); apparently later Great King of Hatti (Bryce 1997, p. 354).
  24. ↑ Nerikkaili married a daughter of Bentesina, king of Amurru (Bryce 1997, p. 294).
  25. ↑ Two daughters of Hattusili III were married to the pharaoh Ramesses II; one was given the Egyptian name Ma(hor)nefrure. Another, Gassuwaliya, married into the royal house of Amurru. Kilushepa was married to a king of Isuwa. A daughter married into the royal family of Babylon. A sister of Tudhaliya IV married Sausgamuwa, king of Amurru after his father Bentesina. From Bryce (1997), pp. 294 and 312.
  26. ↑ Bryce (1997), p. 332.
  27. ↑ Bryce (1997), p. 363. Tudhaliya IV probably married a Babylonian princess, known by her title of Great Princess (dumu.sal gal) (Bryce 1997, pp. 294, 331).
  28. ↑ Bryce (1997), p. 363.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Bryce (1997), p. 361.
  30. ↑ Last documented Great King of the Land of Hatti.
  31. ↑ King and then Great King of Carchemish (Bryce 1997, pp. 384–385).

References

  1. ↑ Klengel 1999: 121, n. 165; Bryce 2005: 128-129; Freu 2007b: 98, 102, 117-118; Weeden 2022: 569.
  2. ↑ Bryce 2005: 128; Freu 2007b: 98, 102-103, 117; Weeden 2022: 569.
  3. ↑ Beal 1983: 116.
  4. ↑ Astour 1989: 68.
  5. ↑ Beal 1982: 116-117.
  6. ↑ Beal 1983: 117-119; Bryce 2005: 128; Freu 2007b: 98, 102-103, 117; Weeden 2022: 569.
  7. ↑ Bryce 2005: 145; Freu 2007b: 148-151; De Martino 2010: 132.
  8. ↑ Freu 2007b: 198-201; Stavi 2011: 228-230; Taracha 2016: 492-493.
  9. ↑ Freu 2007b: 137, 145.
  10. ↑ Bryce 2005: 142; Freu 2007b: 138-141 and (Mazoyer) 325-329 with French translation.
  11. ↑ Freu 2007b: 118.
  12. ↑ Freu 2007b: 118.

Bibliography

  • Astour, Michael C. (1989), Hittite History and the Absolute Chronology of the Bronze Age, Partille.
  • Beal, Richard R. (1983), "Studies in Hittite History," Journal of Cuneiform Studies 35 (1983) 115-126.
  • Bryce, Trevor (2005), The Kingdom of the Hittites, Oxford.
  • De Martino, Stefano (2010), "Nomi di persona hurriti nella prima età imperiale ittita," Orientalia 79 (2010) 130-139.
  • Freu, Jacques, and Michel Mazoyer (2007b), Les débuts du nouvel empire hittite, Paris.
  • Klengel, Horst (1999), Geschichte des Hethitischen Reiches, Leiden.
  • Stavi, Boaz (2011), "The Genealogy of Suppiluliuma I," Altorientalische Forschungen 38 (2011) 226–239. online
  • Taracha, Piotr (2016), "Tudhaliya III's Queens, Šuppiluliuma's Accession and Related Issues," in Sedat Erkut and Özlem Sir Gavaz (eds.), Studies in Honour of Ahmet Ünal Armağanı, Istanbul: 489-498.
  • Weeden, Mark (2022), "The Hittite Empire," in Karen Radner et al. (eds.), The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East, vol. 3 (From the * Hyksos to the Late Second Millennium BC), Oxford: 529-622.

External links

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