Hornerstown Formation

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Hornerstown Formation
Stratigraphic range: latest Maastrichtian-Danian[1]
66.5–62 Ma
↓
TypeGeological formation
Unit ofRancocas Group
UnderliesVincentown Formation
OverliesNew Egypt Formation, Navesink Formation and Tinton Formation
Lithology
PrimaryMarl, greensand
Location
RegionNew Jersey
CountryUnited States
Type section
Named forHornerstown, New Jersey

The Hornerstown Formation is a latest Cretaceous to early Paleocene-aged geologic formation in New Jersey. It preserves a variety of fossil remains, including those of dinosaurs, and contains direct evidence of the mass mortality that occurred at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary.[2][3] Outcrops of the Hornerstown Formation are known from sites such as Edelman Fossil Park.[4]

Age & significance

The age of the Hornerstown deposits have been controversial. While most fossils are of animal taxa known from the earliest Cenozoic era, several fossils of otherwise exclusively Cretaceous age have been found. These include remains of the shark Squalicorax, several types of non-avian dinosaurs, the teleost fish Enchodus, several species of ammonite, and marine lizards referred to the genus Mosasaurus. Some of these remains show signs of severe abrasion and erosion, however, implying that they may be re-worked from older deposits. Most of these fossils are restricted to the lowest point in the formation, one rich in fossils and known as the Main Fossiliferous Layer, or MFL. Other explanations for the out-of-place fossils in the MFL is that they represent a time-averaged assemblage that built up and remained unburied during a time of low sediment deposition, or that they were stirred up from deeper in the sediment and deposited together during a tsunami.[5] Biochemical analyses done on mosasaur bones from the Hornerstown Formation and the underlying, purely Cretaceous New Egypt Formation have found differing chemical signatures in the content of rare earth elements depending on whether the bones derive from the New Egypt or the Hornerstown Formation. This provides evidence against the idea that the presence of these remains in the Hornerstown is just the result of reworking, and supports the Hornerstown Formation including Cretaceous strata.[6] To account for these Cretaceous fossils, the Hornerstown Formation is generally treated as including the last portion of the Maastrichtian shortly before the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, and is thus divided into three sections: the section below the MFL (entirely Maastrichtian), the MFL itself (at the K-Pg boundary), and the section above the MFL (entirely Danian). However, other studies continue to treat the Hornerstown Formation as a Paleocene formation that saw significant reworking of Cretaceous fossils into itself.[7] In addition, recent studies have found evidence of high iridium concentration and shocked quartz within the MFL, suggesting that the MFL represents a thanatocoenosis formed from an ecosystem collapse during the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event. This makes the Hornerstown Formation one of the few geological formations to contain direct evidence of the immediate impact of the extinction event. The Hornerstown Formation is important paleontologically, as it shows the impact of the K-Pg extinction on the coastal waters of eastern Appalachia, contains many of the last known records of taxa that went extinct at the K-Pg boundary, while also providing evidence of survivorship for the taxa that managed to survive the extinction event.[3]

Vertebrate paleofauna

Cartilaginous fishes

Based on Case (1996) and Boles et al (2024):[3][8]

Chimaeras

Chimaeras of the Hornerstown Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Abundance Material Notes Images
Edaphodon E. agassizi Danian Tooth plates A callorhinchid chimaera. File:Edaphodon AMNH.jpg
E. mantelli Danian
E. mirificus Maastrichtian
E. stenobyrus Maastrichtian
Ischyodus I. bifurcatus Maastrichtian, potentially Danian Tooth plates, jaw elements A callorhinchid chimaera. File:Ischyodus quenstedti 45456 (cropped).jpg
I. thurmanni Maastrichtian
I. williamsae Danian

Sharks

Sharks of the Hornerstown Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Abundance Material Notes Images
Araloselachus A. cuspidatus Maastrichtian Teeth A sand shark.[9] File:FOS527C.jpg
Carcharias C. teretidens Danian A relative of the sand tiger shark. File:Carcharias taurus SI.jpg
Cretalamna C. appendiculata Maastrichtian & Danian A megatooth shark. File:Cretalamna reconstruction.png
Heptranchias H. howellii Maastrichtian A relative of the sharpnose sevengill shark. File:Heptranchias perlo (Sharpnose sevengill shark).gif
Hexanchus H. microdon Danian A sixgill shark. File:Hexanchus griseus (Bluntnose sixgill shark).gif
H. sp. Maastrichtian & Danian
Otodus O. obliquus Danian A megatooth shark. File:Otodus obliquus.jpg
Odontaspis O. sp. Danian A sand shark. File:Odontaspis ferox (Smalltooth sand tiger).gif
Palaeocarcharodon P. sp. Danian A megatooth shark. File:Palaeocarcharodon NT.png
Palaeogaleus P. vincenti Maastrichtian & Danian A houndshark. File:Palaeogaleus faujasi.jpg
Palaeohypotodus P. rutoti Danian A sand shark. File:Palaeohypotodus bronni.jpg
Pseudocorax P. affinis Maastrichtian A pseudocoracid shark. File:Psuedocorax granti.jpg
Scapanorhynchus S. texanus Maastrichtian A goblin shark.[10] File:Scapanorhynchus sp Sahel Alma Santonian.jpg
Scyliorhinus S. gilberti Danian A catshark. File:Scyliorhinus retifer.jpg
Sphenodus S. lundgreni Maastrichtian A orthacodontid shark. File:Sphenodus nitidus.jpg
Squalicorax S. pristodontus Maastrichtian A crow shark. File:Squalicorax2DB.jpg
Squalus S. minor Maastrichtian & Danian A spurdog. File:Squalus acanthias.jpg
S. sp
Squatina S. sp. Maastrichtian An angelshark. File:Squatina tergocellata.jpg
Weltonia W. ancistrodon Danian A cow shark.
Xampylodon X. brotzeni Maastrichtian A cow shark. File:Notidanodon.jpg

Rays

Rays of the Hornerstown Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Abundance Material Notes Images
Aetomylaeus A. striatus Maastrichtian Teeth An eagle ray.[9] File:Aetomylaeus maculatus 01.jpg
Dasyatis D. crosswickense Danian A whiptail stingray. Type locality for species. File:Dasyatis bennettii by jordan and richardson.png
Hypolophites H. hutchinsi Danian A whiptail stingray. Type locality for species.
Hypolophodon H. sylvestris Danian A whiptail stingray.
Ischyrhiza I. mira Maastrichtian A sclerorhynchid sawskate.[9] File:Onchosaurus (Ischyrhiza) marrocanus Arambourg 1935 - Dalpiazia stromeri Checcia-Rispoli, 1933 7100.5122.jpg
Rhinoptera R. sp. Maastrichtian A cownose ray. File:Rhinoptera bonasus (line art).jpg
Rhombodus R. laevis Maastrichtian A rhombodontid ray. File:Rhombodus NT small cropped.png
Viperecucullus V. kuehnei Danian A whiptail stingray, type locality for the species and genus.

Ray-finned fishes

Actinopterygii of the Hornerstown Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Abundance Material Notes Images
Acipenser A. cf. albertensis Maastrichtian A sturgeon.[3] File:Acipenser oxyrhynchus.jpg
Anomoeodus A. phaseolus Maastrichtian, potentially Danian 8 teeth A pycnodont. One tooth is known from the Danian section of the formation, which would be the latest record of this genus and prove its occurrence in the Cenozoic; however, it may have been reworked from lower layers.[3] File:Anomoeodus subclavatus.jpg
Atractosteus A. sp. Maastrichtian & Danian 11 teeth A gar. First record of gars from eastern North America during the Paleocene.[3] File:Alligator gar (Atractosteus spatula) I.jpg
cf. Bananogmius cf. B. sp. Maastrichtian A plethodid tselfatiiform.[3][9] File:Pentanogmius Bananogmius1DB.jpg
Dercetidae indet. Maastrichtian & Danian 27 flank scales A dercetid aulopiform. The first evidence in eastern North America of the Dercetidae surviving the K-Pg extinction event.[3]
Enchodus E. ferox Maastrichtian An enchodontid aulopiform. The E. gladiolus remains are the first record of the species in eastern North America.[3] File:Enchodus petrosus.png
E. gladiolus 8 teeth
Iridopristis I. parrisi Sewell, New Jersey Danian 3 partial articulated specimens, including a near-complete skull.[7] A stem-lineage member of Holocentridae. The earliest known definitive holocentrid. Type locality for genus and species.[7]
Paralbula P. marylandica Maastrichtian & Danian 23 teeth A phyllodontid elopomorph. First evidence of P. marylandica existing during the Cretaceous, indicating that it survived the extinction event.[3]
Phyllodus P. paulkatoi Maastrichtian 1 tooth plate A phyllodontid elopomorph. First known occurrence in eastern North America.[3]
Saurocephalus S. lanciformis Danian 1 tooth A saurodontid ichthyodectiform. First known occurrence in eastern North America and first known occurrence of ichthyodectiforms as a whole in the Paleocene and Cenozoic.[3] File:Saurocephalus lanciformis.JPG

Reptiles

Birds

A number of fossil birds are known from the greensands of the formation. The Hornerstown serves as the type locality for all these genera and species:

Birds of the Hornerstown Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Abundance Notes

Anatalavis

A. rex

Maastrichtian A waterfowl potentially related to the magpie-goose.[3][11]

Graculavus

G. velox

A potential wader.[3][11]

Laornis

L. edwardsianus

A laornithid wading bird.[3][11]
Novacaesareala N. hungerfordi A potential tropicbird.[3][11]

Palaeotringa

P. littoralis

A potential wader.[3][11]

P. vagans

Telmatornis

T. priscus

A potential wader.[3][11]

Tytthostonyx

T. glauconiticus

A potential seabird.[3][11]

Non-avian dinosaurs

Dinosaurs of the Hornerstown Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Abundance Notes
Hadrosauridae indet. Maastrichtian A hadrosaurid ornithischian.[3]

The tyrannosauroid Dryptosaurus is sometimes referred to this formation, as its remains were found in the New Egypt Formation, which is sometimes considered a part of the Hornerstown.[12]

Crocodylomorphs

Crocodylomorphs of the Hornerstown Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Abundance Material Notes Images
Borealosuchus B. threeensis Maastrichtian Lower jaw, postcranial remains A eusuchian. Type locality of species.[3][13] File:Borealosuchus wilsoni HMNS.jpg

Bottosaurus

B. harlani

Maastrichtian & Danian Remains including lower jaw of a juvenile individual[14] An early caiman.[3][14]
B. tuberculatus[9] Maastrichtian
Hyposaurus H. rogersii Maastrichtian & Danian A dyrosaurid.[3][15]
cf. Procaimanoidea P. sp. Maastrichtian A caiman.[3] File:NMNH-USNM15996 1.jpg
Thoracosaurus T. neocesariensis Maastrichtian & Danian A gavialoid.[3] File:Dinosauria - Thoracosaurus 02.jpg

Plesiosaurs

Plesiosaurs of the Hornerstown Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Abundance Material Notes Images
"Plesiosaurus" "P." brevifemur Maastrichtian An indeterminate plesiosaur known from a well-documented specimen, now lost.[16][17]

Turtles

Testudines of the Hornerstown Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Abundance Notes Images
Adocus A. agilis[16] Maastrichtian An adocid.[3] File:Adocus kirtlandius Gilmore, 1919.jpg
A. beatus
A. syntheticus[16]
Agomphus A. pectoralis Maastrichtian A kinosternoid related to Dermatemys.[3][18] File:Agomphus.jpg
Bothremys B. sp. Maastrichtian A bothremydid side-necked turtle.[3]
Euclastes E. wielandi Maastrichtian & Danian A sea turtle.[3] File:Euclastes sp.jpg
Lytoloma L. jeanesii Maastrichtian A sea turtle.[16]
Osteopygis O. emarginatus Maastrichtian A macrobaenid.[16]
Peritresius P. ornatus Maastrichtian A sea turtle.
Taphrosphys T. sulcatus Maastrichtian A bothremydid side-necked turtle.[3]
T. strenuus

Mosasaurs

Mosasaurs of the Hornerstown Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Abundance Material Notes Images
Halisaurus H. platyspondylus Maastrichtian A halisaurine. Type locality of the genus and species. File:Halisaurus arambourgi.jpg
Mosasaurus M. hoffmanni (=Nectoportheus validus)[16] Maastrichtian Pterygoid, teeth, vertebrae[3][6] A mosasaurine. This formation contains some of the last known remains, comprising individuals killed during the mass mortality event that formed the MFL.[3] A very large specimen is known.[6] File:Mosasaurus 21copy.jpg
Plioplatecarpus P. sp. Maastrichtian A plioplatecarpine. File:Plioplatecarpus primaevus life reconstruction.jpg

See also

References

  1. ↑ Gentry, A.D.; Kiernan, C.R.; Parham, J.F. (2022). "A large non-marine turtle from the Upper Cretaceous of Alabama and a review of North American "Macrobaenids"". The Anatomical Record. 306 (6): 1411–1430. doi:10.1002/ar.25054. PMID 37158131.
  2. ↑ Weishampel, et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution." Pp. 517-607.
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.22 3.23 3.24 3.25 3.26 3.27 3.28 3.29 3.30 3.31 Boles, Zachary; Ullmann, Paul; Putnam, Ian; Ford, Mariele; Deckhut, Joseph (2024-04-12). "New vertebrate microfossils expand the diversity of the chondrichthyan and actinopterygian fauna of the Maastrichtian–Danian Hornerstown Formation in New Jersey". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. doi:10.4202/app.01117.2023.
  4. ↑ Voegele, Kristyn K.; Ullmann, Paul V.; Lonsdorf, Tara; Christman, Zachary; Heierbacher, Michael; Kibelstis, Brian J.; Putnam, Ian; Boles, Zachary M.; Walsh, Shane; Lacovara, Kenneth J. (2021-11-01). "Microstratigraphic Analysis of Fossil Distribution in the Lower Hornerstown and Upper Navesink Formations at the Edelman Fossil Park, NJ". Frontiers in Earth Science. 9: 1033. Bibcode:2021FrEaS...9.1033V. doi:10.3389/feart.2021.756655. ISSN 2296-6463.
  5. ↑ Gallagher, W.B. (2005). "Recent mosasaur discoveries from New Jersey and Delaware, USA: stratigraphy, taphonomy and implications for mosasaur extinction." Netherlands Journal of Geosciences — Geologie en Mijnbouw, 84(3): 241-245. [1] Archived 2012-09-04 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Gallagher, W. B. (2015). "Greensand mosasaurs of New Jersey and the Cretaceous–Paleogene transition of marine vertebrates". Netherlands Journal of Geosciences. 94 (1): 87–91. Bibcode:2015NJGeo..94...87G. doi:10.1017/njg.2014.30. ISSN 0016-7746.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Andrews, J. V.; Schein, J. P.; Friedman, M. (2023). "An earliest Paleocene squirrelfish (Teleostei: Beryciformes: Holocentroidea) and its bearing on the timescale of holocentroid evolution". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 21 (1). Bibcode:2023JSPal..2168571A. doi:10.1080/14772019.2023.2168571.
  8. ↑ Case, Gerard R. (1996-12-19). "A new Selachian Fauna from the Lower Hornerstown Formation (Early Paleocene/Montian) of Monmouth County, New Jersey". Palaeontographica Abteilung A: 1–14. doi:10.1127/pala/242/1996/1.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 "PBDB Collection". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2024-11-12.
  10. ↑ "PBDB Collection". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2024-11-12.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 "3.22 New Jersey, United States; 7. Hornerstown Formation," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 586.
  12. ↑ Olsson, R.K. (1960). "Foraminifera of latest Cretaceous and earliest Tertiary age in the New Jersey coastal plain". Journal of Paleontology. 34: 1–58.
  13. ↑ Brochu, Christopher A.; Parris, David C.; Grandstaff, Barbara Smith; Denton, Robert K.; Gallagher, William B. (2012). "A new species of Borealosuchus (Crocodyliformes, Eusuchia) from the Late Cretaceous–early Paleogene of New Jersey". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 32 (1): 105–116. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.633585. ISSN 0272-4634.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Cossette, A. P., and C. A. Brochu. 2018. A new specimen of the alligatoroid Bottosaurus harlani and the early history of character evolution in alligatorids. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. DOI:10.1080/02724634.2018.1486321.
  15. ↑ Morgan, Donald J (December 2018). "PRESENCE OF A DYROSAURID NEOSUCHIAN IN THE SEVERN/BRIGHTSEAT FORMATION OF MARYLAND". The Journal of the Delaware Valley Paleontological Society. X: 91 to 104.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 "PBDB Collection". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2024-11-12.
  17. ↑ Parris, David C. (1974). "Additional Records of Plesiosaurs from the Cretaceous of New Jersey". Journal of Paleontology. 48 (1): 32–35. ISSN 0022-3360.
  18. ↑ "PBDB Taxon". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2024-11-11.

Bibliography

  • Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. 861 pp. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.
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