List of countries by economic complexity

File:Map and Scatterplot of countries by Economic Complexity..jpg

Map and Scatterplot of Countries by Economic Complexity

This list orders countries by their Economic Complexity Index (ECI), as it was defined and calculated by César Hidalgo and Ricardo Hausmann and published by The Observatory of Economic Complexity.

Country rankings

Country Complexity Rankings

Rank	Country	Economic complexity index (2018)	Change in 5 years (2013-18)	Change in 10 years (2008-18)
1	Japan	2.43	Steady	Steady
2	Switzerland	2.17	Increase 1	Increase 1
3	Republic of Korea	2.11	Increase 4	Increase 8
4	Germany	2.09	Decrease 2	Decrease 2
5	Singapore	1.85	Steady	Decrease 1
6	Austria	1.81	Decrease 2	Increase 1
7	Czech Republic	1.80	Decrease 1	Increase 2
8	Sweden	1.70	Steady	Decrease 3
9	Hungary	1.66	Steady	Increase 5
10	Slovenia	1.62	Increase 3	Increase 3
11	United States	1.55	Increase 1	Increase 1
12	Finland	1.55	Increase 2	Decrease 1
13	United Kingdom	1.51	Decrease 2	Decrease 5
14	Italy	1.44	Decrease 2	Increase 3
15	Slovakia	1.41	Steady	Increase 1
16	France	1.37	Decrease 2	Decrease 1
17	Ireland	1.36	Steady	Decrease 7
18	China	1.34	Steady	Increase 6
19	Romania	1.34	Steady	Steady
20	Mexico	1.29	Increase 6	Increase 3
21	Israel	1.20	Decrease 1	Decrease 1
22	Belgium	1.18	Increase 2	Increase 9
23	Thailand	1.17	Steady	Decrease 2
24	Poland	1.10	Decrease 3	Decrease 6
25	Denmark	1.09	Steady	Increase 5
26	Malaysia	1.03	Increase 3	Increase 1
27	Netherlands	0.98	Steady	Decrease 5
28	Estonia	0.96	Increase 2	Increase 4
29	Belarus	0.89	Decrease 7	Decrease 1
30	Croatia	0.87	Increase 1	Decrease 1
31	Lithuania	0.86	Increase 5	Increase 10
32	Spain	0.83	Decrease 4	Decrease 7
33	Portugal	0.80	Increase 1	Increase 1
34	Latvia	0.70	Increase 3	Increase 6
35	Philippines	0.67	Increase 3	Increase 10
36	Saudi Arabia	0.67	Increase 33	Increase 71
37	Bosnia and Herzegovina	0.67	Decrease 4	Increase 1
38	Serbia	0.67	Increase 1	Decrease 2
39	Canada	0.65	Increase 2	Steady
40	Turkey	0.64	Increase 2	Increase 2
41	Bulgaria	0.55	Decrease 1	Increase 5
42	India	0.54	Increase 10	Increase 8
43	Norway	0.44	Decrease 8	Decrease 8
44	Ukraine	0.37	Decrease 1	Steady
45	Lebanon	0.35	Steady	Decrease 2
46	Tunisia	0.34	Decrease 2	Increase 8
47	Costa Rica	0.33	Increase 4	Increase 10
48	Bahrain	0.30	Increase 10	Increase 37
49	Brazil	0.21	Decrease 2	Decrease 1
50	Cyprus	0.18	Decrease 4	Decrease 24
51	Jordan	0.17	Decrease 1	Decrease 2
52	Vietnam	0.14	Increase 11	Increase 11
53	El Salvador	0.13	Increase 2	Increase 7
54	New Zealand	0.13	Decrease 5	Decrease 3
55	Greece	0.11	Increase 2	Decrease 3
56	Colombia	0.10	Increase 4	Decrease 3
57	North Macedonia	0.07	Increase 11	Increase 8
58	Trinidad and Tobago	0.05	Increase 24	Increase 23
59	Kyrgyzstan	0.04	Decrease 11	Increase 8
60	Uruguay	0.02	Decrease 6	Decrease 5
61	Indonesia	0.02	Increase 1	Increase 1
62	United Arab Emirates	-0.01	Increase 18	Increase 6
63	South Africa	-0.02	Decrease 7	Decrease 7
64	Russia	-0.04	Increase 1	Decrease 3
65	Georgia	-0.04	Decrease 1	Increase 21
66	Egypt	-0.06	Increase 1	Increase 4
67	Eswatini	-0.08	Decrease 6	Decrease 34
68	Tanzania	-0.09	Increase 25	Increase 28
69	Mauritius	-0.17	Decrease 3	Increase 3
70	Dominican Republic	-0.18	Increase 4	Decrease 6
71	Chile	-0.18	Steady	Increase 1
72	Moldova	-0.18	Decrease 18	Decrease 13
73	Argentina	-0.21	Decrease 14	Decrease 14
74	Panama	-0.24	Decrease 42	Decrease 37
75	Qatar	-0.31	Increase 14	Increase 36
76	Albania	-0.32	Increase 7	Steady
77	Kenya	-0.34	Decrease 2	Increase 1
78	Sri Lanka	-0.36	Decrease 1	Decrease 9
79	Armenia	-0.39	Decrease 8	Decrease 32
80	Uzbekistan	-0.41	Increase 18	Increase 9
81	Namibia	-0.43	Decrease 3	Decrease 15
82	Guatemala	-0.45	Decrease 9	Decrease 11
83	Oman	-0.48	Increase 14	Increase 17
84	Botswana	-0.48	Increase 11	Decrease 9
85	Mali	-0.49	Increase 33	Decrease 8
86	Uganda	-0.50	Decrease 2	Increase 5
87	Australia	-0.53	Increase 3	Decrease 5
88	Burkina Faso	-0.55	Increase 12	Increase 28
89	Paraguay	-0.55	Decrease 2	Decrease 1
90	Cambodia	-0.56	Increase 1	Increase 12
91	Morocco	-0.56	Decrease 6	Decrease 4
92	Jamaica	-0.58	Decrease 11	Decrease 18
93	Kazakhstan	-0.59	Increase 16	Decrease 1
94	Zambia	-0.62	Decrease 15	Increase 12
95	Senegal	-0.63	Decrease 7	Decrease 2
96	Laos	-0.63	Increase 12	Increase 5
97	Ethiopia	-0.66	Increase 19	Increase 7
98	Honduras	-0.67	Decrease 4	Decrease 1
99	Pakistan	-0.68	Decrease 3	Decrease 20
100	Kuwait	-0.70	Increase 19	Increase 33
101	Iran	-0.71	Decrease 31	Increase 21
102	Togo	-0.78	Decrease 16	Decrease 12
103	Ghana	-0.80	Decrease 4	Increase 2
104	Peru	-0.81	Decrease 12	Decrease 20
105	Nicaragua	-0.84	Decrease 3	Decrease 7
106	Turkmenistan	-0.84	Increase 11	Increase 2
107	Monaco	-0.88	Increase 13	Increase 11
108	Bangladesh	-0.88	Decrease 2	Decrease 14
109	Zimbabwe	-0.93	Decrease 2	Decrease 26
110	Ivory Coast	-0.96	Increase 1	Increase 5
111	Myanmar	-0.97	Increase 4	Increase 6
112	Ecuador	-0.97	Decrease 7	Decrease 13
113	Madagascar	-1.01	Decrease 12	Decrease 18
114	Mauritania	-1.03	Increase 18	Increase 13
115	Bolivia	-1.04	Decrease 1	Decrease 12
116	Tajikistan	-1.09	Decrease 4	Increase 3
117	Cuba	-1.11	Decrease 41	Decrease 37
118	Malawi	-1.12	Decrease 15	Decrease 6
119	Venezuela	-1.14	Increase 2	Increase 1
120	Liberia	-1.15	Decrease 16	Decrease 10
121	Mozambique	-1.25	Decrease 8	Decrease 7
122	Algeria	-1.31	Increase 7	Increase 2
123	Yemen	-1.31	Decrease 1	Decrease 4
124	Azerbaijan	-1.37	Increase 1	Decrease 3
125	Republic of the Congo	-1.42	Increase 3	Increase 3
126	Gabon	-1.43	Increase 4	Steady
127	Guinea	-1.43	Decrease 4	Decrease 2
128	Libya	-1.46	Increase 5	Increase 1
129	Cameroon	-1.60	Decrease 19	Decrease 20
130	Papua New Guinea	-1.68	Decrease 3	Decrease 3
131	Angola	-1.71	Decrease 7	Steady
132	Democratic Republic of the Congo	-1.80	Decrease 6	Decrease 9
133	Nigeria	-1.90	Decrease 2	Decrease 3

Factors affecting differences between countries

File:Index economic complexity.png

This image displays the non-ubiquity of national exports.

As an illustration, we can observe the differences between Egypt and Thailand in ECI ranking between the years of 1995 and 2015, let us use the below figures as an example:

Rank	Country	ECI value	Year
45	Thailand	0.30	1995
75	Egypt	-0.41	1995
24	Thailand	1.06	2015
68	Egypt	-0.23	2015

• Difference in 1995: 0.71 ECI points for Thailand
• Difference in 2015: 1.28824 ECI points for Thailand
• Increase for Egypt 1995-2015: 0.18037 ECI Points
• Increase for Thailand 1995-2015: 0.7575 ECI Points

When we dig deeper into the export data of both countries, we can deduce that the differences were mainly in the composition of their relative export baskets. The more countries direct their efforts to more sophisticated products, the more it is reflected in the ECI score, and hence their potential economic growth. For example, from 1995-2015, Thailand appears to have phased away from largely ubiquitous products “fur: 0.1 on the Product Complexity Index ("PCI"), Leather: 0.9 PCI, footwear: -0.7 PCI”, and focused their exports into products that few other countries can make “Cars: 2.47 PCI, parts and accessories of motor vehicles: 3.18 PCI, motor vehicles for transporting good: 1.87 PCI”. Egypt, on the other hand, also experienced an increase in complexity, albeit much less than the one experienced by Thailand. They had a relatively high growth as a share of their total export portfolio in monitors and projectors: 0.9 PCI, but they also had a growth in insulated wires which has a PCI of -0.48. So, in general, we can observe that Thailand has expanded in products with higher PCI than the ones they phased out from, while Egypt expanded in some higher PCI products, and also some lower ones hence the difference in ECI growth between the two.