List of countries by ethnic and cultural diversity level

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File:List of countries ranked by ethnic and cultural diversity level, List based on Fearon's analysis.png
List of countries by ethnic and cultural diversity level. List based on Fearon's analysis

This is a list of countries by ethnic and cultural diversity level, as per Fearon's analysis.

Methodology

The lists are commonly used in economics literature to compare the levels of ethnic, cultural, linguistic and religious fractionalization in different countries.[1][2] Fractionalization is the probability that two individuals drawn randomly from the country's groups are not from the same group (ethnic, religious, or whatever the criterion is). In Fearon's analysis, only groups containing over one percent of the country's population were considered. This limit made Papua New Guinea an outlier; as none of its thousands of groups included more than one percent of the population, it was considered to have zero groups and thus have a perfect fractionalization score of 1. The two lists have been described by Alesina and Ferrara as follows:[1]

Fearon[3] and Alesina et al.[4] have compiled various measures of ethnic heterogeneity which try to tackle the fact that the difference amongst groups manifests itself in different ways in different places. The two classifications are constructed differently. Alesina et al.[4] do not take a stand on what ethnicity (or language or religion) are more salient than others and adopt the country breakdown suggested by original sources, mainly the Encyclopædia Britannica. Fearon[3] instead is trying to construct the 'right list' of ethnic groups which 'depends on what people in the country identify as the most socially relevant ethnic groupings'. This approach has the advantage of being closer to what the theory would want and the disadvantage of having to make judgement calls (or adopt others' judgement calls) about what is the 'right list'.

List based on Fearon's analysis

In the Fearon list, ethnic fractionalization is approximated by a measure of similarity between languages, varying from 1 = the population speaks two or more unrelated languages to 0 = the entire population speaks the same language.[3] This index of cultural diversity is biased towards linguistic variations as opposed to genetic diversity and other variations. It should also be noted that the date of collection for data regarding ethnicity varies drastically between countries from 1981 to 2001 while data for linguistic and religious fractionalisation was collected in 2001.[4]

Ethnic, linguistic and religious fractionalization (2003)[4]
Country Ethnic
fractionalization 		Linguistic
fractionalization 		Religious
fractionalization
File:Flag of the Taliban.svg Afghanistan 0.7693 0.6141 0.2717
File:Flag of Albania.svg Albania 0.2204 0.0399 0.4719
File:Flag of Algeria.svg Algeria 0.3394 0.4427 0.0091
File:Flag of American Samoa.svg American Samoa 0.0000 0.1733 0.6395
File:Flag of Andorra.svg Andorra 0.7139 0.6848 0.2326
File:Flag of Angola.svg Angola 0.7867 0.7870 0.6276
File:Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg Antigua and Barbuda 0.1643 0.1063 0.6840
File:Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina 0.2550 0.0618 0.2236
File:Flag of Armenia.svg Armenia 0.1272 0.1291 0.4576
File:Flag of Aruba.svg Aruba 0.0000 0.3889 0.4107
File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia 0.0929 0.3349 0.8211
File:Flag of Austria.svg Austria 0.1068 0.1522 0.4146
File:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Azerbaijan 0.2047 0.2054 0.4899
File:Flag of the Bahamas.svg Bahamas 0.4228 0.1855 0.6815
File:Flag of Bahrain.svg Bahrain 0.5021 0.4344 0.5528
File:Flag of Bangladesh.svg Bangladesh 0.0454 0.0925 0.2090
File:Flag of Barbados.svg Barbados 0.1423 0.0926 0.6934
File:Flag of Belarus.svg Belarus 0.3222 0.4666 0.6116
File:Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium 0.5554 0.5409 0.2127
File:Flag of Belize.svg Belize 0.7015 0.6303 0.5813
File:Flag of Benin.svg Benin 0.7872 0.7905 0.5544
File:Flag of Bermuda.svg Bermuda 0.0000 0.0000 0.7112
File:Flag of Bhutan.svg Bhutan 0.6050 0.6056 0.3787
File:Flag of Bolivia.svg Bolivia 0.7396 0.2240 0.2085
File:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.6300 0.6751 0.6851
File:Flag of Botswana.svg Botswana 0.4102 0.4110 0.5986
File:Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil 0.5408 0.0468 0.6054
File:Flag of Brunei.svg Brunei 0.5416 0.3438 0.4404
File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria 0.4021 0.3031 0.5965
File:Flag of Burkina Faso.svg Burkina Faso 0.7377 0.7228 0.5798
File:Flag of Burundi.svg Burundi 0.2951 0.2977 0.5158
File:Flag of Cambodia.svg Cambodia 0.2105 0.2104 0.0965
File:Flag of Cameroon.svg Cameroon 0.8635 0.8898 0.7338
File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada 0.7124 0.5772 0.6958
File:Flag of Cape Verde.svg Cape Verde 0.4174 0.0000 0.0766
File:Flag of the Central African Republic.svg Central African Republic 0.8295 0.8334 0.7916
File:Flag of Chad.svg Chad 0.8620 0.8635 0.6411
File:Flag of Chile.svg Chile 0.1861 0.1871 0.3841
File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China 0.1538 0.1327 0.6643
File:Flag of Colombia.svg Colombia 0.6014 0.0193 0.1478
File:Flag of the Comoros.svg Comoros 0.0000 0.0103 0.0137
File:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg DR Congo 0.8747 0.8705 0.7021
File:Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg Congo 0.8747 0.6871 0.6642
File:Flag of Costa Rica.svg Costa Rica 0.2368 0.0489 0.2410
File:Flag of Côte d'Ivoire.svg Ivory Coast 0.8204 0.7842 0.7551
File:Flag of Croatia.svg Croatia 0.3690 0.0763 0.4447
File:Flag of Cuba.svg Cuba 0.5908 0.0000 0.5059
File:Flag of Cyprus.svg Cyprus 0.0939 0.3962 0.3962
File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czech Republic 0.3222 0.3233 0.6591
File:Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark 0.0819 0.1049 0.2333
File:Flag of Djibouti.svg Djibouti 0.7962 0.6558 0.0435
File:Flag of Dominica.svg Dominica 0.2003 0.0000 0.4628
File:Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg Dominican Republic 0.4294 0.0395 0.3118
File:Flag of East Timor.svg East Timor 0.0000 0.5261 0.4254
File:Flag of Ecuador.svg Ecuador 0.6550 0.1308 0.1417
File:Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt 0.1836 0.0237 0.1979
File:Flag of El Salvador.svg El Salvador 0.1978 0.0000 0.3559
File:Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg Equatorial Guinea 0.3467 0.3220 0.1195
File:Flag of Eritrea.svg Eritrea 0.6524 0.6530 0.4253
File:Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia 0.5062 0.4944 0.4985
File:Flag of Ethiopia.svg Ethiopia 0.7235 0.8073 0.6249
File:Flag of the Faroe Islands.svg Faroe Islands 0.0000 0.0000 0.3147
File:Flag of Fiji.svg Fiji 0.5479 0.5479 0.5682
File:Flag of Finland.svg Finland 0.1315 0.1412 0.2531
File:Flag of France.svg France 0.1032 0.1221 0.4029
File:Flag of France.svg French Guiana 0.0000 0.1154 0.4959
File:Flag of French Polynesia.svg French Polynesia 0.0000 0.6078 0.5813
File:Flag of Gabon.svg Gabon 0.7690 0.7821 0.6674
File:Flag of The Gambia.svg Gambia 0.7864 0.8076 0.0970
File:Flag of Palestine.svg Gaza Strip 0.0000 0.0104 0.0342
File:Flag of Georgia.svg Georgia 0.4923 0.4749 0.6543
File:Flag of Germany.svg Germany 0.1682 0.1642 0.6571
File:Flag of Ghana.svg Ghana 0.6733 0.6731 0.7987
File:Flag of Greece.svg Greece 0.1576 0.0300 0.1530
File:Flag of Greenland.svg Greenland 0.0000 0.2188 0.4592
File:Flag of Grenada.svg Grenada 0.2661 0.0000 0.5898
File:Flag of France.svg Guadeloupe 0.0000 0.0933 0.3069
File:Flag of Guam.svg Guam 0.0000 0.7320 0.4082
File:Flag of Guatemala.svg Guatemala 0.5122 0.4586 0.3753
File:Flag of Guinea.svg Guinea 0.7389 0.7725 0.2649
File:Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg Guinea-Bissau 0.8082 0.8141 0.6128
File:Flag of Guyana.svg Guyana 0.6195 0.0688 0.7876
File:Flag of Haiti.svg Haiti 0.0950 0.0000 0.4704
File:Flag of Honduras.svg Honduras 0.1867 0.0553 0.2357
File:Flag of Hong Kong.svg Hong Kong 0.0620 0.2128 0.4191
File:Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary 0.1522 0.0297 0.5244
File:Flag of Iceland.svg Iceland 0.0798 0.0820 0.1913
File:Flag of India.svg India 0.4182 0.8069 0.3260
File:Flag of Indonesia.svg Indonesia 0.7351 0.7680 0.2340
File:Flag of Iran.svg Iran 0.6684 0.7462 0.1152
File:Flag of Iraq.svg Iraq 0.3689 0.3694 0.4844
File:Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland 0.1206 0.0312 0.1550
File:Flag of the Isle of Man.svg Isle of Man 0.0000 0.0000 0.4729
File:Flag of Israel.svg Israel 0.3436 0.5525 0.3469
File:Flag of Italy.svg Italy 0.1145 0.1147 0.3027
File:Flag of Jamaica.svg Jamaica 0.4129 0.1098 0.6160
File:Flag of Japan.svg Japan 0.0119 0.0178 0.5406
File:Flag of Jersey.svg Jersey 0.0000 0.0000 0.5479
File:Flag of Jordan.svg Jordan 0.5926 0.0396 0.0659
File:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Kazakhstan 0.6171 0.6621 0.5898
File:Flag of Kenya.svg Kenya 0.8588 0.8860 0.7765
File:Flag of Kiribati.svg Kiribati 0.0511 0.0237 0.5541
File:Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea 0.0020 0.0021 0.6604
File:Flag of North Korea.svg North Korea 0.0392 0.0028 0.4891
File:Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg Kyrgyzstan 0.6752 0.5949 0.4470
File:Flag of Kuwait.svg Kuwait 0.6604 0.3444 0.6745
File:Flag of Laos.svg Laos 0.5139 0.6382 0.5453
File:Flag of Latvia.svg Latvia 0.5867 0.5795 0.5556
File:Flag of Lebanon.svg Lebanon 0.1314 0.1312 0.7886
File:Flag of Lesotho.svg Lesotho 0.2550 0.2543 0.7211
File:Flag of Liberia.svg Liberia 0.9084 0.9038 0.4883
File:Flag of Libya.svg Libya 0.7920 0.0758 0.0570
File:Flag of Liechtenstein.svg Liechtenstein 0.5726 0.2246 0.3343
File:Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania 0.3223 0.3219 0.4141
File:Flag of Luxembourg.svg Luxembourg 0.5302 0.6440 0.0911
File:Flag of Macau.svg Macau 0.0000 0.2519 0.5511
File:Flag of North Macedonia.svg North Macedonia 0.5023 0.5021 0.5899
File:Flag of Madagascar.svg Madagascar 0.8791 0.0204 0.5191
File:Flag of Malawi.svg Malawi 0.6744 0.6023 0.8192
File:Flag of Malaysia.svg Malaysia 0.5880 0.5970 0.6657
File:Flag of Mali.svg Mali 0.6906 0.8388 0.1820
File:Flag of Malta.svg Malta 0.0414 0.0907 0.1223
File:Flag of the Marshall Islands.svg Marshall Islands 0.0603 0.0734 0.5207
File:Flag-of-Martinique.svg Martinique 0.0000 0.0000 0.2336
File:Flag of Mauritania.svg Mauritania 0.6150 0.3260 0.0149
File:Flag of Mauritius.svg Mauritius 0.4634 0.4547 0.6385
File:Flag of France.svg Mayotte 0.0000 0.7212 0.0620
File:Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico 0.5418 0.1511 0.1796
File:Flag of the Federated States of Micronesia.svg Micronesia 0.7005 0.7483 0.6469
File:Flag of Moldova.svg Moldova 0.5535 0.5533 0.5603
File:Flag of Monaco.svg Monaco 0.6838 0.7305 0.3047
File:Flag of Mongolia.svg Mongolia 0.3682 0.3734 0.0799
File:Flag of Morocco.svg Morocco 0.4841 0.4683 0.0035
File:Flag of Mozambique.svg Mozambique 0.6932 0.8125 0.6759
File:Flag of Myanmar.svg Burma 0.5062 0.5072 0.1974
File:Flag of Namibia.svg Namibia 0.6329 0.7005 0.6626
File:Flag of Nauru.svg Nauru 0.5832 0.6161 0.6194
File:Flag of Nepal.svg Nepal 0.6632 0.7167 0.1417
File:Flag of the Netherlands Antilles (1986–2010).svg Netherlands Antilles 0.0000 0.2508 0.3866
File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands 0.1054 0.5143 0.7222
File:Flags of New Caledonia.svg New Caledonia 0.0000 0.6633 0.5462
File:Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand 0.3969 0.1657 0.8110
File:Flag of Nicaragua.svg Nicaragua 0.4844 0.0473 0.4290
File:Flag of Niger.svg Niger 0.6518 0.6519 0.2013
File:Flag of Nigeria.svg Nigeria 0.8505 0.8316 0.7421
File:Flag of the Northern Mariana Islands.svg Northern Mariana Islands 0.0000 0.7754 0.4811
File:Flag of Norway.svg Norway 0.0586 0.0673 0.2048
File:Flag of Oman.svg Oman 0.4373 0.3567 0.4322
File:Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan 0.7098 0.7190 0.3848
File:Flag of Palau.svg Palau 0.4312 0.3157 0.7147
File:Flag of Panama.svg Panama 0.5528 0.3873 0.3338
File:Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg Papua New Guinea 0.2718 0.3526 0.5523
File:Flag of Paraguay.svg Paraguay 0.1689 0.5975 0.2123
File:Flag of Peru.svg Peru 0.6566 0.3358 0.1988
File:Flag of the Philippines.svg Philippines 0.2385 0.8360 0.3056
File:Flag of Poland.svg Poland 0.1183 0.0468 0.1712
File:Flag of Portugal.svg Portugal 0.0468 0.0198 0.1438
File:Flag of Puerto Rico.svg Puerto Rico 0.0000 0.0352 0.4952
File:Flag of Qatar.svg Qatar 0.7456 0.4800 0.0950
File:Flag of France.svg Réunion 0.0000 0.1578 0.1952
File:Flag of Romania.svg Romania 0.3069 0.1723 0.2373
File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia 0.2452 0.2485 0.4398
File:Flag of Rwanda.svg Rwanda 0.3238 0.0000 0.5066
File:Flag of Saint Lucia.svg Saint Lucia 0.1769 0.3169 0.3320
File:Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0.3066 0.0175 0.7028
File:Flag of Samoa.svg Western Samoa 0.1376 0.0111 0.7871
File:Flag of San Marino.svg San Marino 0.2927 0.0000 0.1975
File:Flag of São Tomé and Príncipe.svg São Tomé and Príncipe 0.0000 0.2322 0.1866
File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg Saudi Arabia 0.1800 0.0949 0.1270
File:Flag of Senegal.svg Senegal 0.6939 0.7081 0.1497
File:Flag of Serbia.svg Serbia 0.5736 - -
File:Flag of Seychelles.svg Seychelles 0.2025 0.1606 0.2323
File:Flag of Sierra Leone.svg Sierra Leone 0.8191 0.7634 0.5395
File:Flag of Singapore.svg Singapore 0.3857 0.3835 0.6561
File:Flag of Slovakia.svg Slovakia 0.2539 0.2551 0.5655
File:Flag of Slovenia.svg Slovenia 0.2216 0.2201 0.2868
File:Flag of the Solomon Islands.svg Solomon Islands 0.1110 0.5254 0.6708
File:Flag of Somalia.svg Somalia 0.8117 0.0326 0.0028
File:Flag of South Africa.svg South Africa 0.7517 0.8652 0.8603
File:Flag of Spain.svg Spain 0.4165 0.4132 0.4514
File:Flag of Sri Lanka.svg Sri Lanka 0.4150 0.4645 0.4853
File:Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis.svg Saint Kitts and Nevis 0.1842 - 0.6614
File:Flag of Sudan.svg Sudan 0.7147 0.7190 0.4307
File:Flag of Suriname.svg Suriname 0.7332 0.3310 0.7910
File:Flag of Eswatini.svg Swaziland 0.0582 0.1722 0.4444
File:Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden 0.0600 0.1968 0.2342
File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Switzerland 0.5314 0.5441 0.6083
File:Flag of Syria.svg Syria 0.5399 0.1817 0.4310
File:Flag of the Republic of China.svg Taiwan 0.2744 0.5028 0.6845
File:Flag of Tajikistan.svg Tajikistan 0.5107 0.5473 0.3386
File:Flag of Tanzania.svg Tanzania 0.7353 0.8983 0.6334
File:Flag of Thailand.svg Thailand 0.6338 0.6344 0.0994
File:Flag of Togo (3-2).svg Togo 0.7099 0.8980 0.6596
File:Flag of Tonga.svg Tonga 0.0869 0.3782 0.6214
File:Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg Trinidad and Tobago 0.6475 0.1251 0.7936
File:Flag of Tunisia.svg Tunisia 0.0394 0.0124 0.0104
File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey 0.3200 0.2216 0.0049
File:Flag of Turkmenistan.svg Turkmenistan 0.3918 0.3984 0.2327
File:Flag of Tuvalu.svg Tuvalu 0.1629 0.1372 0.2524
File:Flag of Uganda.svg Uganda 0.9302 0.9227 0.6332
File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine 0.4737 0.4741 0.6157
File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg United Arab Emirates 0.6252 0.4874 0.3310
File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom 0.1211 0.0532 0.6944
File:Flag of the United States.svg United States 0.4901 0.5647 0.8241
File:Flag of Uruguay.svg Uruguay 0.2504 0.0817 0.3548
File:Flag of Uzbekistan.svg Uzbekistan 0.4125 0.4120 0.2133
File:Flag of Vanuatu.svg Vanuatu 0.0413 0.5794 0.7044
File:Flag of Venezuela.svg Venezuela 0.4966 0.0686 0.1350
File:Flag of Vietnam.svg Vietnam 0.2383 0.2377 0.5080
File:Flag of the United States Virgin Islands.svg U.S. Virgin Islands 0.0000 0.3140 0.6359
File:Flag of Palestine.svg West Bank 0.0000 0.1438 0.3095
File:Flag of Yemen.svg Yemen 0.0000 0.0080 0.0023
File:Flag of Yugoslavia (1946-1992).svg Yugoslavia 0.8092 0.6064 0.5530
File:Flag of Zambia.svg Zambia 0.7808 0.8734 0.7359
File:Flag of Zimbabwe.svg Zimbabwe 0.3874 0.4472 0.7363

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 A. Alesina, E. Ferrara (2005). "Ethnic Diversity and Economic Performance" (PDF). Journal of Economic Literature: 762–800. Retrieved December 15, 2016.
  2. ↑ Natalka Patsiurko, John L. Campbell and John A. Hall (2012). "Measuring cultural diversity: ethnic, linguistic and religious fractionalization in the OECD" (PDF). Ethnic and Racial Studies. 35 (2): 195–217. doi:10.1080/01419870.2011.579136. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 25, 2012. Retrieved September 13, 2012.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 James Fearon (2003). "Ethnic and Cultural Diversity by Country". Journal of Economic Growth. 8: 188. doi:10.1023/A:1024419522867.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Alberto Alesina; et al. (2003). "Fractionalization". Journal of Economic Growth. 8: 184–189. doi:10.1023/a:1024471506938.
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