List of first female physicians by country

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This is a list of the first qualified female physician to practice in each country, where that is known. Many, if not all, countries have had female physicians since time immemorial; however, modern systems of qualification have often commenced as male only, whether de facto or de jure. This lists the first women physicians in modern countries. The dates given in parentheses below are the dates the women graduated from medical school.

Africa

Country Physician Year graduated

medical school

Year began

practice

File:Flag of Algeria.svg Algeria Aldjia Noureddine-Benallègue[1] 1946 1946
File:Flag of Angola.svg Angola Melba Dias Costa[2] 1950
File:Flag of Benin.svg Benin Solange Faladé[3][4] 1955
File:Flag of Botswana.svg Botswana Nolwandle Nozipo Mashalaba[5] 1965
File:Flag of Burkina Faso.svg Burkina Faso Bibiane Kone[6]
File:Flag of Burundi.svg Burundi Marcelline Ntakibirora[7] 1982 1983
File:Flag of Cameroon.svg Cameroon Gladys Ejomi[8] 1962
File:Flag of Cape Verde.svg Cape Verde Maria Francisca de Oliveira Sousa[9][10]
File:Flag of Chad.svg Chad Grace Kodindo[11] 1977
File:Flag of the Comoros.svg Comoros Zaitouni Abdou[12]
File:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg Democratic Republic of Congo Louise Celia Fleming[13][14] 1895 1895
File:Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt Hilana Sedarous[15][16] 1930 1930
File:Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg Equatorial Guinea Margarita Roka Elobo[17][18]
File:Flag of Eswatini.svg Eswatini Fanny Friedman[19]
File:Flag of Ethiopia.svg Ethiopia Widad Kidanemariam[20] c. 1960s
File:Flag of The Gambia.svg Gambia Kinneh Sogur[21] 2007
File:Flag of Ghana.svg Ghana Susan Ofori-Atta[22] 1949 1949
File:Flag of Côte d'Ivoire.svg Ivory Coast Christiane Welffens-Ekra[23][24] c. 1975
File:Flag of Kenya.svg Kenya Mary de Sousa[25] 1919
File:Flag of Lesotho.svg Lesotho Bertha Hardegger[26] (born in Switzerland) 1937
File:Flag of Liberia.svg Liberia Florence Gbeye D. McClain[27] 1962
File:Flag of Libya.svg Libya Younes Qwaider[1] 1969
File:Flag of Madagascar.svg Madagascar Marthe Ramiaramanana-Ralivao[28] 1950
File:Flag of Malawi.svg Malawi Vida Mungwira[29][30] (the country was then known as Nyasaland) 1956
File:Flag of Mali.svg Mali Diaka Diawara Sacko[31]
File:Flag of Mauritania.svg Mauritania Nusaiba Abdel-Qader and Meimouna mint Mohamed Lemine[32][33] 2015 2015
File:Flag of Mauritius.svg Mauritius Sajeda Vayid[34] 1965
File:Flag of Morocco.svg Morocco Françoise Legey[35] (born in France) 1900 1909
File:Flag of Namibia.svg Namibia Libertina Amathila[36] 1969 1969
File:Flag of Nigeria.svg Nigeria Elizabeth Abimbola Awoliyi[37] 1938 1938
File:Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg Republic of Congo Yvonne Obenga[38][39] c. 1970s
File:Flag of São Tomé and Príncipe.svg São Tomé and Príncipe Julieta da Graça do Espírito Santo[40][41] 1955
File:Flag of Senegal.svg Senegal Marie-Thérèse Basse[42] 1957 1958
File:Flag of Seychelles.svg Seychelles Hilda Stevenson-Delhomme[43] 1939
File:Flag of Sierra Leone.svg Sierra Leone Irene Ighodaro[44][45] 1945
File:Flag of Somalia.svg Somalia Hawa Abdi[46] 1971 1971
File:Flag of South Africa.svg South Africa Jane Elizabeth Waterston[47] 1880
File:Flag of Sudan.svg Sudan Khalida Zahir[48] 1952 1952
Zaroui Sarkissian[49][50] 1952
File:Flag of Tanzania.svg Tanzania Esther Mwaikambo[51] 1969 1969
File:Flag of Tunisia.svg Tunisia Tewhida Ben Sheikh[1] 1936 1936
File:Flag of Uganda.svg Uganda Josephine Nambooze[lower-alpha 1][52][53] 1959 1962
File:Flag of Zambia.svg Zambia Elwyn Chomba[54][55] 1973
File:Flag of Zimbabwe.svg Zimbabwe Madeline Nyamwanza-Makonese[56] 1970 1970

Americas

Country Physician Year graduated

medical school

Year began

practice

File:Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg Antigua and Barbuda Ruby Lake-Richards[57] 1954 1954
File:Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina Cecilia Grierson[58] 1889 1889
File:Flag of the Bahamas.svg Bahamas Merceline Dahl-Regis[59][lower-alpha 2] c. 1960s
File:Flag of Bolivia.svg Bolivia Amelia Chopitea Villa[60] 1926 1929
File:Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil Marie Durocher[61] 1834 1834
File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada[62] Emily Stowe[63] 1867

1875

1867

1875

Jennie Kidd Trout[64] 1875 1875
File:Flag of Chile.svg Chile Eloísa Díaz[65] 1886 1887
File:Flag of Colombia.svg Colombia Ana Galvis Hotz[66] 1877 1877
File:Flag of Costa Rica.svg Costa Rica Anita Figueredo[67] (lived in the U.S.) 1936
File:Flag of Cuba.svg Cuba Laura Martínez de Carvajal[68] 1889 1889
File:Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg Dominican Republic Sarah Loguen Fraser[lower-alpha 3][70] 1884
File:Flag of Ecuador.svg Ecuador Matilde Hidalgo[71] 1921 1921
File:Flag of El Salvador.svg El Salvador Estela Gavidia[72] 1945 1945
File:Flag of Guatemala.svg Guatemala Maria Isabel Escobar[73] 1942 1946
File:Flag of Guyana.svg Guyana Asin Ho A Shoo (Hoashoo)[74] 1912 1912
File:Flag of Haiti.svg Haiti Yvonne Sylvain[75] 1940 1940
File:Flag of Honduras.svg Honduras Martha Raudales de Midence[76] 1947 1947
File:Flag of Jamaica.svg Jamaica Cicely Williams[77] 1923 1923
File:Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico Matilde Montoya[78] 1887 1887
File:Flag of Nicaragua.svg Nicaragua Concepción Palacios Herrera[79] 1927 1928
File:Flag of Panama.svg Panamá Lidia Gertrudis Sogandares[80] 1934 1936
File:Flag of Paraguay.svg Paraguay Gabriela Valenzuela and Froilana Mereles[81] 1924
File:Flag of Peru.svg Peru Laura Esther Rodriguez Dulanto[82] 1899 1900
File:Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis.svg Saint Kitts and Nevis Jean Lenore Harney[83]
File:Flag of Saint Lucia.svg Saint Lucia Betty Bennet Wells[84] 1939
File:Flag of Suriname.svg Suriname Sophie Redmond[85] 1935 1935
File:Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg Trinidad and Tobago Stella Abidh[86] 1930
File:Flag of the United States.svg United States Elizabeth Blackwell[87] (born in England) 1849 1851
File:Flag of Uruguay.svg Uruguay Paulina Luisi[88] 1908 1909
File:Flag of Venezuela.svg Venezuela Lya Imber[89] 1936 1936

Asia

Country Physician Year graduated

medical school

Year began

practice

File:Flag of the Taliban.svg Afghanistan Maghul M. Ali[90] 1957 1957
File:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Azerbaijan Sona Valikhan[91] 1908 1908
File:Flag of Bahrain.svg Bahrain Sadeeqa Ali Al-Awadi[92] 1969
File:Flag of Bangladesh.svg Bangladesh Zohra Begum Kazi[93] 1935
File:Flag of Brunei.svg Brunei Datin Paduka Dr Hjh Intan[94]
File:Flag of Cambodia.svg Cambodia Kek Galabru[95][96] 1968 1968
File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China Kin Yamei[lower-alpha 4] 1885 1885
File:Flag of India.svg India Anandi Gopal Joshi / Kadambini Ganguly[97][98] 1886
File:Flag of Indonesia.svg Indonesia Marie Thomas[99] 1912 1922
File:Flag of Iran.svg Iran Sakineh Peri[100][101] 1934
File:Flag of Iraq.svg Iraq Anna Sethian[102] 1922[103]
File:Flag of Japan.svg Japan Ogino Ginko[104] 1882 1885
File:Flag of Jordan.svg Jordan Nirmen Totanji[105] 1953 1953
File:Flag of Korea (1899).svg Korea Esther Park (Kim Jeom-dong)[106] 1900
File:Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg Kyrgyzstan Kakish Ryskulovna Ryskulova[107] 1944 1944
File:Flag of Kuwait.svg Kuwait Eleanor Jane Taylor Calverley[108] (born in the U.S.) 1908 1911
File:Flag of Lebanon.svg Lebanon Anisa Saiba[109][110] c. 1890s c. 1890s
File:Flag of Malaysia.svg Malaysia Salma Ismail[111] 1947 1947
File:Flag of Mongolia.svg Mongolia V. Ichinkhorloo[112][113][114] 1947
File:Flag of Myanmar.svg Myanmar Daw Saw Sa[115] 1912
File:Flag of Nepal.svg   Nepal Jamila Sen[116][117] 1897 1899
File:Flag of Oman.svg Oman Zakiyyah Bint Salem Bin Seif Al Me'man[118] 1944
File:Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan Khabzam Iqbal[119] c. 1983
File:Flag of the Philippines.svg Philippines Honoria Acosta-Sison[120] 1909 1909
File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg Saudi Arabia Nawal Jamal Al-Lail[121]
File:Flag of Singapore.svg Singapore Lee Choo Neo[122] 1919 1919
File:Flag of Sri Lanka.svg Sri Lanka May Ratnayake[123] 1916 1916
File:Flag of Syria.svg Syria Sabat Islambouli[124] 1890 1890
File:Flag of the Republic of China.svg Taiwan Tsai Ah-hsin[125] 1921 1925
File:Flag of Tajikistan.svg Tajikistan Sofya Khafizovna Khakimova[126] 1943 1943
File:Flag of Thailand.svg Thailand Margaret Lin Xavier[108] 1924 1924
File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg United Arab Emirates Zulekha Daoud[127] 1963
File:Flag of Uzbekistan.svg Uzbekistan Zulfiya Ibragimovna Umidova[128] 1922 1922
File:Flag of Vietnam.svg Vietnam Henriette Bùi Quang Chiêu[129] 1934
File:Flag of Yemen.svg Yemen Claudie Fayein[130][131] (born in France) 1955
  • Nepal: Bethel Fleming[132][133] (born in the U.S.) is considered the first Western female physician to practice in the country.

Europe

Country Physician Year graduated
medical school 		Year began
practice
File:Flag of Albania.svg Albania Xhanfize (Frashëri) Basha[134] 1937
File:Flag of Armenia.svg Armenia Vergine G. Mikaelyan[135] 1927
File:Flag of Austria.svg Austria Gabriele Possanner[136] 1897 1897
File:Flag of Belarus.svg Belarus Salome Regina Rusetskaya[lower-alpha 5][137]
File:Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium Isala Van Diest[138] 1879 1879
File:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg Bosnia and Herzegovina Teodora Krajewska[139] c. 1897[140]
File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria Anastasia Golovina[141] 1878 1878
File:Flag of Croatia.svg Croatia Karola Maier Milobar[142] 1900 1906
File:Flag of Cyprus.svg Cyprus Maria Michaelides[143] 1927 1927
File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czech Republic Anna Honzáková[144] 1902 1902
File:Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark Nielsine Nielsen[145] 1886 1889
File:Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia Selma Feldbach[146] 1904
File:Flag of Finland.svg Finland Rosina Heikel[75] 1878 1878
File:Flag of France.svg France Madeleine Brès[147] 1875 1875
File:Flag of Georgia.svg Georgia (country) Pelagia Natsvlishvili[148] 1878 1878
File:Flag of Germany.svg Germany Dorothea Erxleben[149] [150] 1754 1754
File:Flag of Greece.svg Greece Maria Kalapothakes[151] 1894 1894
File:Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary Vilma Hugonnai[152] 1879 1897
File:Flag of Iceland.svg Iceland Kristín Ólafsdóttir[153] 1917[154]
File:Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland Eleanora Fleury[155] 1890 1890
File:Flag of Italy.svg Italy Dorotea Bucca[lower-alpha 6] pre-1390
File:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Kazakhstan Gulsum Asfendiyarova and Zeinep Sadykovna.[lower-alpha 7][156] 1908
File:Flag of Latvia.svg Latvia Marija Vecrumba[157] 1911 1911
File:Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania Barbora Burbaitė-Eidukevičienė[158] 1892 1900
File:Flag of Luxembourg.svg Luxembourg Louise Welter[lower-alpha 8][159][160] 1924 1924
File:Flag of Malta.svg Malta Blanche Huber[161] 1925 1925
File:Flag of Moldova.svg Moldova Maria Baltaga-Savitski[162] 1879
File:Flag of Montenegro.svg Montenegro Divna Veković[163] 1940s
File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands Aletta Jacobs[164] 1879 1879
File:Flag of North Macedonia.svg North Macedonia Suncica Apostolova[165] 1953
File:Flag of Norway.svg Norway Marie Spångberg Holth[166] 1893 1893
File:Flag of Poland.svg Poland Anna Tomaszewicz-Dobrska[167] 1877 1877
File:Flag of Portugal.svg Portugal Elisa Augusta da Conceição Andrade[168] 1889 1889
File:Flag of Romania.svg Romania Maria Cuțarida-Crătunescu[169] 1884 1891
File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia Nadezhda Suslova[170] 1867 1868
File:Flag of Serbia.svg Serbia Draga Ljočić[171] 1879 1881
File:Flag of Slovakia.svg Slovakia Mária Bellová[172] 1910
File:Flag of Slovenia.svg Slovenia Eleonora Jenko Groyer[173] 1907
File:Flag of Spain.svg Spain Dolors Aleu i Riera[174] 1879 1882
File:Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden Lovisa Åhrberg[lower-alpha 9] Never educated;
certified 1850s 		1840
File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Switzerland Marie Heim-Vögtlin[26] 1874 1874
File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey Safiye Ali[1] 1922
File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine Sofia Okunevska[175] 1894 1897
File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom Elizabeth Garrett Anderson[176] 1862 1865

Oceania

Country Physician Year graduated
medical school 		Year began
practice
File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia Constance Stone[177] 1890
File:Flag of Fiji.svg Fiji Kanta Madovji[178] 1968
File:Flag of Kiribati.svg Kiribati Terenganuea Taaram[179] (then known as the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony) before 1974
File:Flag of the Federated States of Micronesia.svg Micronesia Ulai Otobed[180] 1965
File:Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand Emily Siedeberg[181] 1896 1905
File:Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg Papua New Guinea Joan Refshauge[182][183] 1947
File:Flag of Samoa.svg Samoa Viopapa Annandale-Atherton[184][185] 1964
File:Flag of the Solomon Islands.svg Solomon Islands Junilyn Pikacha[186] 1978 1981
File:Flag of Tonga.svg Tonga 'Akanesi Makakaufaki[187] 1976
File:Flag of Tuvalu.svg Tuvalu Nese Ituaso-Conway[188] 1999
Miliama Simeona[188] 1999

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Although Nambooze practiced medicine in Uganda, she is considered the first female physician in Central Africa (which includes the Central African Republic, Gabon, and Rwanda) and East Africa (which includes Djibouti, Eritrea, Mozambique and South Sudan)
  2. ↑ According to various sources, Dahl-Regis is considered one of the first women to graduate with a medical degree during the 1960s.
  3. ↑ Although Fraser was the first woman authorized to practice medicine in the Dominican Republic in 1884, Andrea Evangelina Rodríguez Perozo was the first woman to earn her medical degree in the Dominican Republic in 1909.[69]
  4. ↑ Buwei Yang Chao was considered the first female doctor in China to specialize in Western medicine.
  5. ↑ Salome Regina Rusetskaya never received any formal medical education.
  6. ↑ First woman doctor in modern Italy was Ernestina Paper in 1877.
  7. ↑ Jankümis Bayğozïna graduated from a medical school in 1885, but that was as an obsterician.
  8. ↑ Although Marcelle Dauphin is considered Luxembourg's first female doctor in certain sources, she was actually a dentist. Welter was the first female general practitioner physician.
  9. ↑ First Swedish woman doctor who graduated from a University was Charlotte Yhlen, and first woman doctor to graduate from a Swedish University was Karolina Widerström.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Sante-dz – Actualités – Les premières femmes médecins du monde arabo-musulman". sante-dz – Guide de la santé en Algérie (in français). Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  2. ↑ "Pioneer Portrait: Melba Dias Costa, a primeira médica portuguesa no Canadá". Gallery of the Portuguese Pioneers. 27 January 2017. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
  3. ↑ "Le groupe de Cotonou". EPHEP (in français). 4 April 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  4. ↑ "History: 'Unruly' African women who made their mark on the continent". The Africa Report.com. 18 May 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  5. ↑ "Botswana: 40 Years On Call". AllAfrica. 26 February 2008.
  6. ↑ "Pr Bibiane Koné, un exemple!". Ordre médecins.
  7. ↑ Bigirimana, Carole (10 October 2020). "#Turashoboye : " Je serai une femme médecin ! "". Yaga Burundi (in français). Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  8. ↑ "DR. GLADYS EJOMI MARTIN LA PREMIÈRE FEMME MÉDECIN AU CAMEROUN EST DÉCÉDÉE HIER". Griote TV (in français). 31 December 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  9. ↑ "Mindelo. Movimento levanta voz contra destruição do Património Histórico na cidade – Sociedade – Início". santiagomagazine.cv (in português). Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  10. ↑ ""Baxo di Deus, só Sinhor Dôtor!": a homenagem de Brito-Semedo aos médicos de e por Cabo Verde – OMC" (in português). Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  11. ↑ RICH, Jeremy. "Grace Kodindo". In: AKYEAMPONG, Emmanuel K.; GATES JR., Henry Louis (right). Dictionary of African Biography . Oxford University Press, 2012, v. 3, p. 406-407.
  12. ↑ "Portrait de Dr. Zaïtouni ABDOU " Première femme médecin des Comores "". HabarizaComores.com | Toute l'actualité des Comores (in français). Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  13. ↑ Singer, Hazel (10 February 2014). "Louise Celia "Lulu" Fleming (1862-1899) •". Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  14. ↑ "Louise Cecilia Fleming, doctoresse dans l'Etat Indépendant du Congo. (EIC)" (PDF). HISTCONGO 1885-1960.
  15. ↑ Karim, Ahmed A.; Khalil, Radwa; Moustafa, Ahmed (2021). Female Pioneers from Ancient Egypt and the Middle East: On the Influence of History on Gender Psychology. Springer Nature. ISBN 978-981-16-1413-2.
  16. ↑ Peseshet (ancient Egypt)
  17. ↑ "La primera doctora ecuato-guineana lee su tesis en la Universidad de Zaragoza". www.unizar.es. Retrieved 1 October 2021.
  18. ↑ "Margarita Roka, first Guinean woman medical doctor". www.institucionteresiana.com (in español). Retrieved 1 October 2021.
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  20. ↑ "The Manual of Ethiopian Medical History – People to People". People to People, Inc. September 2012.
  21. ↑ Dibba, Lamin M.; Manneh, Ebrima Jaw (20 March 2007). "Gambia: First UTG Medical Doctors Graduate". The Daily Observer (Banjul).
  22. ↑ Patton, Adell (1996). Physicians, colonial racism, and diaspora in West Africa. Internet Archive. Gainesville : University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-2011-2.
  23. ↑ "REPUBLIQUE DE CÔTE D'IVOIRE Union – Discipline – Travail. rvllnistere DE L'EDUCATION NATIONALE FACULTE DE MEDECINE – ABIDJAN". docplayer.fr. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
  24. ↑ "A SURVEY OF INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES AND NEEDS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: COUNTRY REPORTS THE POPULATION COUNCIL" (PDF). AID/POP Reference Library. January 1975.
  25. ↑ Greenwood, Anna; Topiwala, Harshad (2016). Indian Doctors in Kenya, 1895-1940: The Forgotten History. Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Series. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 129, 132, 133, 138, 140, 142, 146. doi:10.1057/9781137440532_7. ISBN 9781137440532. OCLC 944066831.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Falk, Francesca (21 November 2018). Gender Innovation and Migration in Switzerland. Springer. ISBN 978-3-030-01626-5.
  27. ↑ Liberia to Get First Woman Doctor. Jet. 2 August 1962.
  28. ↑ Ramiaramanana-Ralivao, Marthe (1960). A Condensed History of Madagascar. Impr. Luthérienne.
  29. ↑ African Women. Department of Education in Tropical Areas, University of London, Institute of Education. 1956.
  30. ↑ "Dr. Vida Mungwira: Federation's first African woman doctor". Central African Journal of Medicine. 8 (10): 400. 1 October 1962. hdl:10520/AJA00089176_4587.
  31. ↑ "SACKO DIAKA DIAWARA : La première femme médecin du Mali a tiré sa révérence dans l'indifférence". Nyeleni Magazine (in français). 17 December 2016. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  32. ↑ "موريتانيا تحتفل بتخريج أول دفعة من خريجي كلية الطب". Al-Fanar Media (in العربية). 18 August 2015. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  33. ↑ "Santé Maghreb – Le guide de la médecine et de la santé au Maghreb". www.santemaghreb.com. Retrieved 12 October 2021.
  34. ↑ Emrith, Moomtaz (1994). History of the Muslims in Mauritius. Editions Le Printemps. ISBN 978-99903-23-10-8.
  35. ↑ Ha, Marie-Paule (2014). French Women and the Empire: The Case of Indochina. Oxford University Press. p. 76. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199640362.001.0001. ISBN 9780199640362. OCLC 934656566. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
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  37. ↑ Vidal, Yinka (4 March 2015). How to Prevent the Spread of Ebola: Effective Strategies to Reduce Hospital Acquired Infections. Lara Publications Inc. ISBN 978-0-9640818-8-8.
  38. ↑ "Santé : les femmes médecins du Congo lancent officiellement leurs activités | adiac-congo.com : toute l'actualité du Bassin du Congo". www.adiac-congo.com. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  39. ↑ Dianzinga, Scholastique; Gamassa, Élise Thérèse; Dambendzet, Jeanne (2011). La place et le rôle des femmes dans la société congolaise, 1960-2010: bilan et perspectives : actes du forum national des femmes, 28-31 juillet 2010, Brazzaville (in français). L'Harmattan. ISBN 978-2-296-54336-2.
  40. ↑ Nón, Téla (17 December 2008). "Instituto Marquês de Valle Flôr homenageia Doutora Julieta da Graça Pinto do Espírito Santo". Téla Nón (in português). Retrieved 1 October 2021.
  41. ↑ "95 anos a defender o IO e a enaltecer as antigas alunas". www.dn.pt (in português). 19 February 2014. Retrieved 1 October 2021.
  42. ↑ J.A., Jeune Afrique (in français). Groupe J.A. 1979.
  43. ↑ "14 inspiring women of Seychelles". www.seychellesnewsagency.com. Retrieved 1 October 2021.
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  45. ↑ The Black Handbook: The People, History and Politics of Africa and the ...
  46. ↑ "Hawa Abdi, trailblazing physician who built a haven for Somali families, dies at 73". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
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  49. ↑ Mohamed, Inaam N.; Abdelraheem, Mohamed B.; Abdullah, Mohamed A. (2012). "Sudanese female doctors in paediatrics" (PDF). Sudanese Journal of Paediatrics. 12 (2). Sudan Association of Paediatricians: 36–43. PMC 4949896. PMID 27493343. Retrieved 6 July 2024.
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  51. ↑ "Tanzania's First Female Physician begins Medical School, Builds Alliances with U.S. Institutions". Duke Global Health Institute. 2 November 2009. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
  52. ↑ "Prof. Namboze, first female doctor in East, Central Africa, Uganda, Golden Jubilee, 50 years". New Vision. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  53. ↑ "Prof Nambooze: Academic success that changed the region's history". Daily Monitor. 14 September 2020. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
  54. ↑ "Professor Elwyn Mwika Chomba | PDF". Global Newborn Health Conference.
  55. ↑ "WHO | PMNCH Board meets in New York". WHO. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
  56. ↑ Butaumocho, Ruth (26 February 2005). "Zimbabwe: First Zim Woman Doctor an Inspiration". The Herald.
  57. ↑ "UWI's first female graduate from Antigua and Barbuda to receive honorary degree this weekend". sta.uwi.edu. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  58. ↑ "La primera médica argentina: Cecilia Grierson". Museo Roca – Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  59. ↑ "Public Health Heroes – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization". www.paho.org. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  60. ↑ "La primera médica boliviana". www.paginasiete.bo (in spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  61. ↑ Porto, F.; Cardoso, T. C. (February 2009). "La lucha de las parteras diplomadas por la práctica de la obstetricia en Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)". Enfermería Global (15): 0. ISSN 1695-6141.
  62. ↑ Canadian licenses granted in 1880.
  63. ↑ "Women in Medicine: Where are we 150 years after Dr. Emily Howard Stowe, Canada's First Female Physician? | Department of Medicine | School of Medicine | Queen's University". deptmed.queensu.ca. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
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