List of historical separatist movements in Europe
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This is a list of historical separatist movements in Europe. Separatism includes autonomism and secessionism.
Criteria
What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:
- They are no longer an active movement with active members.
- They are demanded greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).
- They were citizens/people of the conflict area and did not come from another country.
Under each region listed is one or more of the following:
- De facto state (de facto entity): for unrecognized regions with de facto autonomy.
- Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding sovereign state.
- Proposed autonomous area: for movements towards greater autonomy for an area but not outright secession.
- De facto autonomous government: for governments with de facto autonomous control over a region.
- Government-in-exile: for a government based outside of the region in question, with or without control.
- Political party (or parties): for political parties involved in a political system to push for autonomy or secession.
- Militant organization(s): for armed organizations.
- Advocacy group(s): for non-belligerent, non-politically participatory entities.
- Ethnic/ethno-religious/racial/regional/religious group(s).
List
Albania
Belgium
- Political parties
- Flemish
Bulgaria
- Militant organizations: Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee, Internal Revolutionary Organization, Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization
Czech Republic
- Political party: Young Czech Party, Czech National Social Party
Finland
- Political movement: Fennoman
- Political party: Finnish Party, Young Finnish Party
- File:Flag of Åland.svg Åland Islands
- Political movement: Åland movement
France
- File:Flag of the Basque Country.svg Basque Country (also in Spain)
- Political parties: Basque Nationalist Party, Basque Unity
- Rebel organization: Basque homeland and Freedom (ETA)
- File:Flag of Corsica.svg Corsica
- Political parties: Corsica Nazione, Partitu di a Nazione Corsa
- File:Flag of Brittany (Gwenn ha du).svg Brittany
- Political parties: Union Démocratique Bretonne, Breton Party
- Rebel organization: Breton Revolutionary Army, Liberation Front of Brittany
- File:Flag of Alsace.svg Alsace
- Political parties : Alsace d'abord *
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Germany
- Short-lived Republic: Rhenish Republic
- Lower Saxony
- Alemannic Separatism
- Bavarian Soviet Republic
- Saar Protectorate Saarland
- Political parties: Christian People's Party of Saarland, Social Democratic Party of Saarland[1]
- Goals: De facto independence of Saarland under status of a European territory, acceptance of the Saar statute
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Greece
(Gained independence from the Ottoman Empire after the Greek War of Independence)
- Society: Filiki Eteria
- Unrecognized state: Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece, Peloponnesian Senate, Senate of Western Continental Greece, Provisional Administration of Greece (after 1822)
- Militant organizations: Armatoloi/Klephts, Sacred Band, Hellenic Army, Hellenic Navy
- File:Aromanian flag.svg Aromanians (Aromanian nationalism)
Ireland
(See also under UK, for pre-division Ireland)
- Home Rule League
- Irish National League
- Irish Parliamentary Party
- Irish Republican Brotherhood
- Provisional Government of the Irish Republic
- Sinn Féin
- Society of United Irishmen
- United Irish League
- Young Ireland
Italy
- File:Flag of Sardinia.svg Sardinia (Sardinian nationalism)
- File:Flag of Sicily (revised).svg Sicily (Sicilian nationalism)
- File:Flag of Veneto.svg Veneto (Venetian nationalism)
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North Macedonia
- Albanian-inhabited communities in SR Macedonia and the Republic of Macedonia
- Ethnic group: Albanians
- Political parties: Democratic Party of Albanians, Party for Democratic Prosperity
- Goals: Autonomy (1994–99), independence and/or unification with Republic of Kosovo (2000–01)
- Events: Insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia
- Timespan: 1994–2001
- Serbian-inhabited communities in the Republic of Macedonia
- Ethnic group: Serbs
- Political parties: Democratic Party of Serbs in Macedonia, Radical Party of the Serbs in Macedonia
- Goals: Autonomy (Serbian Autonomous Region of Kumanovo Valley and Skopska Crna Gora)[2]
- Timespan: 1992
Ottoman Empire
- Ethnic group: Greeks
- Organization: Filiki Eteria
- Ethnic group: Serbs
- Organization: Serbian rebels
- Ethnic group: Bulgarians
- Organization: Bulgarian revolutionaries, Opalchentsi
Poland
- Narodowa Demokracja
- Towarzystwo Demokratyczne Polskie (Polish Democratic Society)
- Union of Upper Silesians
- Silesian People's Party
Russian Empire
File:Flag of Armenia (1918–1922).svg Armenia
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File:Flag of Azerbaijan 1918.svg Azerbaijan
File:Flag of Bashkortostan (1918).svg Bashkortostan
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File:Flag of Belarus (1918, 1991–1995).svg Belarus
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File:Flag of Crimean People's Republic 1917.svgFile:Flag of the Crimean Tatar people.svg Crimea
File:Flag of Don Cossacks.svg Don
File:Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia
File:Flag of Finland.svg Finland
File:Flag of Georgia (1918–1921, 4-5).svg Georgia
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File:Idel-Ural flag.svg Idel-Ural
File:Flag of Ingermanland.svg North Ingermanland
File:Flag of the White Sea Karelia.svgFile:State flag of East Karelia (1920-1922).svg Karelia
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File:Flag of Kuban People's Republic.svg Kuban
File:Flag of Latvia.svg Latvia
File:Flag of Lithuania (1918–1940).svg Lithuania
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File:National flag of the Moldavian Democratic Republic.svg Moldova
File:Flag of the Mountain Republic.svg Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus
File:Flag of Poland (1919–1928).svg Poland
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File:Flag of Ukraine (1917–1921).svg Ukraine
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Slovakia
- Political party: Slovak National Party
Soviet Union
- Political parties:
- Azerbaijani Popular Front Party
- Belarusian People's Front
- Rahvarinne
- Popular Front of Latvia, Latvian National Independence Movement
- Sąjūdis
- Moldovan Popular Front
- People's Movement of Ukraine (Rukh)
- Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
- Ukrainian Insurgent Army
Spain
- Basque Country (autonomous community) Basque Country (also in France)
- Political parties: Aralar Party, Basque Nationalist Party, Batasuna, Eusko Abertzale Ekintza, Eusko Alkartasuna, Nafarroa Bai
- Rebel organizations: Basque homeland and Freedom (ETA), SEGI
- File:Flag of Catalonia.svg Catalonia
- Political parties: Convergence and Union (Democratic Convergence of Catalonia + Democratic Union of Catalonia), Republican Left of Catalonia, Catalan State, Popular Unity Candidacy, Democrats of Catalonia, Left Movement, Catalan Solidarity for Independence, Reagrupament, National Front of Catalonia
- Rebel organizations: Terra Lliure (disbanded), Exèrcit Popular Català (disbanded)
- Organizations: Assemblea Nacional Catalana, Òmnium Cultural
- Labour unions: Intersindical-CSC, Coordinadora Obrera Sindical
- File:Flag of Galicia.svg Galicia
- Political Parties: Galician Nationalist Bloc, Nós-Unidade Popular
- File:Flag of Asturias.svg Asturias
- Political parties: Bloque por Asturies, Unidá Nacionalista Asturiana, Andecha Astur
- Rebel organization: Andecha Obrera (disbanded)
- File:Flag of the Canary Islands.svg Canary Islands
- Political party: Congreso Nacional de Canarias, Frepic-Awañak, Unión del Pueblo Canario
- Organizations: MPAIAC
- Armed groups: Fuerzas Armadas Guanches
Sweden
- File:Forest Finns flag.svg Fennia
- Ethnic Groups: Forest Finns, Tornedalians
- Location: Värmland, Dalarna
- Political movement: Forest Finn Autonomism/Nationalism
United Kingdom
- File:Flag of Cornwall.svg Cornwall: New Cornish Tertia army, An Gof, Cornish Solidarity
- File:Flag of the Isle of Wight.svg Isle of Wight: Vectis National Party
- File:Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland: Irish Republican Brotherhood, Clan na Gael, Young Ireland, Home Rule League, Irish Socialist Republican Party, Irish Parliamentary Party, All-for-Ireland League, Nationalist Party (Northern Ireland), Irish Independence Party
- File:Flag of Scotland.svg Scotland: Scottish National Liberation Army
- File:Flag of Wales (1959–present).svg Wales: Cymru Fydd, Cymru Goch, Welsh Socialist Alliance, Welsh Republican Movement
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Isle of Man
Yugoslavia
- File:Flag of Croatia (white chequy).svg Croatia (SR Croatia, SFR Yugoslavia)
- Ethnic group: Croats
- Political parties: Croatian Democratic Union, Croatian Party of Rights, Croatian Peasant Party
- Armed organizations: Croatian National Guard
- Events: Croatian Spring, War in Croatia
- Goals: Independence
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- Republic of Kosovo (AP Kosovo and Metohija, SR Serbia, FR Yugoslavia)
- Ethnic group: Albanians in Kosovo
- Political parties: Democratic League of Kosovo, Alliance for the Future of Kosovo, Democratic Party of Kosovo, National Movement for the Liberation of Kosovo, The People's Movement for Kosovo
- Armed organizations: Kosovo Liberation Army, Armed Forces of the Republic of Kosovo
- Events: Insurgency in Kosovo (1993–98), Kosovo War
- Goals: Larger autonomy (until 1989); Independence (1990–2003)
- Ethnic group: Albanians in southern Serbia
- Events: Insurgency in the Preševo Valley
See also
- List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies
- List of active separatist movements recognized by intergovernmental organizations
- Lists of separatist movements
References
- ↑ Jürgen Hannig: Die Saar 1945–1955 / La Sarre 1945–1955, Separatisten - Nationalisten? Zum Abstimmungskampf 1955, pp. 381–396, Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 1995, doi.org/10.1515/9783486829563-035 (German).
- ↑ Janusz Bugajski (1994). Ethnic Politics in Eastern Europe: A Guide to Nationality Policies, Organizations, and Parties. M.E. Sharpe. p. 122. ISBN 9781563242823.