List of most massive star clusters

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File:Mayall II (HST-Judy Schmidt-JPG).jpg
Mayall II, currently considered to be among the most massive star clusters.

Below are lists of the most massive known star clusters in solar masses (M☉) and sorted in descending order.

Methods for mass estimation

Globular cluster

Globular cluster masses can be determined by observing the proper motion of nearby stars influenced by the cluster[1][2] or by estimating the cluster's relaxation time.[3]

Open clusters

The masses of open star clusters can be estimated by measuring the falloff of radial and tangential velocities of surrounding stars at a particular distance.[4]

List

Globular clusters

List of most massive globular clusters
Cluster name Mass (M☉);
(Sun = 1×100) 		Galaxy Notes
B037-V327 1.08+0.17
−0.049×107[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
Mayall II ≳1×107[6] Andromeda Galaxy
B082-G144 6.42+0.16
−0.38×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B023-G078 6.22+0.03
−0.05×106[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy Potentially contains an intermediate-mass black hole of 9.1+2.6
−2.8×104 M☉.[7]
B127-G185 5.31+0.28
−0.40×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B151-G205 4.36+0.16
−0.20×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
G001-MII 4.24+0.99
−0.58×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B225-G280 4.20+0.32
−0.35×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
ω Centauri (3.94±0.02)×106[8] Milky Way Most massive star cluster in the Milky Way.[8]
B129 3.12+0.11
−0.13×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B088-G150 2.86+0.33
−0.14×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B163-G217 2.72+0.11
−0.092×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B042-G104 2.62+0.30
−0.15×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B338-G076 2.49+0.28
−0.46×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B158-G213 2.28+0.25
−0.15×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B103-G165 2.02+0.13
−0.17×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B193-G244 1.96+0.086
−0.065×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B063-G124 1.93+0.27
−0.25×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B019-G072 1.89+0.26
−0.10×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B171-G222 1.84+0.16
−0.083×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B039-G101 1.81+0.23
−0.16×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B306-G029 1.67+0.21
−0.11×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B218-G272 1.64+0.27
−0.18×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B124-NB10 1.60+0.52
−0.55×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
MITA140 1.57+0.14
−0.15×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B091D-D058 1.54+0.094
−0.11×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B020-G073 1.51+0.21
−0.16×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B116-G178 1.45+0.16
−0.073×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B182-G233 1.41+0.20
−0.24×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
Messier 54 (1.41±0.002)×106[3] Milky Way
B094-G156 1.38+0.10
−0.11×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B174-G226 1.36+0.15
−0.19×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B147-G199 1.34+0.038
−0.041×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B055-G116 1.32+0.073
−0.085×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B006-G058 1.31+0.10
−0.049×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B178-G229 1.28+0.20
−0.21×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B206-G257 1.27+0.21
−0.29×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B068-G130 1.26+0.13
−0.10×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B311-G033 1.24+0.074
−0.14×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B034-G096 1.23+0.21
−0.092×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B012-G064 1.23+0.088
−0.14×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
NGC 6441 (1.23±0.001)×106[3] Milky Way
B110-G172 1.22+0.17
−0.12×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B005-G052 1.16+0.22
−0.094×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B051-G114 1.15+0.19
−0.10×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B086-G148 1.14+0.071
−0.10×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B472-D064 1.12+0.14
−0.12×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B312-G035 1.12+0.18
−0.18×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B017-G070 1.11+0.14
−0.12×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B240-G302 1.11+0.17
−0.15×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B072 1.08+0.13
−0.083×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B112-G174 1.08+0.078
−0.057×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B405-G351 1.08+0.20
−0.18×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B373-G305 1.07+0.22
−0.10×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B058-G119 1.06+0.13
−0.17×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
NGC 6388 (1.06±0.001)×106[3] Milky Way
B224-G279 1.05+0.11
−0.085×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B096-G158 1.04+0.067
−0.061×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B185-G235 1.03+0.11
−0.070×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
NGC 2419 (9.81±1.42)×105[3] None[9]
B179-G230 9.78+1.33
−1.43×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
NGC 2808 9.73+0.04
−0.04×106[10] 		Milky Way
Messier 3 9.57×105[11] Milky Way
B143-G198 9.55+0.31
−0.36×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B027-G087 9.54+1.35
−1.08×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
MGC1 9.54+1.35
−1.08×105[5] 		None[9]
EXT8 9.40+0.34
−0.31×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B204-G254 9.22+0.48
−0.71×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B205-G256 9.16+1.74
−1.57×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B045-G108 9.06+1.29
−0.60×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B135-G192 9.04+0.93
−0.80×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B061-G122 8.98+1.26
−0.75×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B131-G189 8.85+2.93
−1.32×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B383-G318 8.80+1.13
−0.90×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B381-G315 8.69+1.34
−0.66×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B212-G263 8.62+0.81
−0.68×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B107-G169 8.59+1.04
−1.32×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
Messier 5 8.57×105[11] Milky Way
B183-G234 8.24+0.88
−0.82×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B384-G319 8.21+0.41
−0.60×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
NGC 6440 8.11×105[11] Milky Way
B232-G286 8.01+0.91
−0.39×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B122-G181 7.88+1.34
−0.72×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B073-G134 7.80+0.53
−0.64×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
NGC 5824 (7.79±0.42)×105[3] Milky Way
Messier 13 7.75×105[11] Milky Way
B386-G322 7.74+2.31
−1.69×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
Messier 14 (7.74±0.61)×105[3] Milky Way
B106-G168 7.54+0.54
−0.52×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B313-G036 7.41+1.34
−1.01×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
NGC 5286 7.13×105[11] Milky Way
B030-G091 7.10+0.32
−0.39×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
ξ Tucanae (47 Tucanae) 7.10×105[12] Milky Way
Messier 62 (7.07±0.05)×105[3] Milky Way
PA53 6.93+1.47
−0.81×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B153 6.86+5.45
−0.79×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
Messier 19 (6.80±0.59)×105[3] Milky Way
Liller 1 (6.66±1.17)×105[3] Milky Way
B109-G170 6.63+0.71
−0.62×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B514-MCGC4 6.52+0.76
−0.58×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B080-G141 6.50+1.00
−0.74×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B148-G200 6.49+1.14
−0.96×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
Messier 22 6.44×105[11] Milky Way
B370-G300 6.40+0.56
−0.81×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
PA16 6.27+0.32
−0.29×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
Messier 2 6.27+0.09
−0.09×105[10] 		Milky Way
B379-G312 6.25+0.69
−0.47×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
Messier 15 6.14+0.07
−0.07×105[10] 		Milky Way
NGC 5986 5.99×105[11] Milky Way
B038-G098 5.98+0.72
−0.30×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B078-G140 5.94+0.93
−0.50×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B044-G107 5.93+0.86
−0.61×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B029-G090 5.92+1.57
−0.66×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
G002-MIII 5.90+0.47
−0.30×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
Messier 75 (5.86±1.24)×105[3] Milky Way
B180-G231 5.83+1.01
−0.68×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B260 5.76+1.37
−0.63×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B344-G127 5.74+0.76
−0.87×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
NGC 6541 5.72×105[11] Milky Way
Terzan 5 (5.66±0.71)×105[3] Milky Way
NGC 6139 5.66×105[11] Milky Way
B233-G287 5.51+0.79
−1.23×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
NGC 6284 (5.51±1.13)×105[3] Milky Way
NGC 1851 5.51×105[11] Milky Way
Messier 28 5.51×105[11] Milky Way
B403-G348 5.45+0.82
−0.45×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B098 5.38+0.25
−0.30×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
NGC 6539 5.36×105[11] Milky Way
NGC 6539 5.36×105[11] Milky Way
B257-V219 5.35+1.17
−0.58×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B001-G039 5.34+0.85
−0.48×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
Messier 53 5.3+0.1
−0.1×105[10] 		Milky Way
NGC 6517 5.26×105[11] Milky Way
B001-G039 5.04+0.39
−0.35×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
PA46 5.02+0.53
−0.36×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
Messier 80 5.02×105[11] Milky Way
B130-G188 5.01+0.42
−0.56×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy

Open clusters

List of most massive open clusters
Cluster name Mass (M☉);
(Sun = 1) 		Galaxy Notes
NGC 1569-B (4.4±1.1)×105[13] NGC 1569
NGC 1569-A (3.3±0.5)×105[14] NGC 1569
RMC 136 8.7×104[15] Large Magellanic Cloud Contains the most massive known star R136a1 at 196+34
−27 M☉.[16]
NGC 346 5×104[17] Small Magellanic Cloud
Ara Cluster (Westerlund 1) 4.4 – 5.7 × 104[18] Milky Way
Stephenson 2 (RSGC2) 4×104[19] Milky Way
RSGC1 (3±1)×104[19] Milky Way
RSGC3 (3±1)×104[19] Milky Way
NGC 3603 (1.9±0.6)×104[20] Milky Way

See also

References

  1. ↑ Naumova, E. V.; Ogorodnikov, K. F. (April 1973). "Method of determining the masses of globular clusters". Soviet Astronomy. 17: 463. Bibcode:1974SvA....17..463N. ISSN 0038-5301. S2CID 118985616.
  2. ↑ Ninkovich, S. (March 1984). "Mass determination for globular clusters on the basis of proper motions". Astrofizika. 20: 150–153. Bibcode:1984Afz....20..283N. ISSN 0571-7132. S2CID 231118121.
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 Baumgardt, H.; Hilke, M. (August 2018). "A catalogue of masses, structural parameters, and velocity dispersion profiles of 112 Milky Way globular clusters". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 478 (2): 1520–1557. arXiv:1804.08359. Bibcode:2018MNRAS.478.1520B. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1057. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 119464219.
  4. ↑ Ikhsan, M. I.; Arifyanto, M. I.; Aprilia; Hakim, M. I.; Soegiartini (May 2019). "Mass determination of open clusters using kinematics data". Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 1231 (1): 012027. Bibcode:2019JPhCS1231a2027I. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1231/1/012027. ISSN 1742-6596. S2CID 198433702.
  5. ↑ 5.000 5.001 5.002 5.003 5.004 5.005 5.006 5.007 5.008 5.009 5.010 5.011 5.012 5.013 5.014 5.015 5.016 5.017 5.018 5.019 5.020 5.021 5.022 5.023 5.024 5.025 5.026 5.027 5.028 5.029 5.030 5.031 5.032 5.033 5.034 5.035 5.036 5.037 5.038 5.039 5.040 5.041 5.042 5.043 5.044 5.045 5.046 5.047 5.048 5.049 5.050 5.051 5.052 5.053 5.054 5.055 5.056 5.057 5.058 5.059 5.060 5.061 5.062 5.063 5.064 5.065 5.066 5.067 5.068 5.069 5.070 5.071 5.072 5.073 5.074 5.075 5.076 5.077 5.078 5.079 5.080 5.081 5.082 5.083 5.084 5.085 5.086 5.087 5.088 5.089 5.090 5.091 5.092 5.093 5.094 5.095 5.096 5.097 5.098 5.099 5.100 5.101 Usher, Christopher; Caldwell, Nelson; Cabrera-Zivi, Ivan (27 January 2024). "Measuring M31 globular cluster ages and metallicities using both photometry and spectroscopy". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 528 (4): 6010–6024. arXiv:2401.13918. Bibcode:2024MNRAS.528.6010U. doi:10.1093/mnras/stae282. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 267212105.
  6. ↑ Ma, Jun; de Grijs, Richard; Fan, Zhou; Rey, Soo-Chang; Wu, Zhen-Yu; Zhou, Xu; Wu, Jiang-Hua; Jiang, Zhao-Ji; Chen, Jian-Sheng; Lee, Kyungsook; Song, Sangmo Tony (June 2009). "Old stellar population synthesis: new age and mass estimates for Mayall II = G1". Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics. 9 (6): 641–652. arXiv:0904.0674. Bibcode:2009RAA.....9..641M. doi:10.1088/1674-4527/9/6/003. ISSN 1674-4527. S2CID 16360116.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Pechetti, Renuka; Seth, Anil; Kamann, Sebastian; Caldwell, Nelson; Strader, Jay; den Brok, Mark; Luetzgendorf, Nora; Neumayer, Nadine; Voggel, Karina (11 January 2022). "Detection of a 100,000 M☉ black hole in M31's Most Massive Globular Cluster: A Tidally Stripped Nucleus". The Astrophysical Journal. 924 (2): 13. arXiv:2111.08720. Bibcode:2022ApJ...924...48P. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac339f. ISSN 1538-4357. S2CID 244270260.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Alvarez Garay, Deimer Antonio; Mucciarelli, Alessio; Bellazzini, Michele; Lardo, Carmela; Ventaura, Paolo (10 January 2024). "MgAl burning chain in ω Centauri". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 681: 14. arXiv:2309.14603. Bibcode:2024A&A...681A..54A. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202347834. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 262822544.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Conroy, Charlie; Loeb, Abraham; Spergel, David (2010). "Evidence Against Dark Matter Halos Surrounding the Globular Clusters MGC1 and NGC 2419". The Astrophysical Journal. 741 (2): 72. arXiv:1010.5783. Bibcode:2011ApJ...741...72C. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/72. S2CID 119270550.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Dickson, N.; Hénault-Brunet, V.; Baumgardt, H.; Gieles, M.; Smith, P. J. (July 2023). "Multimass modelling of Milky Way globular clusters – I. Implications on their stellar initial mass function above 1 M☉". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 522 (4): 5320–5339. arXiv:2303.01637. Bibcode:2023MNRAS.522.5320D. doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1254. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 257353462.
  11. ↑ 11.00 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 11.10 11.11 11.12 11.13 11.14 Boyles, J.; Lorimer, D. R.; Turk, P. J.; Mnatsakanov, R.; Lynch, R. S.; Ransom, S. M.; Freire, P. C.; Belczynski, K. (3 November 2011). "Young Radio Pulsars in Galactic Globular Clusters". The Astrophysical Journal. 742 (1): 12. arXiv:1108.4402. Bibcode:2011ApJ...742...51B. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/742/1/51. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 118649860.
  12. ↑ Saeedi, Sara; Liu, Teng; Knies, Jonathan; Sasaki, Manami; Becker, Werner; Bulbul, Esra; Dennerl, Konrad; Freyberg, Michael; Laktionov, Roman; Merloni, Andrea (18 May 2022). "eROSITA study of the globular cluster 47 Tucanae". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 661: 19. Bibcode:2022A&A...661A..35S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202141612. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 246985294.
  13. ↑ Gvozdenko, A.; Larsen, S. S.; Beasley, M. A.; Brodie, J. (21 October 2022). "Chemical composition of the young massive cluster NGC 1569-B". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 666: 16. arXiv:2209.11779. Bibcode:2022A&A...666A.159G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243415. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 251986204.
  14. ↑ Hunter, Deidre A.; O'Connell, Robert W.; Gallagher, J. S.; Smecker-Hane, Tammy A. (November 2000). "The Star Clusters in the Starburst Irregular Galaxy NGC 1569". The Astronomical Journal. 120 (5): 2383–2401. arXiv:astro-ph/0009280. Bibcode:2000AJ....120.2383H. doi:10.1086/316810. ISSN 0004-6256. S2CID 6445978.
  15. ↑ Cignoni, M.; et al. (1 October 2015). "Hubble Tarantula Treasury Project. II. The Star-formation History of the Starburst Region NGC 2070 in 30 Doradus". The Astrophysical Journal. 811 (2): 23. arXiv:1505.04799. Bibcode:2015ApJ...811...76C. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/811/2/76. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 121054693.
  16. ↑ Kalari, Venu M.; Horch, Elliott P.; Salinas, Ricardo; Vink, Jorick S.; Andersen, Morten; Bestenlehner, Joachim M.; Rubio, Monica (2022). "Resolving the Core of R136 in the Optical". The Astrophysical Journal. 935 (2): 162. arXiv:2207.13078. Bibcode:2022ApJ...935..162K. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac8424. S2CID 251067072.
  17. ↑ "Spiralling Stars Provide a Window into the Early Universe". ESA/Hubble. 8 September 2022. Retrieved 2024-03-03.
  18. ↑ Andersen, M.; Gennaro, M.; Brandner, W.; Stolte, A.; de Marchi, G.; Meyer, M. R.; Zinnecker, H. (24 May 2017). "Very low-mass stellar content of the young supermassive Galactic star cluster Westerlund 1". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 602: 16. arXiv:1602.05918. Bibcode:2017A&A...602A..22A. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322863. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 119249249.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Humphreys, Roberta M.; Helmel, Greta; Jones, Terry J.; Gordon, Michael S. (August 2020). "Exploring the Mass Loss Histories of the Red Supergiants". The Astronomical Journal. 160 (3): 145. arXiv:2008.01108. Bibcode:2020AJ....160..145H. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abab15. S2CID 220961677.
  20. ↑ Pang, Xiaoying; Grebel, Eva K.; Allison, Richard J.; Goodwin, Simon P.; Altmann, Martin; Harbeck, Daniel; Moffat, Anthony F. J.; Drissen, Laurent (10 February 2013). "On the Origin of Mass Segregation in NGC 3603". The Astrophysical Journal. 764 (1): 9. arXiv:1212.4566. Bibcode:2013ApJ...764...73P. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/764/1/73. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 119199840.

External links

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