List of shipwrecks in July 1865

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The list of shipwrecks in July 1865 includes ships sunk, foundered, grounded, or otherwise lost during July 1865.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

1 July

List of shipwrecks: 1 July 1865
Ship State Description
Adolphus File:Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom The barque was driven ashore in the Rio Grande.[1]

2 July

List of shipwrecks: 2 July 1865
Ship State Description
Adolphe File:Flag of France.svg France The barque was driven ashore in the Rio Grande.[2]
Alida File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands The schooner was driven ashore in the Rio Grande. She was refloated the next day.[2]
Espoir File:Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium The brigantine was driven ashore in the Rio Grande.[1] She was refloated on 9 July.[2]
Morue File:Flag of France.svg France The lugger was driven ashore in the Rio Grande. She was refloated the next day.[2]

3 July

List of shipwrecks: 3 July 1865
Ship State Description
O.K. File:Flag of the United States (1863-1865).svg United States Carrying a cargo of wood, the 48- or 75-ton sidewheel paddle steamer burned on the Yolo County side of the Sacramento River across from M Street in Sacramento, California. She was later salvaged and returned to service.[3]
Oxford File:Norge-Unionsflagg-1844.svg Norway The barque was driven ashore on Dagö, Russia. She was on a voyage from Söderhamn, Sweden to London, United Kingdom. She was later refloated and taken in to Helsingør, Denmark in a leaky condition.[4]

4 July

List of shipwrecks: 4 July 1865
Ship State Description
Agnes Flag unknown The cutter was wrecked on the coast of New South Wales.
Star of the West File:Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom The ship was driven ashore on Long Island, British North America. She was on a voyage from Saint John, New Brunswick to Dundalk, County Louth. She was refloated and resumed her voyage.[5]

5 July

List of shipwrecks: 5 July 1865
Ship State Description
Essex File:Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom The full-rigged ship was abandoned in the Atlantic Ocean. Her crew were rescued by the full-rigged ship Constantia (File:Flag of Bremen.svg Bremen). Essex was on a voyage from New York, United States to Queenstown, County Cork.[6]

8 July

List of shipwrecks: 8 July 1865
Ship State Description
Mars File:Flag of the United States (1865-1867).svg United States The 329-ton sidewheel paddle steamer struck a snag and sank in the Mississippi River at Cogswell Island, Missouri, opposite the mouth of the Fishing River.[7]

9 July

List of shipwrecks: 9 July 1865
Ship State Description
Louisiana File:Flag of the United States (1865-1867).svg United States American Civil War: While fleeing from the merchant raider CSS Shenandoah (File:Confederate Navy Jack (light blue).svg Confederate States Navy), the 297-ton whaling ship was wrecked on a shoal in Kotzebue Sound off the coast of Russian America between the southern tip of Choris Peninsula and Chamisso Island. Her crew salvaged her cargo of whale oil and burned her on 13 July. Her wreck could be seen on shore until 1875.[8]

11 July

List of shipwrecks: 11 July 1865
Ship State Description
Flying Fish United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Barbadoes The ship collided with Clara (Flag unknown) and sank off Saint Thomas, Virgin Islands. Her crew were rescued.[9]
Natal United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland New South Wales The barque was wrecked in Sealer's Cove, in the Bass Strait. Her crew were rescued. She was on a voyage from Newcastle to Wallaroo, South Australia[10]
Tomatin File:Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom The barque was wrecked in Sealer's Cove. Her crew were rescued. She was on a voyage from Newcastle to Geelong, Victoria.[10]

13 July

List of shipwrecks: 13 July 1865
Ship State Description
HMS Eclipse File:Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg Royal Navy The Cormorant-class gunvessel was driven ashore on the coast of Australia. Subsequently refloated, repaired and returned to service.[11]
Fohkien File:Flag of the United States (1865-1867).svg United States The 1,947-ton sidewheel paddle steamer was stranded on the coast of Korea 60 nautical miles (110 km) from Chinhae.[12]
Impératrice File:Flag of France.svg France The tug was destroyed by a boiler explosion in the Seine at La Mailleraye-sur-Seine, Seine-Inférieure with the loss of five of the thirteen people on board. Survivors were rescued by the steamship Express No.2 (File:Flag of France.svg France.[13][14]
Union United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland New Zealand The 14-ton cutter was wrecked on a reef in the Hauraki Gulf while en route from Auckland to Matakana. All hands were saved.[15]
Zeemeuw File:Admiralty flag of Hamburg.svg Hamburg The ship was driven ashore at Gibraltar. She was on a voyage from Terranova di Sicilia, Sicily, Italy to Hamburg. She was refloated and resumed her voyage.[6]

14 July

List of shipwrecks: 14 July 1865
Ship State Description
Charles Chaloner File:Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom The ship was driven ashore at Fleetwood, Lancashire. She was on a voyage from Quebec City. Province of Canada, British North America to Fleetwood. She was refloated and towed in to Fleetwood.[16]
Lady Young United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland New South Wales The full-rigged ship was wrecked in Sealer's Cove, in the Bass Strait. Her crew were rescued. She was on a voyage form Newcastle to Melbourne, Victoria.[10]
Wyaconda File:Flag of the United States (1865-1867).svg United States The 239-ton sidewheel paddle steamer burned on the Mississippi River at St. Genevieve, Missouri, with the loss of one life.[17]

16 July

List of shipwrecks: 16 July 1865
Ship State Description
Arthur and Albert File:Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom The lugger collided with the schooner Agenoria (File:Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom) and foundered in the North Sea off Gorleston, Suffolk. Her crew were rescued by Agenoria.[18]
Dennis Hill File:Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom The ship was driven ashore and wrecked at Capo Colonna, Italy.[19]
Fannie Fisk File:Flag of the United States (1865-1867).svg United States The 97-ton sidewheel paddle steamer burned at Cairo, Illinois.[20]
Ingeborg File:Admiralty flag of Hamburg.svg Hamburg The ship suffered an onboard explosion and foundered in the Dogger Bank. Her crew were rescued. She was on a voyage from Hartlepool, County Durham, United Kingdom to Hamburg.[21]
Steliano File:Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg Greece The ship foundered off Şile, Ottoman Empire. Her crew were rescued.[19]

17 July

List of shipwrecks: 17 July 1865
Ship State Description
Ada File:Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom The barque was run into by the steamship Jeddo (File:Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom) and sank at Sydney, New South Wales. Her crew survived. She was on a voyage from Sydney to Shanghai, China.[22][23]
Mary B. Rich File:Flag of the United States (1865-1867).svg United States The barque was abandoned in the Atlantic Ocean 900 nautical miles (1,700 km) west of Cape Clear Island, County Cork, United Kingdom. Her crew were rescued by Lady Dufferin (File:Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom). Mary B. Rich was on a voyage from Matanzas, Cuba to Falmouth, Cornwall, United Kingdom.[6]
Sarah Ann United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland South Australia The schooner was driven ashore on Rabbit Island, Tasmania.[10]

18 July

List of shipwrecks: 18 July 1865
Ship State Description
Tre Svetiteli File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia The lighter sank off Taganrog.[24]

19 July

List of shipwrecks: 19 July 1865
Ship State Description
John C. Baxter File:Flag of the United States (1865-1867).svg United States The schooner was sunk in a collision near the east end of Horseshoe Shoal.[25]
Phantom File:Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom The ship was wrecked near Cape Nordkyn, Norway. Her crew were rescued.[26]
Titania United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland New Zealand The 54-ton steamer was wrecked on the bar at Hokitika, where she had arrived from Nelson. All passengers and crew survived.[27]

20 July

List of shipwrecks: 20 July 1865
Ship State Description
Pisataqua File:Flag of the United States (1865-1867).svg United States The full-rigged ship was driven ashore and wrecked at Green Point, Cape Town, Cape Colony. She was on a voyage from Cardiff, Glamorgan, United Kingdom to Basilan, Spanish East Indies.[28]
Quinnebaug United States United States Army Carrying Union Army soldiers home from Beaufort, North Carolina, the 186-ton screw transport was wrecked on a reef off Shackleford Banks, North Carolina, with the loss of 25 lives. The tug Goliath (United States United States Army), the full-rigged ship Benjamin Adams (Flag unknown), and the survey ship USCS Corwin (United States United States Coast Survey) rescued her survivors.[29]
Swan File:Flag of the United States (1865-1867).svg United States The schooner was lost near Madison Point, Connecticut. Crew saved.[30]

21 July

List of shipwrecks: 21 July 1865
Ship State Description
Admiral Codrington File:Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom The ship was driven ashore at Caister-on-Sea, Norfolk. She was refloated and resumed her voyage.[4]
Hankow File:Flag of the United States (1865-1867).svg United States The 725-ton sidewheel paddle steamer burned at Canton, China.[31]
Kate United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland New Zealand The cutter was seized, plundered, and burnt, by a Māori raiding party at Whakatāne, with the loss of three lives.[32]
Marinuru or Maruwiwi United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland New Zealand The schooner was seized, plundered, and burnt, by a Māori raiding party at Whakatāne, with the loss of one life.[32]

22 July

List of shipwrecks: 22 July 1865
Ship State Description
Neptune File:Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom The brig ran aground off Amager, Denmark. She was on a voyage from Riga, Russia to Dundee, Forfarshire.[33][34][4]
Ripple File:Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom The ship collided with Mary E. Campbell (File:Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom) and sank in the North Sea. Her crew were rescued.[34]
Samuel B. Young File:Flag of the United States (1865-1867).svg United States The 154-ton sternwheel paddle steamer was lost.[35]

24 July

List of shipwrecks: 24 July 1865
Ship State Description
Effort United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland New Zealand The schooner was wrecked at Awanui during a violent gale.[32]
Onward United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland New Zealand The schooner was wrecked on an island near Pauanui on Coromandel Peninsula. The two crew were marooned for four days before being rescued by the schooner Jane (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland New Zealand).[32]

26 July

List of shipwrecks: 26 July 1865
Ship State Description
Gereon File:Swedish civil ensign (1844–1905).svg Sweden The schooner capsized in the Baltic Sea with the loss of two of the six people on board. She was towed in to Warnemünde, Prussia in a capsized condition.[19]
Rosetta File:Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom The ship was wrecked on the north coast of Prince Edward Island, British North America.[9]

28 July

List of shipwrecks: 28 July 1865
Ship State Description
Port Wallace File:Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom The ship ran aground off Helsingør, Denmark. She was on a voyage from Gävle, Sweden to Hartlepool, County Durham. She was refloated and towed in to Helsingør.[36]

29 July

List of shipwrecks: 29 July 1865
Ship State Description
Ida File:Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom The barque collided with the barque Wasa (Russian Empire Grand Duchy of Finland) and sank off Bozcaada, Ottoman Empire.[24][37][38]
Mary Traill File:Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom The ship ran aground off Egilsay, Orkney Islands. She was on a voyage from the River Clyde to Kirkwall, Orkney Islands. She was refloated.[19]
Planet File:Norge-Unionsflagg-1844.svg Norway The barque collided with the steamship Aura (File:Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom) and sank off the Nore.[39][36]

30 July

List of shipwrecks: 30 July 1865
Ship State Description
Ann and Jane File:Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom The ship was beached at Lisbon, Portugal, being severely leaky. She was on a voyage from Pomaron, Portugal to Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland.[19]
Brother Jonathan File:Flag of the United States (1865-1867).svg United States The California Steam Navigation Company paddle steamer struck North West Seal Rock, a part of St. George's Reef in the Pacific Ocean off Crescent City, California, and sank. An estimated 225 passengers and crew lost their lives; there were only nineteen survivors.[40] She was on a voyage from San Francisco, California to Portland, Maine.[41]
Francis Bourneuf United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland British North America The ship ran aground at Rutland, County Donegal. She was on a voyage from Yarmouth, Nova Scotia to the Clyde.[42]

31 July

List of shipwrecks: 31 July 1865
Ship State Description
Edwin File:Flag of the United States (1865-1867).svg United States The lumber schooner sank about ten miles North East of the Isle of Shoals. Crew saved.[43]
Glasgow File:Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom The full-rigged ship caught fire and was abandoned in the North Atlantic Ocean off Nantucket Island, Massachusetts, United States.[44][45] Her crew were rescued by the full-rigged ship Rosamond (File:Flag of the United States (1865-1867).svg United States). Glasgow was on a voyage from New York, United States to Liverpool, Lancashire. She was taken in tow by the brig Martha Washington (File:Flag of the United States (1865-1867).svg United States the next day.[46][47]
Joseph Pierce File:Flag of the United States (1865-1867).svg United States The 533-ton sidewheel paddle steamer exploded on the Mississippi River at Palmyra Landing, Mississippi, killing twelve people.[48]
Rose File:Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom The ship departed from Montrose, Forfarshire for Shanghai, China. No further trace, presumed either foundered with the loss of all twenty crew or captured by Chinese pirates.[49]
Rosetta United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland New Zealand The 47-ton schooner grounded on a sandspit at Hokitika. All passengers and crew survived.[27]

Unknown date

List of shipwrecks: Unknown date in July 1865
Ship State Description
Annechina en Jantina File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands The ship was driven ashore near Cronstadt, Russia. She was on a voyage from Bo'ness, Lothian, United Kingdom to Cronstadt.[50]
Bella Donna File:Flag of the United States (1865-1867).svg United States The 152-ton sidewheel paddle steamer struck a snag and sank in the Red River of the South 50 nautical miles (93 km) downstream of Alexandria, Louisiana.[51]
Chase File:Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom The ship sank off Seskar, Russia.[16]
Dankbarheid Flag unknown The ship was driven ashore near Cronstadt. She was on a voyage from Bordeaux, Gironde, France to Cronstadt.[50]
Exchange File:Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom The ship was driven ashore at Grimsby, Lincolnshire. She was on a voyage from Middlesbrough, Yorkshire to Caen, Calvados, France.[16]
Futien Flag unknown The ship was wrecked at Shanghai, China on or before 22 July.[52]
Hadrakon File:Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom The steamship was destroyed by fire at Shanghai on or before 22 July.[52]
La Belle File:Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom The fishing smack foundered west of the Shetland Islands with the loss of all six crew.[53]
Lady of the Lake File:Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom The ship was wrecked near Cape San Antonio, Cuba. She was on a voyage from Havana to Manzanilla, Cuba.[39]
Lalla Rookh File:British Raj Red Ensign.svg India The steamship was wrecked at Shanghai on or before 22 July.[52][54]
Louisa File:Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom The barque caught fire and sank near Algiers, Algeria.[55]
Maalstrom File:Norge-Unionsflagg-1844.svg Norway The brig was lost in the White Sea before 12 July.[6]
Mary Emily File:Flag of the United States (1865-1867).svg United States The ship foundered 75 nautical miles (139 km) off the Abaco Islands. Her crew were rescued. She was on a voyage from Nassau, Bahamas to New York.[33]
Messenger United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland British North America The brig was wrecked on Phillips Court.[56]
New Zealand United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland New Zealand The 374-ton paddle steamer damaged her keel when crossing the bar at Hokitika, where she had travelled from Lyttelton. She became uncontrollable, and grounded on a nearby beach. All passengers and crew survived.[57]
Prince of Wales File:Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom The ship foundered off Gogo, India. She was refloated in November and taken in to Bombay.[58]
Rigi File:Flag of France.svg France The barque was wrecked on "Cape Gotto", Japan.[10]
Star File:Flag of the United States (1865-1867).svg United States The 94-ton sternwheel paddle steamer burned on Red Bayou in Louisiana.[59]
Susan Abigal Flag unknown The full-rigged ship was lost off Cape Flattery, Washington Territory.[60]
Tonkeen Flag unknown The steamship was wrecked off China, probably in the same typhoon as the Lalla Rookh, above (reported September).[54]
Unicorn File:Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom The ship was wrecked near Stornoway, Isle of Lewis, Outer Hebrides. She was on a voyage from Demerara, British Guiana to Sunderland, County Durham.[50]
Volunteer File:Flag of the United States (1865-1867).svg United States The 106-ton sternwheel paddle steamer was stranded on the Cumberland River in Tennessee.[61]

References

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Shipping Intelligence". Liverpool Mercury. No. 5478. Liverpool. 21 August 1865.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "Shipping Intelligence". Liverpool Mercury. No. 23760. Liverpool. 22 August 1865.
  3. ↑ Gaines, p. 30.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Shipping Intelligence". Caledonian Mercury. No. 23735. Edinburgh. 25 July 1865.
  5. ↑ "Shipping Intelligence". Caledonian Mercury. No. 23749. Edinburgh. 9 August 1865.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 "Shipping Intelligence". Caledonian Mercury. No. 23736. Edinburgh. 26 July 1865.
  7. ↑ Gaines, p. 99.
  8. ↑ "Alaska Shipwrecks (L)". Alaska Shipwrecks. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Ship News". The Times. No. 25251. London. 31 July 1865. col F, p. 11.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 "Shipping Intelligence". Caledonian Mercury. No. 23783. Edinburgh. 19 September 1865.
  11. ↑ "Naval Disasters Since 1860". Hampshire Telegraph. No. 4250. Portsmouth. 10 May 1873.
  12. ↑ Gaines, p. 34.
  13. ↑ "France". The Times. No. 25239. London. 17 July 1865. col C-D, p. 12.
  14. ↑ "Explosion of a Steam Tug - Five Persons Killed". The Standard. No. 12774. London. 18 July 1865. p. 7.
  15. ↑ Ingram & Wheatley, pp. 113–114.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 "Shipping Intelligence". Liverpool Mercury. No. 5448. Liverpool. 17 July 1865.
  17. ↑ Gaines, p. 104.
  18. ↑ "Yarmouth". Bury and Norwich Post. No. 6585. Bury St. Edmunds. 22 July 1865.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 "Shipping Intelligence". Caledonian Mercury. No. 23747. Edinburgh. 7 August 1865.
  20. ↑ Gaines, p. 53.
  21. ↑ "Shipping Intelligence". Caledonian Mercury. No. 23734. Edinburgh. 24 July 1865.
  22. ↑ "Collision of the S.S. Jeddo with the Ada, Barque. Sinking of the Latter". Sydney Morning Herald. Sydney. 21 July 1865. p. 8.
  23. ↑ "Disasters to Liverpool Shipping. Two Vessels Lost". Liverpool Mercury. No. 5502. Liverpool. 18 September 1865.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "Shipping Intelligence". Caledonian Mercury. No. 23751. Edinburgh. 11 August 1865.
  25. ↑ "Shipwrecks of Nantucket Sound" (PDF). saveoursound.org. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  26. ↑ "Shipping Intelligence". Edinburgh Mercury. No. 23761. Liverpool. 23 August 1865.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Ingram & Wheatley, p. 120.
  28. ↑ "Shipping Intelligence". Caledonian Mercury. No. 23771. Edinburgh. 5 September 1865.
  29. ↑ Gaines, p. 127.
  30. ↑ "1865". downtothesea.com. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
  31. ↑ Gaines, p. 35.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 Ingram & Wheatley, p. 114.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 "Shipping Intelligence". Liverpool Mercury. No. 5454. Liverpool. 24 July 1865.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 "Mercantile Ship News". The Standard. No. 12779. London. 24 July 1865. p. 7.
  35. ↑ Gaines, p. 197.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 "Shipping Intelligence". Caledonian Mercury. No. 23743. Edinburgh. 2 August 1865.
  37. ↑ "Ida". Shipping & Shipbuilding Research Trust. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
  38. ↑ "Law Courts, Yesterday". Freeman's Journal. Dublin. 22 February 1866.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 "Shipping Intelligence". Liverpool Mercury. No. 5461. Liverpool. 1 August 1865.
  40. ↑ Gaines, pp. 25-26.
  41. ↑ "America". The Times. No. 25282. London. 5 September 1865. col A, p. 10.
  42. ↑ "Shipping Intelligence". Caledonian Mercury. No. 23745. Edinburgh. 4 August 1865.
  43. ↑ "1865". downtothesea.com. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
  44. ↑ "GLASGOW". Clydesite. Archived from the original on 16 March 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  45. ↑ Gaines, p. 79.
  46. ↑ "Ship News". The Times. No. 25265. London. 16 August 1865. col D, p. 11.
  47. ↑ "Shipping Intelligence". Caledonian Mercury. No. 23754. Edinburgh. 15 August 1865.
  48. ↑ Gaines, p. 98.
  49. ↑ "Montrose". Dundee Courier. No. 3947. Dundee. 31 March 1866.
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 "Shipping Intelligence". Liverpool Mercury. No. 5452. Liverpool. 21 July 1865.
  51. ↑ Gaines, p. 60.
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 "China". The Times. No. 25270. London. 22 August 1865. col A, p. 8.
  53. ↑ "Untitled". Liverpool Mercury. No. 5741. Liverpool. 12 August 1865.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 "China". Rockhampton Bulletin And Central Queensland Advertiser. No. 496. 19 September 1865. p. 2. Retrieved 25 January 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
  55. ↑ "Shipping Intelligence". Liverpool Mercury. No. 5457. Liverpool. 27 July 1865.
  56. ↑ "Shipping Intelligence". Liverpool Mercury. No. 5458. Liverpool. 28 July 1865.
  57. ↑ Ingram & Wheatley, pp. 120–121.
  58. ↑ "The Bombay Mail". The Standard. No. 12895. London. 6 December 1865.
  59. ↑ Gaines, p. 74.
  60. ↑ Gaines, p. 195.
  61. ↑ Gaines, p. 164.

Bibliography

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