Press freedom predator
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Press freedom predator is an anti-award distributed every few years by Reporters Without Borders.[1] It is attributed to heads of state or groups who are deemed to have a negative effect on press freedom.[2] Recipients often vehemently deny that they deserve their place on the list.[3] In 2020, Reporters Without Borders also released a list of 20 press freedom's digital predators.[4]
2021
In July 2021, the list of press freedom predators published by Reporters Without Borders includes:[5][6]
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2016
In October 2016, the list of press freedom predators published by Reporters Without Borders includes:[7]
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2013
In May 2013, the list of press freedom predators published by Reporters Without Borders includes:[8]
Africa
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Americas
| Image | Name | Country | Role |
|---|---|---|---|
| File:Dario-Antonio-Usuga-David-1.webp | Dario Antonio Úsuga | File:Flag of Colombia.svg Colombia | Leader of the drug trafficking group Clan del Golfo |
| File:Los Zetas presence.png | Los Zetas | File:Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico | Mexican criminal syndicate |
| File:Miguel Facusse.jpg | Miguel Facussé Barjum | File:Flag of Honduras.svg Honduras | Honduran businessman and landowner |
| Miguel Treviño Morales | File:Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico | Mexican drug lord | |
| File:Presidente de Cuba, Raúl Castro, visita Salvador.jpg | Raúl Castro | File:Flag of Cuba.svg Cuba | First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba (2011-2021) President of the Council of State (2008-2018) |
Asia
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Europe
| Image | Name | Country | Role |
|---|---|---|---|
| File:SBY dan Alexander Lukashenko 19-03-2013 (cropped).jpg | Alexander Lukashenko | File:Flag of Belarus.svg Belarus | President of Belarus (1994–present) |
| Camorra | File:Flag of Italy.svg Italy | Italian Mafia-type criminal organization and criminal society originating in the region of Campania, and is one of the oldest and largest criminal organizations in Italy. | |
| File:Ramzan Kadyrov, 2014.jpeg | Ramzan Kadyrov | File:Flag of the Chechen Republic.svg Chechnya (File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia) |
Head of the Chechen Republic (2007–present) |
| File:Vladimir Putin - Visit to Russia Today television channel 11.jpg | Vladimir Putin | File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia | President of Russia (2000-2008 and 2012–present) Prime Minister of Russia (2008-2012) |
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2009-2011
The list of press freedom predators published by Reporters Without Borders from 2009 to 2011 includes:[9][10][11]
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2001
In November 2001, the list of press freedom predators published by Reporters Without Borders includes:[12]
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Digital press freedom predators
In March 2020, as part of the World Day Against Cyber-Censorship, the Reporters Without Borders published a list of digital press freedom predators. The list includes:[13][14]
Harassment
| Name | Country | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Electronic Flies | File:Flag of Algeria.svg Algeria | Army of internet trolls in the Algerian government’s payroll. Their main task is to discredit all journalists critical of the government by engaging in online abuse, posting personal information about them and public reporting of critical posts in online platforms in order to remove them. |
| Hate Office | File:Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil | Consisting of close presidential advisers of President of Brazil Jair Bolsonaro and coordinated by his son Carlos, the group publishes attacks against journalists on a large scale by engaging in social media campaigns of insults and threats. The existence of such group was revealed by Brazilian parliamentarian and former ally of Bolsonaro Joice Hasselmann. |
| Modi's Yoddhas | File:Flag of India.svg India | Internet trolls who either volunteer their services or are paid employees of the ruling Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and are supporters of the current Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi. They engage in social media insults, calls for rape and death threats against critics of Modi. Yoddhas in Hindi language means 'warriors'. |
| The Kremlin's Troll Army | File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia | An internet troll army which have an implicit backing of the Government of Russia and President of Russia Vladimir Putin. They spread false reports and videos, engage in doxing and defamation against critics of Putin, and also spread propaganda about those who denounce their activities. |
| Troll Gangs | File:Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico | An internet troll group who have engaged in social media smears, threats and insults against journalists who have questioned President of Mexico Andrés Manuel López Obrador’s decision to release drug lord El Chapo’s son Ovidio Guzmán López. |
State censorship
| Image | Name | Country | Role |
|---|---|---|---|
| File:National Emblem of the People's Republic of China (2).svg | Cyberspace Administration of China | File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China | The central internet regulator, censor, oversight, and control agency for the People's Republic of China. The agency engages in internet censorship and supervision of private-sector platforms such as Baidu, WeChat, Weibo and Douyin, and blocking and deleting content and apps. During the COVID-19 pandemic in China, the agency has suppressed social media accounts of media outlets and bloggers, and censored news outlets critical of the government's handling of the pandemic. |
| File:Ministry of Home Affairs India.svg | Ministry of Home Affairs | File:Flag of India.svg India | The ministry of the Government of India, which is mainly responsible for the maintenance of internal security and domestic policy of the country. On 5 August 2019, it completely disconnected internet communication in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir, resulting in Kashmiri journalists unable to work freely and depriving all of the state's residents from accessing independently reported news and information. Despite broadband connections being partially restored after six months, access to many sites remains largely uncertain and India is the country that most uses Internet shutdowns, with a total of 121 in 2019. |
| File:Logo of Conatel.gif | National Commission of Telecommunications (Conatel) |
File:Flag of Venezuela.svg Venezuela | An agency of the Government of Venezuela that exercises the regulation, supervision and control over telecommunications. It orders the blocking of websites that are critical of the authorities of the government and many have been blocked without any possibility of appeal. The agency also temporarily blocks social media platforms such as Facebook, especially when opposition leader Juan Guaidó’s speeches are being broadcast live on Facebook. |
| File:Emblem of Roskomnadzor.svg | Roskomnadzor (Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technology and Mass Media) |
File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia | The Russian federal executive agency responsible for monitoring, controlling and censoring Russian mass media. It has blocked more than 490,000 websites without warning and without respecting legal procedure, and maintains a secret blacklist of banned sites. The agency also blocks platforms and apps that refuse to store their data on servers in Russia or provide the Russian authorities the means to decrypt messages. |
| File:Emblem of Iran.svg | Supreme Council of Cyberspace | File:Flag of Iran.svg Iran | The agency was created in 2012, and consists of senior military and political figures. They engage in online selective access and control, blocking news websites, social media platforms and messaging apps such as Telegram, Signal, WhatsApp, Facebook and Twitter. Internet shutdowns are increasingly used to contain and suppress waves of street protests in the country, and publishing independent information are regarded as “counter-revolutionary” or “subversive” in nature. |
| File:Coat of arms of Egypt (Official).svg | Supreme Council for Media Regulation (SCMR) |
File:Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt | The agency was created in 2017 to "devise and implement the media strategy for the Egyptian state." It engages in the blocking of news sites and messaging apps under the grounds that they publish false information. More than 500 websites and 11 messaging apps are currently inaccessible in Egypt. |
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Disinformation
| Name | Country | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Call Centre Hubs | File:Flag of the Philippines.svg Philippines | Consisting of supporters of President of the Philippines Rodrigo Duterte, they disseminate fake memes, maliciously edited content and conduct targeted harassment campaigns with the aim of smearing the media and manipulating public opinion. They had launched a campaign to smear and boycott the ABS-CBN radio and TV network with the aim of blocking the renewal of its licence. |
| Cyber Jihadist Unit | File:Flag of Sudan.svg Sudan | The internet troll army that was created by the National Intelligence and Security Service, which spies on activists, politicians and journalists on social media. It also disseminates messages and articles with false information designed to discredit members of the current transitional government. |
| Force 47 | File:Flag of Vietnam.svg Vietnam | An internet army of 10,100 cyber soldiers run by the Ministry of Public Security. They are tasked with setting up, moderating and posting on pro-state Facebook groups. The group is also considered the largest and most sophisticated influence network in Southeast Asia.[15] |
| Saudi Electronic Brigade | File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg Saudi Arabia | Led by Saud al-Qahtani, the then advisor to Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, the network of pro-Saudi Twitter trolls and bots used to produce more than 2,500 tweets a day consisting of false information and hate messages against the critics of the Government of Saudi Arabia. |
Spying Surveillance
| Name | Country | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Gamma Group | File:Flag of Germany.svg Germany File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom |
An Anglo-German technology company that sells surveillance software to governments and police forces around the world. The FinFisher software, which was developed by the company, has been used by undemocratic regimes to spy on activists and journalists. |
| Memento Labs (formerly known as Hacking Team) |
File:Flag of Italy.svg Italy File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg Saudi Arabia File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Switzerland |
The company created spyware capable of extracting files from a targeted device, intercepting emails and instant messages, and activating a device's webcam or microphone, which was then sold to law enforcement and intelligence agencies. |
| Mollitiam Industries | File:Flag of Spain.svg Spain | A Spanish software company that developed tools for intercepting phone calls and emails. One of the customers of its product is the Colombian Armed Forces, which used it to illegally spy on supreme court judges, politicians, journalists and journalists’ sources. |
| NSO Group | File:Flag of Israel.svg Israel | An Israeli technology firm primarily known for its proprietary spyware Pegasus, which uses a WhatsApp flaw to install on targeted smartphones and send them infected files that open automatically. The spyware has been used to target human rights activists and journalists in various countries. |
| Zerodium (formerly known as Vupen) |
File:Flag of the United States.svg United States | An American information security company based in Washington, D.C. and Europe, which pays bounties to hackers and security researchers to be exclusively informed about their discoveries, which is used to spy on journalists to foreign governments. |
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References
- ↑ "Pakistan rejects naming of PM Khan as press freedom 'predator'". www.aljazeera.com.
- ↑ "Press freedom: India, Pakistan PMs among 37 world leaders on 'predators' list - Times of India". The Times of India.
- ↑ "Baseless to include Duterte on 'press freedom predator' list". www.pna.gov.ph.
- ↑ "RSF unveils 20/2020 list of press freedom's digital predators". 12 March 2020. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
- ↑ "RSF's 2021 "Press freedom predators" gallery – old tyrants, two women and a European | Reporters without borders". RSF. 2 July 2021.
- ↑ "Predators 2021" (PDF). RSF. 2021.
- ↑ "Press Freedom Predators" (PDF). Reporters Without Borders. 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
- ↑ "Predators" (PDF). RSF. 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
- ↑ Juillard, Jef (4 May 2007). "Media predators". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
- ↑ Townend, Judith (4 May 2010). "Reporters Without Borders names 40 press freedom 'predators'". journalism.co.uk. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
- ↑ "Predators of Press Freedom" (PDF). kubatana.net. 2010. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
- ↑ "RSF publishes list of thirty-nine "press freedom predators"". ifex. 6 November 2001. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
- ↑ "RSF unveils 20/2020 list of press freedom's digital predators" (PDF). Reporters Without Borders. 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
- ↑ Beaumont, Peter (12 March 2020). "List of world's worst 'digital predators' stretches from India and Brazil to US". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
- ↑ Pearson, James (9 July 2021). "How Vietnam's 'influencer' army wages information warfare on Facebook". Reuters. Retrieved 27 June 2022.