Saponaria
| Saponaria | |
|---|---|
| |
| Saponaria ocymoides | |
| Scientific classification Edit this classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Caryophyllales |
| Family: | Caryophyllaceae |
| Genus: | Saponaria L. (1753) |
| Species | |
|
30-40, see text | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
| |
Saponaria is a genus of flowering plants in the family Caryophyllaceae, native to Asia and Europe, and are commonly known as soapworts.[2] They are herbaceous perennials and annuals, some with woody bases. The flowers are abundant, five-petalled and usually in shades of pink[3] or white.[2] The genus is closely related to the genus Silene, being distinguished from these by having only two (not three or five) styles in the flower.[3] It is also related to Gypsophila, but its calyx is cylindrical rather than bell-shaped.[4] The most familiar species might be common soapwort (S. officinalis), which is native to Eurasia but is known in much of the world as an introduced species, often a weed, and sometimes a cultivated ornamental plant.[2] The genus name Saponaria derives from the Latin sapo ("soap") and -aria ("pertaining to"),[2] and at least one species, S. officinalis, has been used to make soap.[5] It contains saponins, and a liquid soap can be produced by soaking the leaves in water.[2] This soap is still used to clean delicate antique tapestries.[6] It is also sometimes stated that it is used as an emulsifier in Turkish delight confections, but this is a case of double confusion. The roots of plants in genus Gypsophila are used to make the Turkish confection helva and Saponaria species are not used.[7] Saponaria species are eaten by the larvae of some butterflies and moths, including the Lychnis and Coleophora saponariella, which is exclusive to the genus.
Diversity
There are thirty[4][8] to forty[2][9][10] species in the genus. Plants of the World Online accepts 39 species:[1]
- Saponaria iranica Heldr.
- (Stapf) Barkoudah Dashti, Assadi & Sharifnia
- Saponaria jagelii Phitos & Greuter
- Saponaria karapinarensis Saponaria bodeana
- Vural & Adıgüzel Saponaria kotschyi
- Boiss. Saponaria lutea
- Boiss. L.
- Saponaria mesogitana Boiss.
- Saponaria ocymoides Saponaria caespitosa
- L. Saponaria officinalis
- L. Saponaria bargyliana
- DC. L.
- Saponaria pachyphylla Rech.f.
- Saponaria pamphylica Saponaria calabrica
- Boiss. & Heldr. Saponaria picta
- Boiss. Saponaria pinetorum
- Guss. Hedge
- Saponaria prostrata Willd.
- Saponaria pumila Saponaria cerastoides
- Janch. Saponaria pumilio
- Boiss. Saponaria aenesia
- Gomb. Fisch. ex C.A.Mey.
- Regel & Schmalh. Saponaria sicula
- Raf. Saponaria cypria
- Rech.f. Saponaria subrosularis
- Rech.f. Boiss.
- Nábělek Saponaria syriaca
- Boiss. Saponaria dalmasi
- (Botsch.) V.A.Shultz Saponaria tridentata
- Saponaria bellidifolia H.Boissieu
- Saponaria emineana Gemici & Kit Tan
- Saponaria glutinosa Sm.
- M.Bieb. Saponaria griffithiana
- Boiss. Saponaria gypsacea
- Saponaria biovulata Vved.
- Boiss. Saponaria halophila
- Saponaria tadzhikistanica Saponaria suffruticosa
- Saponaria stenopetala Hedge & Hub.-Mor.
- Saponaria sewerzowii Saponaria orientalis
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Saponaria L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Thieret, John W.; Rabeler, Richard K. (2005). "Saponaria". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 5. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 RHS A–Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. ISBN 978-1405332965.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Ghazanfar, Shahina A.; Nasir, Yasin J. "Saponaria". Flora of Pakistan – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
- ↑ Coombes, A. J. (2012). The A to Z of Plant Names. USA: Timber Press. p. 265. ISBN 9781604691962.
- ↑ Elliot, Doug (July 1995). Wild Roots: Forager's Guide to the Edible and Medicinal Roots, Tubers, Corms and Rhizomes of North America. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. ISBN 978-0892815388.
- ↑ Işın, Priscilla Mary (2013). Sherbet & Spice : the complete story of Turkish sweets and desserts (1st ed.). New York: I.B. Tauris. pp. 128, 270. ISBN 978-1-84885-898-5. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
- ↑ Lu, Dequan; Lidén, Magnus; Oxelman, Bengt. "Saponaria". Flora of China. Vol. 6 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
- ↑ Jürgens, Andreas; Witt, Taina; Gottsberger, Gerhard (2003). "Flower scent composition in Dianthus and Saponaria species (Caryophyllaceae) and its relevance for pollination biology and taxonomy" (PDF). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 31 (4): 345–57. Bibcode:2003BioSE..31..345J. doi:10.1016/S0305-1978(02)00173-4.
- ↑ Hartman, Ronald L.; Rabeler, Richard K. (2012). "Saponaria". In Jepson Flora Project (ed.). Jepson eFlora. The Jepson Herbarium, University of California, Berkeley.
External links
- Saponaria. ITIS.