Symphyotrichum ericoides

Symphyotrichum ericoides
File:Symphyotrichum ericoides Green Lake County, WI flowerhead.jpg
S. ericoides in Green Lake County, Wisconsin
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Asterales
Family:	Asteraceae
Tribe:	Astereae
Subtribe:	Symphyotrichinae
Genus:	Symphyotrichum
Subgenus:	Symphyotrichum subg. Virgulus
Species:	S. ericoides
Binomial name
Symphyotrichum ericoides (L.) G.L.Nesom
Varieties
S. ericoides var. ericoides S. ericoides var. pansum (S.F.Blake) G.L.Nesom
Symphyotrichum ericoides native distribution map: Canada — Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Northwest Territories, Ontario, Québec, and Saskatchewan; Mexico — Coahuila and Nuevo León; US — Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.
Native distribution
Synonyms
Basionym Aster ericoides L. Species Aster multiflorus Raf. S.F.Blake Aiton Aster multiflorus var. caeruleus Benke Aster multiflorus var. ciliatus Aster ericoides f. exiguus (Willd.) W.P.C.Barton Aster multiflorus var. exiguus Fernald Aster multiflorus var. prostratus Fernald Kuntze Aster pauciflorus M.Martens Aster pilosus var. reevesii Aster ericoides f. gramsii S.F.Blake Aster polycephalus Rydb. Aster ciliatus Benke (Thell.) Bergmans Aster ramosissimus Mill. Aster reevesii Aster ericoides f. polycephalus (A.Gray) [[George Nicholson (horticulturist)|G.Nicholson]] Aster reversii Decne. Aster scoparius (Rydb.) F.C.Gates DC. Aster subulatus Steud. Aster tenuifolius Aster ericoides f. prostratus Willd. Eucephalus ericoides Nutt. Aglotoma multiflora Willd. (Kuntze) Fernald Nees Lasallea ericoides (L.) Semple & Brouillet Aster ericoides var. prostratus (Benke) G.Wilh. & Rericha Symphyotrichum ericoides var. prostratum (Kuntze) G.L.Nesom S.F.Blake (L.) Reveal & Keener Aster ericoides var. randii Aster commutatus var. polycephalus Britton Aster ericoides var. reevesii A.Gray Aster exiguus (Rydb.) S.F.Blake Rydb. Aster glabellus Nees Aster hebecladus Aster ericoides f. caeruleus DC. Aster leptophyllus Virgulus ericoides Symphyotrichum ericoides f. gramsii DC. Galatella leptophylla Aster × pseudodumosus var. pansum Aster ericoides subsp. pansus (S.F.Blake) A.G.Jones (S.F.Blake) B.Boivin S.F.Blake (S.F.Blake) Semple Symphyotrichum ericoides var. stricticaule Aster multiflorus var. stricticaulis (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom Aster ericoides var. stricticaulis Torr. & A.Gray (S.F.Blake) Á.Löve & D.Löve Virgulus ericoides var. pansus Aster pansus (S.F.Blake) Reveal & Keener Aster ericoides var. pansus (Torr. & A.Gray) F.C.Gates (S.F.Blake) Cronquist Aster stricticaulis Aster multiflorus var. pansus Rydb. Virgulus ericoides subsp. pansus Symphyotrichum ericoides subsp. pansum

Symphyotrichum ericoides (formerly Aster ericoides), with common names white heath aster, frost aster, and heath aster, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae native to much of central and eastern North America. It has been introduced to parts of Europe and western Asia. The naturally-occurring hybrid species of Symphyotrichum ericoides and Symphyotrichum novae-angliae (New England aster) is named Symphyotrichum × amethystinum and has the common name amethyst aster. It can grow where the two parents are in close proximity.

Description

S. ericoides is a perennial herbaceous plant with stems from 30 to 91 centimeters (1 to 3 feet) tall. Its leaves are sessile (stalkless) and narrow, becoming smaller towards the top of the plant and tips of the branching stem. It has white (rarely pinkish), flower heads with yellow centers that begin blooming in late summer and last through fall. They are 8 to 10 millimeters (1⁄3 to 1⁄2 inch) across. It is commonly confused with Symphyotrichum pilosum, which co-occurs throughout most of its range. S. pilosum has larger flower heads with longer ray petals. The phyllaries on S. pilosum are spine-tipped, while those of S. ericoides are not, although the curled edges may make them appear to be.

• Close-up of the flowers
  Close-up of the flowers
• Involucres and phyllaries
  Involucres and phyllaries
• Bracts
  Bracts
• Leaves, stem, stem node, branch
  Leaves, stem, stem node, branch
• Just beginning to bloom
  Just beginning to bloom
• Fruiting
  Fruiting

Taxonomy

Symphyotrichum ericoides has two varieties: S. ericoides var. ericoides, which spreads by underground rhizomes to form colonies, and S. ericoides var. pansum (S.F.Blake) G.L.Nesom, which is cespitose, remaining in a clump, and has corm-like caudices. F1 hybridization with Symphyotrichum novae-angliae can occur where the ranges of these two species overlap. The hybrid is called Symphyotrichum × amethystinum (amethyst aster) and is intermediate between the parent species in most respects.

• Photo of a hand holding three cuttings of asters, each approximately 45 centimeters (18 inches) tall. The flowers on the cuttings can be described as follows. On the far left is white heath aster (Symphyotrichum ericoides) which has about 80 white flower heads with light yellow centers. This plant has the smallest flower heads of the three. On the far right is New England aster (Symphyotrichum novae-angliae), which has about 20 deep purple flower heads with deep yellow centers. This plant has the largest flower heads of the three. In the center is the hybrid amethyst aster (Symphyotrichum x amethystinum), which has about 85 lavender flowers heads with medium yellow centers. This plant has flower heads that are size and color intermediate between its two parents.
  S. × amethystinum, center, is a hybrid between S. novae-angliae, right, and S. ericoides, left.

Distribution and habitat

Symphyotrichum ericoides grows from Canada across much of the United States into the Mexican states of Coahuila and Nuevo León. The variety S. ericoides var. ericoides prefers open locations with sandy, gravelly, or disturbed soil.

Conservation

As of October 2022, NatureServe listed S. ericoides as Secure (G5) globally, last reviewed on 16 May 2016. On a US state and Canadian province and territory basis, it listed the species as Vulnerable (S3) in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia; Imperiled (S2) in Mississippi; Critically Imperiled (S1) in Georgia and Kentucky; Apparently Secure (S4) in Iowa, Manitoba, Maryland, and Northwest Territories; and, Secure (S5) in Alberta, British Columbia, Montana, New York, Ontario, and Saskatchewan. It is reported as an Exotic in Québec. The remaining states, territories, and provinces have not been ranked.

Uses

Medicinal

Symphyotrichum ericoides has been used for medicinal purposes among Indigenous peoples of the Americas. It has been documented that the Meskwaki have used the plant both to revive an unconscious person and in a sweatbath as an herbal steam.

Gardening

Cultivars of Symphyotrichum ericoides are planted in gardens. Plants sold in the horticultural trade labeled as Aster ericoides, the old name of the plant, are usually cultivars or hybrids involving the species S. dumosum, S. lateriflorum, S. pilosum, or S. racemosum, a mistake that has occurred continuously since the 19th century. The following are cultivars of S. ericoides that have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:

• 'Blue Star'
• 'Brimstone'
• 'Golden Spray'
• 'Pink Cloud'
• 'Ringdove'
• 'Snow Flurry' (of S. ericoides var. prostratum)

References

• Brouillet, L.; Semple, J.C.; Allen, G.A.; Chambers, K.L.; Sundberg, S.D. (2006a). "Symphyotrichum ericoides". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 20. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 26 July 2021 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
• Brouillet, L.; Semple, J.C.; Allen, G.A.; Chambers, K.L.; Sundberg, S.D. (2006b). "Symphyotrichum ericoides var. ericoides". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 20. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 26 July 2021 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
• Brouillet, L.; Semple, J.C.; Allen, G.A.; Chambers, K.L.; Sundberg, S.D. (2006c). "Symphyotrichum ericoides var. pansum". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 20. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 26 July 2021 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
• Chayka, K.; Dziuk, P. (2016). "Symphyotrichum ericoides (Heath Aster)". Minnesota Wildflowers. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
• Chmielewski, J.G.; Semple, J.C. (2003). "The biology of Canadian weeds. 125. Symphyotrichum ericoides (L.) Nesom (Aster ericoides L.) and S. novae-angliae (L.) Nesom (A. novae-angliae L.)". Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 83 (4): 1017–1037. doi:10.4141/P01-179.
• Hilty, J. (2020). "Heath Aster (Symphyotrichum ericoides)". Illinois Wildflowers (www.illinoiswildflowers.info). Retrieved 17 October 2020.
• iNaturalist (2020). "Symphyotrichum ericoides: Similar Species". www.iNaturalist.org. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
• NatureServe (2022). "Symphyotrichum ericoides". explorer.natureserve.org. Arlington, Virginia. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
• Peterson, R.T.; McKenny, M. (1969). A Field Guide to Wildflowers: Northeastern and North-central North America. Peterson Field Guides. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 96: Heath Aster. ISBN 0-395-91172-9 – via Internet Archive.
• POWO (2019a). "Symphyotrichum ericoides (L.) G.L.Nesom". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
• POWO (2019b). "Symphyotrichum pilosum (Willd.) G.L.Nesom". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
• Royal Horticultural Society (n.d.a). "RHS Plant Selector – Symphyotrichum ericoides 'Blue Star'". www.rhs.org.uk. London. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
• Royal Horticultural Society (n.d.b). "RHS Plant Selector – Symphyotrichum ericoides 'Brimstone'". www.rhs.org.uk. London. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
• Royal Horticultural Society (n.d.c). "RHS Plant Selector – Symphyotrichum ericoides 'Golden Spray'". www.rhs.org.uk. London. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
• Royal Horticultural Society (n.d.d). "RHS Plant Selector – Symphyotrichum ericoides 'Pink Cloud'". www.rhs.org.uk. London. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
• Royal Horticultural Society (n.d.e). "RHS Plant Selector – Symphyotrichum ericoides 'Ringdove'". www.rhs.org.uk. London. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
• Royal Horticultural Society (n.d.f). "RHS Plant Selector – Symphyotrichum ericoides var. prostratum 'Snow Flurry'". www.rhs.org.uk. London. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
• Royal Horticultural Society (July 2017). "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). www.rhs.org.uk. London. p. 100. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
• Semple, J.C. (23 February 2014). "Symphyotrichum ×amethystinum Amethyst Aster". www.uwaterloo.ca. Ontario. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
• Smith, H.H. (1928). "Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians". Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee (Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Pub. by order of the board of trustees of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee). 4: 212 – via abstract at Native American Ethnobotany DB (naeb.brit.org).
• NRCS (2014). "Symphyotrichum ericoides". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 17 October 2020.

External links

• Asteraea Lab - University of Waterloo
• Symphyotrichum ericoides at Ladybird Johnson Wildflower Center, wildflower.org