Universal embedding theorem

The universal embedding theorem, or Krasner–Kaloujnine universal embedding theorem, is a theorem from the mathematical discipline of group theory first published in 1951 by Marc Krasner and Lev Kaluznin. The theorem states that any group extension of a group H by a group A is isomorphic to a subgroup of the regular wreath product A Wr H. The theorem is named for the fact that the group A Wr H is said to be universal with respect to all extensions of H by A.

Statement

Let H and A be groups, let K = A^H be the set of all functions from H to A, and consider the action of H on itself by right multiplication. This action extends naturally to an action of H on K defined by $\varphi (g).h=\varphi (g{h}^{-1}),$ where $\varphi \in K,$ and g and h are both in H. This is an automorphism of K, so we can define the semidirect product K ⋊ H called the regular wreath product, and denoted A Wr H or $A\wr H.$ The group K = A^H (which is isomorphic to $\{(f_x,1)\in A\wr H:x\in K\}$) is called the base group of the wreath product. The Krasner–Kaloujnine universal embedding theorem states that if G has a normal subgroup A and H = G/A, then there is an injective homomorphism of groups $\theta :G\to A\wr H$ such that A maps surjectively onto $\text{im}(\theta )\cap K.$ This is equivalent to the wreath product A Wr H having a subgroup isomorphic to G, where G is any extension of H by A.

Proof

This proof comes from Dixon–Mortimer. Define a homomorphism $\psi :G\to H$ whose kernel is A. Choose a set $T=\{t_u:u\in H\}$ of (right) coset representatives of A in G, where $\psi (t_u)=u.$ Then for all x in G, $t_{u}x{t}_{u\psi (x)}^{-1}\in \ker \psi =A.$ For each x in G, we define a function f_x: H → A such that $f_x(u)=t_{u}x{t}_{u\psi (x)}^{-1}.$ Then the embedding $\theta$ is given by $\theta (x)=(f_x,\psi (x))\in A\wr H.$ We now prove that this is a homomorphism. If x and y are in G, then $\theta (x)\theta (y)=(f_x(f_y.\psi (x{)}^{-1}),\psi (xy)).$ Now $f_y(u).\psi (x{)}^{-1}=f_y(u\psi (x)),$ so for all u in H,

$f_x(u)(f_y(u).\psi (x))=t_{u}x{t}_{u\psi (x)}^{-1}{t}_{u\psi (x)}y{t}_{u\psi (x)\psi (y)}^{-1}=t_{u}xy{t}_{u\psi (xy)}^{-1},$

so f_x f_y = f_xy. Hence $\theta$ is a homomorphism as required. The homomorphism is injective. If $\theta (x)=\theta (y),$ then both f_x(u) = f_y(u) (for all u) and $\psi (x)=\psi (y).$ Then $t_{u}x{t}_{u\psi (x)}^{-1}=t_{u}y{t}_{u\psi (y)}^{-1},$ but we can cancel t_u and $t_{u\psi (x)}^{-1}=t_{u\psi (y)}^{-1}$ from both sides, so x = y, hence $\theta$ is injective. Finally, $\theta (x)\in K$ precisely when $\psi (x)=1,$ in other words when $x\in A$ (as $A=\ker \psi$).

Generalizations and related results

• The Krohn–Rhodes theorem is a statement similar to the universal embedding theorem, but for semigroups. A semigroup S is a divisor of a semigroup T if it is the image of a subsemigroup of T under a homomorphism. The theorem states that every finite semigroup S is a divisor of a finite alternating wreath product of finite simple groups (each of which is a divisor of S) and finite aperiodic semigroups.
• An alternate version of the theorem exists which requires only a group G and a subgroup A (not necessarily normal). In this case, G is isomorphic to a subgroup of the regular wreath product A Wr (G/Core(A)).

Bibliography

• Dixon, John; Mortimer, Brian (1996). Permutation Groups. Springer. ISBN 978-0387945996.
• Kaloujnine, Lev; Krasner, Marc (1951a). "Produit complet des groupes de permutations et le problème d'extension de groupes II". Acta Sci. Math. Szeged. 14: 39–66.
• Kaloujnine, Lev; Krasner, Marc (1951b). "Produit complet des groupes de permutations et le problème d'extension de groupes III". Acta Sci. Math. Szeged. 14: 69–82.
• Praeger, Cheryl; Schneider, Csaba (2018). Permutation groups and Cartesian Decompositions. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521675062.