Uk (Cyrillic)

Not to be confused with O and Y.

For the UK, see United Kingdom. For other uses, see UK (disambiguation) and Oy (disambiguation).

Cyrillic letter Uk
File:Cyrillic letter digraph Uk.svg
Phonetic usage:	/u/
Numeric value:	400
The Cyrillic script
Slavic letters
А А́ А̀ А̂ А̄ Ӑ Ӓ Б В Г Ґ Д Ђ Ѓ Е Е́ Ѐ Е̂ Е̄ Ё Є Ж З З́ Ѕ И І І́ Ї Ꙇ И́ Ѝ И̂ Ӣ Й Ӥ Ј К Л Љ М Н Њ О О́ О̀ О̂ Ō Ӧ П Р С С́ Т Ћ Ќ У У́ У̀ У̂ Ӯ Ў Ӱ Ф Х Ц Ч Џ Ш Щ Ꙏ Ъ Ъ̀ Ы Ы́ Ь Ѣ Э Э́ Ю Ю́ Ю̀ Я Я́ Я̀
Non-Slavic letters
А̊ А̃ Ӓ̄ Ӕ Ә Ә́ Ә̃ Ӛ В̌ Ԝ Г̑ Г̇ Г̣ Г̌ Г̂ Г̆ Г̈ г̊ Ҕ Ғ File:Cyrillic capital letter Ghe with stroke and descender.svg Ӻ Ғ̌ ғ̊ Ӷ Г̡ Д́ Д̌ Д̈ Д̣ Д̆ Ӗ Е̃ Ё̄ Є̈ Ԑ Ԑ̈ Җ Ӝ Ӂ Ж̣ Ҙ Ӟ З̌ З̣ З̆ Ӡ И̃ Ҋ Қ Ӄ Ҡ Ҟ Ҝ К̣ к̊ қ̊ Ԛ ᴫ Л́ Ӆ Ԯ Ԓ Л̈ Ӎ ᵸ Н́ Ӊ Ң Ԩ Ӈ Ҥ О̆ О̃ Ӧ̄ Ө Ө̄ Ө́ Ө̆ Ӫ Ԥ П̈ Р̌ Ҏ С̌ Ҫ С̣ С̱ Т́ Т̈ Т̌ Т̇ Т̣ Ҭ Ᲊ У̃ Ӳ У̊ Ӱ̄ Ұ Ү Ү́ Х̣ Х̱ Х̮ Х̑ Х̌ Ҳ Ӽ х̊ Ӿ ӿ̊ Һ Һ̈ Ԧ Ц̌ Ц̈ Ҵ Ҷ Ҷ̣ Ӵ Ӌ File:Cyrillic capital letter Che with hook.svg Ҹ Ч̇ Ч̣ Ҽ Ҿ Ш̣ ꚜ Ы̆ Ы̄ Ӹ ꚝ Ҍ Ҩ Э̆ Э̄ Э̇ Ӭ Ӭ́ Ӭ̄ Ю̆ Ю̈ Ю̄ Я̆ Я̄ Я̈ Ӏ ʼ ˮ
Archaic or unused letters
File:Cyrillic capital letter script A.svg А̨ Б̀ Б̣ Б̱ В̀ Г̀ Г̧ Г̄ Г̓ Г̆ Ҕ̀ Ҕ̆ File:Cyrillic capital letter split by middle ring Ghe.svg Ԁ Д̓ Д̀ Д̨ File:Cyrillic capital letter archaic Dje.svg Ԃ Ꚁ Ꙣ Е̇ Е̨ Ж̀ Ж̑ File:Cyrillic small letter Zhe with stroke.svg File:Cyrillic capital letter Je with inverted belt.svg Ꙃ Ꙅ File:Cyrillic small letter Dje with high right breve serif.svg Џ̆ Ꚅ Ꚅ̆ Ꙁ З̀ З̑ Ԅ Ԇ Ꚉ Ԫ Ꚃ Ꚕ File:Cyrillic capital letter Shha with Cil top.svg File:Cyrillic capital letter Shha with high right breve serif.svg І̂ І̣ І̨ File:Cyrillic capital letter byelorussian-ukrainian I with curve at bottom.svg Ј̵ Ј̃ Ꙉ К̓ К̀ К̆ Ӄ̆ К̑ К̇ К̈ К̄ Ԟ К̂ File:Cyrillic capital letter Ka with loop.svg File:Cyrillic small letter ka with ascender.svg Л̀ Ԡ Ꙥ Ԉ Л̑ Л̇ Ԕ File:Cyrillic small letter El with retroflex hook.svg File:Cyrillic small letter El Er.svg File:Cyrillic small letter Te El with retroflex hook.svg М̀ М̃ Ꙧ Н̀ Н̄ Н̧ Н̃ Ԋ Ԣ Н̡ Ѻ Ꙩ Ꙫ Ꙭ ꙮ Ꚙ Ꚛ File:Cyrillic small letter O with notch at top.svg File:Cyrillic capital letter O with notch at bottom.svg File:Cyrillic capital letter O with left notch.svg П̓ П̀ П́ Ҧ П̧ П̑ Ҁ Ԛ̆ File:Cyrillic capital letter Shha with hook.svg Р́ Р̀ Р̃ File:Cyrillic small letter split at right Er.svg Ԗ С̀ С̈ Ԍ Ҫ̓ File:Cyrillic capital letter long Es.svg Т̓ Т̀ Ԏ Т̑ Ꚋ Т̧ Ꚍ Ꚍ̆ File:Cyrillic small letter Te El.svg File:Cyrillic small letter voiceless L.svg File:Cyrillic small letter voiceless L with comma above.svg Ѹ Ꙋ File:Cyrillic capital letter script U.svg У̇ У̨ ꙋ́ Ф̑ Ф̓ Х́ Х̀ Х̆ Х̇ Х̧ Х̾ Х̓ File:Cyrillic capital letter bashkir Ha.svg һ̱ Ѡ Ꙍ Ѽ Ѿ Ꙡ Ц̀ Ц́ Ц̓ File:Cyrillic capital letter Tse with long left leg.svg Ꚏ Ꚏ̆ File:Cyrillic capital letter Cil.svg File:Cyrillic capital letter Cil with bar.svg Ꚑ Ч́ Ч̀ Ч̆ Ч̑ Ч̓ File:Cyrillic capital letter Char.svg File:Cyrillic small letter Char with high right breve serif.svg Ԭ Ꚓ Ꚇ Ꚇ̆ Ҽ̆ Ш̀ Ш̆ Ш̑ Щ̆ Ꚗ Ꚗ̆ File:Cyrillic capital letter Che Sha.svg Ъ̄ Ъ̈ Ъ̈̄ Ꙑ Ы̂ Ы̃ File:Cyrillic small letter Yeru with connecting stroke.svg Ѣ́ Ѣ̈ Ѣ̆ Ꙓ Э̨ Э̂ Ꙕ Ю̂ File:Cyrillic capital letter iotified monograph uk.svg File:Cyrillic capital letter iotified monograph uk with breve.svg Ꙗ Я̂ Я̨ Ԙ Ѥ Ѧ Ꙙ Ѫ Ꙛ Ѩ Ꙝ Ѭ Ѯ Ѱ Ѳ Ѵ Ѷ Ꙟ
List of Cyrillic letters List of Cyrillic multigraphs

Uk (Ѹ ѹ; italics: Ѹ ѹ) is a digraph of the early Cyrillic alphabet of the letters О and У, although commonly considered and used as a single letter. To save space, it was often written as a vertical ligature (Ꙋ ꙋ), called "monograph Uk". In modern times, ⟨оу⟩ has been replaced by the simple ⟨у⟩. Ѹ is romanized as U, Ꙋ is romanized as Ū.

Development in Old East Slavic

File:Cyrillic letter monograph Uk.svg

Monograph Uk ligature

The simplification of the digraph ⟨оу⟩ to ⟨у⟩ was first brought about in Old East Slavic texts and only later taken over into South Slavic languages. One can see this development in the Novgorod birch-bark letters: The degree to which this letter was used here differed in two positions: in word-initial position or before a vowel (except for the jers), and after a consonant. Before a consonant, ⟨оу⟩ was used 89% of the time in the writings before 1100. By 1200, it was used 61% of the time, with the letter ⟨у⟩ used 14% of the time; by 1300, оу had reached 28%, surpassed by ⟨у⟩ at 45%. From the late 14th century on, there are no more instances of ⟨оу⟩ being used in this position, with ⟨у⟩ appearing 95% of the time. The decrease in usage was more gradual after a consonant. Although there are no instances of the use of ⟨у⟩ in this position before c. 1200, ⟨оу⟩ gradually decreased from 88% before 1100 to 57% by 1200. The frequency of ⟨оу⟩ remained steady between 47% and 44% until 1400, when it experienced another decrease to 32%. Meanwhile, the use of ⟨у⟩ increased from 4% in the early 13th century, to 20% by the mid-13th century, 38% by the mid 14th century, and 58% by the early 15th century.

Church Slavonic

Similarly to the letter І, the usage of Uk in Church Slavonic orthography was standardised by Meletius Smotrytsky, who assigned the two different forms (monograph and digraph) different functions. The original оу form was to be used at the beginning of words (for example, оучитель) while the monograph ꙋ was to be used in the middle and end of words (for example, мꙋжъ, комꙋ). Similarly to the rule for і, this would be used in most Cyrillic languages until the adoption of the Civil script.

Representation on computers

The letter Uk was first represented in Unicode 1.1.0 as U+0478 and 0479, CYRILLIC CAPITAL/SMALL LETTER UK (Ѹ ѹ). It was later recognized that the glyph to be used for the letter had not been adequately specified, and it had been represented as either a digraph or monograph letter in different released fonts. There was also the difficulty that in written texts the letter may appear in lowercase (оу), uppercase (Оу), or in all caps (ОУ), which is possible to be used for heading. To resolve this ambiguity, Unicode 5.1 has deprecated the use of the original code points, introduced U+A64A and A64B, CYRILLIC CAPITAL/SMALL LETTER MONOGRAPH UK (Ꙋ ꙋ), and recommends composing the digraph with two individual characters ⟨о⟩+⟨у⟩. Unicode 9.0 has also introduced U+1C82 CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER NARROW O which can also be used for composing the digraph form (⟨ᲂ⟩+⟨у⟩) and U+1C88 CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER UNBLENDED UK (ᲈ) as a variant of monograph form. However, the recommended method may cause some text representation problems. The letter У did not originally appear alone in the Old Church Slavonic orthography, and thus its code point was replaced in different Old Slavonic computer fonts with digraph or monograph forms of the Uk or with the tailed form of Izhitsa. Tailed Izhitsa may be used as a part of the digraph, but using the shape of the monograph Uk as a part of the digraph Uk (оꙋ) is incorrect. The minuscule monograph Uk was used in the Romanian Transitional Alphabet to represent /u/, but due to font restrictions, the Ȣ ligature or Latin gamma are occasionally used instead.

Computing codes

Character information

Preview	О		о		ᲂ		У		у
Unicode name	CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER O		CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER O		CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER NARROW O		CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER U		CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER U
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	1054	U+041E	1086	U+043E	7298	U+1C82	1059	U+0423	1091	U+0443
UTF-8	208 158	D0 9E	208 190	D0 BE	225 178 130	E1 B2 82	208 163	D0 A3	209 131	D1 83
Numeric character reference	О	О	о	о	ᲂ	ᲂ	У	У	у	у
Named character reference	О		о				У		у

Character information

Preview	Ѹ		ѹ		Ꙋ		ꙋ		ᲈ
Unicode name	CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER UK		CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER UK		CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER MONOGRAPH UK		CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER MONOGRAPH UK		CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER UNBLENDED UK
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	1144	U+0478	1145	U+0479	42570	U+A64A	42571	U+A64B	7304	U+1C88
UTF-8	209 184	D1 B8	209 185	D1 B9	234 153 138	EA 99 8A	234 153 139	EA 99 8B	225 178 136	E1 B2 88
Numeric character reference	Ѹ	Ѹ	ѹ	ѹ	Ꙋ	Ꙋ	ꙋ	ꙋ	ᲈ	ᲈ

Further reading

• Kaplan, Michael S. “Every character has a story #10: U+0478/U+0479 (CYRILLIC LETTER UK)”, May 21, 2005.
• Zaliznyak, Andrey (2004). Drevnenovgorodskij dialekt. Moscow: Jazyki slavjanskoj kul'tury.