Ra (Indic)

Ra
Ra
Example glyphs
Assamese	ৰ
Bengali	Ra
Tibetan	Ra
Tamil	Ra
Thai	ร
Malayalam	ര
Sinhala	ර
Ashoka Brahmi	Ra
Devanagari	Ra
Cognates
Hebrew	ר
Greek	Ρ
Latin	R
Cyrillic	Р
Properties
Phonemic representation	/ɾ/
IAST transliteration	r R
ISCII code point	CF (207)

Ra is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ra is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter ng after having gone through the Gupta letter File:Gupta allahabad r.svg. Most Indic scripts have differing forms of Ra when used in combination with other consonants, including subjoined and repha forms. Some of these are encoded in computer text as separate characters, while others are generated dynamically using conjunct shaping with a virama.

Āryabhaṭa numeration

Further information: Āryabhaṭa numeration

Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of र are:

• र [ɾə] = 40 (४०)
• रि [ɾɪ] = 4,000 (४ ०००)
• रु [ɾʊ] = 400,000 (४ ०० ०००)
• रृ [ɾri] = 40,000,000 (४ ०० ०० ०००)
• रॢ [ɾlə] = 4×10⁹ (४×१०^९)
• रे [ɾe] = 4×10¹¹ (४×१०^११)
• रै [ɾɛː] = 4×10¹³ (४×१०^१३)
• रो [ɾoː] = 4×10¹⁵ (४×१०^१५)
• रौ [ɾɔː] = 4×10¹⁷ (४×१०^१७)

Historic Ra

There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Ra as found in standard Brahmi, Ra, was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta Ra. The Tocharian Ra Ra had an alternate Fremdzeichen form, Ra. The third form of ra, in Kharoshthi (Ra), was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

Brahmi Ra

The Brahmi letter Ra, Ra, is probably derived from the Aramaic Resh File:Resh.svg, and is thus related to the modern Latin R and Greek Rho. Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Ra can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period. As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Ra historic forms

Ashoka (3rd-1st c. BCE)	Girnar (~150 BCE)	Kushana (~150-250 CE)	Gujarat (~250 CE)	Gupta (~350 CE)
File:Brahmi r.svg	File:Gupta girnar r.svg	File:Gupta ashoka r.svg	File:Gupta gujarat r.svg	File:Gupta allahabad r.svg

Tocharian Ra

The Tocharian letter Ra is derived from the Brahmi Ra, and has an alternate Fremdzeichen form Rä used in conjuncts and as an alternate representation of Rä. The use of repha forms in modern Indic scripts is similar to the Fremdzeichen Ra in Tocharian.

Tocharian Ra with vowel marks

Ra	Rā	Ri	Rī	Ru	Rū	Rr	Rr̄	Re	Rai	Ro	Rau	Rä	Fremdzeichen
File:Tocharian letter ra.gif	File:Tocharian letter raa.gif	File:Tocharian letter ri.gif	File:Tocharian letter rii.gif	File:Tocharian letter ru.gif	File:Tocharian letter ruu.gif	File:Tocharian letter rr.gif		File:Tocharian letter re.gif	File:Tocharian letter rai.gif	File:Tocharian letter ro.gif	File:Tocharian letter rau.gif	File:Tocharian letter rä.gif	File:Tocharian letter rà.gif

Kharoṣṭhī Ra

The Kharoṣṭhī letter Ra is generally accepted as being derived from the Aramaic Resh File:Resh.svg, and is thus related to R and Rho, in addition to the Brahmi Ra.

Devanagari Ra

Ra (र) is a consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter ka, after having gone through the Gupta letter File:Gupta allahabad r.svg. Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter ર, and the Modi letter 𑘨. Ra, along with the Latin capital letter R, is the basis of the currency symbol ₹, which represents the Indian rupee.

Devanagari-using languages

In all languages, र is pronounced as [ɾə] or [ɾ] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Devanagari र with vowel marks

Ra	Rā	Ri	Rī	Ru	Rū	Rr	Rr̄	Rl	Rl̄	Re	Rai	Ro	Rau	R
र	रा	रि	री	रु	रू	रृ	रॄ	रॢ	रॣ	रे	रै	रो	रौ	र्

Several languages use the dotted form Rra File:Devanagari rr.svg for the [r] sound instead of र. ऱ combines with vowel marks identically to र.

Conjuncts with र

File:Devanagari Repha.svg

Devanagari Repha

File:Devanagari Rakar.svg

Devanagari Rakar

File:Devanagari Eyelash Ra.svg

Eyelash Ra

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari, with Marathi in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks. When in conjuncts with other letters, र takes on several different forms, the most important of which are Repha and Rakar. Repha is used to indicate that a conjunct begins with "R". It is crescent shape attached atop the headline of the rest of the conjunct at the right, immediately above the vertical stem, if present. The other members of the conjunct ignore Repha for shaping, combining with the other members of the conjunct to form ligatures or stacked conjuncts normally. Rakar is used to indicate a consonant conjunct ending in "Ra". It is an upward-pointing wedge shape that is found either centered below the rest of the conjunct, or tilted to the right and integrated with the bottom of the stemline. Like with Repha, the rest of the conjunct ignores Rakar for shaping, except for minor alteration of the bottom of any stemline. The third conjunct form of Ra is the so-called Eyelash Ra. It resembles a half-form in retaining the head line, with a shape below that connects to the following letter, but this remaining eyelash shape does not resemble either र or ऱ. The eyelash Ra is used in Nepali and Marathi texts instead of Repha for an initial "R" sound in a conjunct. Even though those languages both use the dotted Ra ऱ, eyelash Ra is the default form of Ra + Virama in Unicode for backwards compatibility, and the Repha form is mapped individually as a ligature with each other Devanagari consonant.

Devanagari Repha

• Repha र্ (r) + ब (ba) gives the ligature rba: ^note

File:Devanagari Conjunct RBa.svg

• Repha र্ (r) + भ (b^ha) gives the ligature rb^ha:

File:Devanagari Conjunct RBha.svg

• Repha र্ (r) + च (ca) gives the ligature rca:

File:Devanagari Conjunct RCa.svg

• Repha र্ (r) + छ (c^ha) gives the ligature rc^ha:

File:Devanagari Conjunct RCha.svg

• Repha र্ (r) + द (da) gives the ligature rda:

File:Devanagari Conjunct RDa.svg

• Repha र্ (r) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature rḍa:

File:Devanagari Conjunct RDda.svg

• Repha र্ (r) + ढ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature rḍʱa:

File:Devanagari Conjunct RDdha.svg

• Repha र্ (r) + द্ (d) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature rddʱa:

File:Devanagari Conjunct RDDha.svg

• Repha र্ (r) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature rdʱa:

File:Devanagari Conjunct RDha.svg

• Repha र্ (r) + द্ (d) + व (va) gives the ligature rdva:

File:Devanagari Conjunct RDVa.svg

• Repha र্ (r) + ग (ga) gives the ligature rga:

File:Devanagari Conjunct RGa.svg

• Repha र্ (r) + घ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature rɡʱa:

File:Devanagari Conjunct RGha.svg

• Repha र্ (r) + ह (ha) gives the ligature rha:

File:Devanagari Conjunct RHa.svg

• Repha र্ (r) + ज (ja) gives the ligature rja:

File:Devanagari Conjunct RJa.svg

• Repha र্ (r) + झ (j^ha) gives the ligature rj^ha:

File:Devanagari Conjunct RJha.svg

• Repha र্ (r) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature rjña:

File:Devanagari Conjunct RJNya.svg

• Repha र্ (r) + क (ka) gives the ligature rka:

File:Devanagari Conjunct RKa.svg

• Repha र্ (r) + ख (k^ha) gives the ligature rk^ha:

File:Devanagari Conjunct RKha.svg

• Repha र্ (r) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature rkṣa:

File:Devanagari Conjunct RKSsa.svg

• Repha र্ (r) + ल (la) gives the ligature rla:

File:Devanagari Conjunct RLa.svg

• Repha र্ (r) + ळ (ḷa) gives the ligature rḷa:

File:Devanagari Conjunct RLla.svg

• Repha र্ (r) + म (ma) gives the ligature rma:

File:Devanagari Conjunct RMa.svg

• Repha र্ (r) + न (na) gives the ligature rna:

File:Devanagari Conjunct RNa.svg

• Repha र্ (r) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature rŋa:

File:Devanagari Conjunct RNga.svg

• Repha र্ (r) + ङ্ (ŋ) + ग (ga) gives the ligature rŋga:

File:Devanagari Conjunct RNgGa.svg

• Repha र্ (r) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature rṇa:

File:Devanagari Conjunct RNna.svg

• Repha र্ (r) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature rña:

File:Devanagari Conjunct RNya.svg

• Repha र্ (r) + प (pa) gives the ligature rpa:

File:Devanagari Conjunct RPa.svg

• Repha र্ (r) + फ (p^ha) gives the ligature rp^ha:

File:Devanagari Conjunct RPha.svg

• Repha र্ (r) + र (ra) gives the ligature rra:

File:Devanagari Conjunct RRa.svg

• Repha र্ (r) + स (sa) gives the ligature rsa:

File:Devanagari Conjunct RSa.svg

• Repha र্ (r) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature rʃa:

File:Devanagari Conjunct RSha.svg

• Repha र্ (r) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature rṣa:

File:Devanagari Conjunct RSsa.svg

• Repha र্ (r) + स্ (s) + व (va) gives the ligature rsva:

File:Devanagari Conjunct RSVa.svg

• Repha र্ (r) + त (ta) gives the ligature rta:

File:Devanagari Conjunct RTa.svg

• Repha र্ (r) + थ (t^ha) gives the ligature rt^ha:

File:Devanagari Conjunct RTha.svg

• Repha र্ (r) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature rṭa:

File:Devanagari Conjunct RTta.svg

• Repha र্ (r) + त্ (t) + त (ta) gives the ligature rtta:

File:Devanagari Conjunct RTTa.svg

• Repha र্ (r) + ठ (ṭ^ha) gives the ligature rṭ^ha:

File:Devanagari Conjunct RTtha.svg

• Repha र্ (r) + व (va) gives the ligature rva:

File:Devanagari Conjunct RVa.svg

• Repha र্ (r) + य (ya) gives the ligature rya:

File:Devanagari Conjunct RYa.svg

Devanagari Rakar

• भ্ (b^h) + र (ra) gives the ligature b^hra:

File:Devanagari Conjunct BhRa.svg

• ब্ (b) + र (ra) gives the ligature bra:

File:Devanagari Conjunct BRa.svg

• छ্ (c^h) + र (ra) gives the ligature c^hra:

File:Devanagari Conjunct ChRa.svg

• च্ (c) + र (ra) gives the ligature cra:

File:Devanagari Conjunct CRa.svg

• द্ (d) + ब্ (b) + र (ra) gives the ligature dbra:

File:Devanagari Conjunct DBRa.svg

• ढ্ (ḍʱ) + र (ra) gives the ligature ḍʱra:

File:Devanagari Conjunct DdhRa.svg

• ड্ (ḍ) + र (ra) gives the ligature ḍra:

File:Devanagari Conjunct DdRa.svg

• द্ (d) + द্ (d) + र (ra) gives the ligature ddra:

File:Devanagari Conjunct DDRa.svg

• द্ (d) + ग্ (g) + र (ra) gives the ligature dgra:

File:Devanagari Conjunct DGRa.svg

• ध্ (dʱ) + र (ra) gives the ligature dʱra:

File:Devanagari Conjunct DhRa.svg

• द্ (d) + र (ra) gives the ligature dra:

File:Devanagari Conjunct DRa.svg

• घ্ (ɡʱ) + र (ra) gives the ligature ɡʱra:

File:Devanagari Conjunct GhRa.svg

• ग্ (g) + र (ra) gives the ligature gra:

File:Devanagari Conjunct GRa.svg

• ग্ (g) + र্ (r) + य (ya) gives the ligature grya:

File:Devanagari Conjunct GRYa.svg

• ह্ (h) + र (ra) gives the ligature hra:

File:Devanagari Conjunct HRa.svg

• झ্ (j^h) + र (ra) gives the ligature j^hra:

File:Devanagari Conjunct JhRa.svg

• ज্ (j) + र (ra) gives the ligature jra:

File:Devanagari Conjunct JRa.svg

• क্ (k) + र (ra) gives the ligature kra:

File:Devanagari Conjunct KRa.svg

• क্ (k) + त্ (t) + र (ra) gives the ligature ktra:

File:Devanagari Conjunct KTRa.svg

• ळ্ (ḷ) + र (ra) gives the ligature ḷra:

File:Devanagari Conjunct LlRa.svg

• ल্ (l) + र (ra) gives the ligature lra:

File:Devanagari Conjunct LRa.svg

• म্ (m) + र (ra) gives the ligature mra:

File:Devanagari Conjunct MRa.svg

• ङ্ (ŋ) + क্ (k) + र (ra) gives the ligature ŋkra:

File:Devanagari Conjunct NgKRa.svg

• ङ্ (ŋ) + र (ra) gives the ligature ŋra:

File:Devanagari Conjunct NgRa.svg

• ण্ (ṇ) + र (ra) gives the ligature ṇra:

File:Devanagari Conjunct NnRa.svg

• न্ (n) + र (ra) gives the ligature nra:

File:Devanagari Conjunct NRa.svg

• ञ্ (ñ) + र (ra) gives the ligature ñra:

File:Devanagari Conjunct NyRa.svg

• फ্ (p^h) + र (ra) gives the ligature p^hra:

File:Devanagari Conjunct PhRa.svg

• प্ (p) + र (ra) gives the ligature pra:

File:Devanagari Conjunct PRa.svg

• प্ (p) + त্ (t) + र (ra) gives the ligature ptra:

File:Devanagari Conjunct PTRa.svg

• श্ (ʃ) + र (ra) gives the ligature ʃra:

File:Devanagari Conjunct ShRa.svg

• स্ (s) + र (ra) gives the ligature sra:

File:Devanagari Conjunct SRa.svg

• ष্ (ṣ) + क্ (k) + र (ra) gives the ligature ṣkra:

File:Devanagari Conjunct SsKRa.svg

• ष্ (ṣ) + र (ra) gives the ligature ṣra:

File:Devanagari Conjunct SsRa.svg

• थ্ (t^h) + र (ra) gives the ligature t^hra:

File:Devanagari Conjunct ThRa.svg

• त্ (t) + र (ra) gives the ligature tra:

File:Devanagari Conjunct TRa.svg

• त্ (t) + र্ (r) + य (ya) gives the ligature trya:

File:Devanagari Conjunct TRYa.svg

• ठ্ (ṭ^h) + र (ra) gives the ligature ṭ^hra:

File:Devanagari Conjunct TthRa.svg

• ट্ (ṭ) + र (ra) gives the ligature ṭra:

File:Devanagari Conjunct TtRa.svg

• त্ (t) + त্ (t) + र (ra) gives the ligature ttra:

File:Devanagari Conjunct TTRa.svg

• व্ (v) + र (ra) gives the ligature vra:

File:Devanagari Conjunct VRa.svg

• य্ (y) + र (ra) gives the ligature yra:

File:Devanagari Conjunct YRa.svg

Conjuncts with both Repha and Rakar forms

• र্ (r) + ध্ (dʱ) + र (ra) gives the ligature rdʱra:

File:Devanagari Conjunct RDhRa.svg

• र্ (r) + ष্ (ṣ) + ट্ (ṭ) + र (ra) gives the ligature rṣṭra:

File:Devanagari Conjunct RSsTtRa.svg

• र্ (r) + त্ (t) + र (ra) gives the ligature rtra:

File:Devanagari Conjunct RTRa.svg

• र্ (r) + त্ (t) + त্ (t) + र (ra) gives the ligature rttra:

File:Devanagari Conjunct RTTRa.svg

Devanagari Eyelash Ra

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ब (ba) gives the ligature rba:

File:Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RBa.svg

• Eyelash र্ (r) + भ (b^ha) gives the ligature rb^ha:

File:Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RBha.svg

• Eyelash र্ (r) + च (ca) gives the ligature rca:

File:Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RCa.svg

• Eyelash र্ (r) + छ (c^ha) gives the ligature rc^ha:

File:Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RCha.svg

• Eyelash र্ (r) + द (da) gives the ligature rda:

File:Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RDa.svg

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature rḍa:

File:Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RDda.svg

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ढ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature rḍʱa:

File:Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RDdha.svg

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature rdʱa:

File:Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RDha.svg

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ग (ga) gives the ligature rga:

File:Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RGa.svg

• Eyelash र্ (r) + घ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature rɡʱa:

File:Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RGha.svg

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ह (ha) gives the ligature rha:

File:Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RHa.svg

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ज (ja) gives the ligature rja:

File:Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RJa.svg

• Eyelash र্ (r) + झ (j^ha) gives the ligature rj^ha:

File:Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RJha.svg

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature rjña:

File:Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RJNya.svg

• Eyelash र্ (r) + क (ka) gives the ligature rka:

File:Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RKa.svg

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ख (k^ha) gives the ligature rk^ha:

File:Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RKha.svg

• Eyelash र্ (r) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature rkṣa:

File:Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RKSsa.svg

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ल (la) gives the ligature rla:

File:Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RLa.svg

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ळ (ḷa) gives the ligature rḷa:

File:Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RLla.svg

• Eyelash र্ (r) + म (ma) gives the ligature rma:

File:Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RMa.svg

• Eyelash र্ (r) + न (na) gives the ligature rna:

File:Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RNa.svg

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature rŋa:

File:Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RNga.svg

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature rṇa:

File:Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RNna.svg

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature rña:

File:Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RNya.svg

• Eyelash र্ (r) + प (pa) gives the ligature rpa:

File:Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RPa.svg

• Eyelash र্ (r) + फ (p^ha) gives the ligature rp^ha:

File:Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RPha.svg

• Eyelash र্ (r) + स (sa) gives the ligature rsa:

File:Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RSa.svg

• Eyelash र্ (r) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature rʃa:

File:Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RSha.svg

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature rṣa:

File:Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RSsa.svg

• Eyelash र্ (r) + त (ta) gives the ligature rta:

File:Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RTa.svg

• Eyelash र্ (r) + थ (t^ha) gives the ligature rt^ha:

File:Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RTha.svg

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature rṭa:

File:Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RTta.svg

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ठ (ṭ^ha) gives the ligature rṭ^ha:

File:Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RTtha.svg

• Eyelash र্ (r) + व (va) gives the ligature rva:

File:Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RVa.svg

• Eyelash र্ (r) + य (ya) gives the ligature rya:

File:Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RYa.svg

Bengali/Assamese Ra

The Bengali script র and Assamese script ৰ are derived from the Siddhaṃ File:Siddham r.svg, and are marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than their Devanagari counterpart, र. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter র will sometimes be transliterated as "ro" instead of "ra". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /ro/. Although the inherent vowel of Assamese consonant letters is different (/ɑ/), the bare letter ৰ is also transliterated as "ro" or "ra". Like all Indic consonants, র/ৰ can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".

Bengali র / Assamese ৰ with vowel marks

ra	rā	ri	rī	ru	rū	rr	rr̄	re	rai	ro	rau	r
র	রা	রি	রী	রু	রূ	রৃ	রৄ	রে	রৈ	রো	রৌ	র্
ৰ	ৰা	ৰি	ৰী	ৰু	ৰূ	ৰৃ	ৰৄ	ৰে	ৰৈ	ৰো	ৰৌ	ৰ্

র/ৰ in languages using Bengali-Assamese

র or ৰ is used as a basic consonant character in many of the Bengali-Assamese script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese. Bengali uses র and Assamese uses ৰ. In Assamese, র was used earlier for wa but now it is standardised as a separate letter ৱ.

Conjuncts with র/ৰ

Bengali/Assamese র/ৰ exhibit conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. Much like other Indic scripts, Bengali-Assamese র/ৰ also rarely appear in conjuncts in full form, and have special unrelated graphic forms for both initial and trailing র/ৰ in conjuncts called Repha and Ra phala (in Bengali) or Ra kar (in Assamese).

Bengali/Assamese Ra-phala/kar

File:Bengali Letter Ra-phala.svg

Bengali-Assamese Ra-phala/kar

The letters র/ৰ have a special form when used as the last letter of a conjunct called "Ra phala/kar" (or "Ro pholo"). This reduced form of র/ৰ is appended to the bottom of a letter or conjunct. Both Ya and Va have a similar "phala" trailing form. Ra-phala and Ya-phala can be found together in many conjuncts.

• ভ্ (b^h) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature b^hra:

File:Bengali Conjunct BHra.svg

• ব্ (b) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature bra:

File:Bengali Conjunct Bra.svg

• চ্ (c) + ছ্ (c^h) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature cc^hra:

File:Bengali Conjunct Cchra.svg

• দ্ (d) + ভ্ (b^h) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature db^hra:

File:Bengali Conjunct Dbhra.svg

• ঢ্ (ḍʱ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ḍʱra:

File:Bengali Conjunct DDHra.svg

• ড্ (ḍ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ḍra:

File:Bengali Conjunct DDra.svg

• ধ্ (dʱ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature dʱra:

File:Bengali Conjunct DHra.svg

• দ্ (d) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature dra:

File:Bengali Conjunct Dra.svg

• দ্ (d) + র্/ৰ্ (r) + য (ya) gives the ligature drya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to ra phala:

File:Bengali Conjunct Drya.svg

• গ্ (g) + ধ্ (dʱ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature gdʱra:

File:Bengali Conjunct Gdhra.svg

• ঘ্ (ɡʱ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ɡʱra:

File:Bengali Conjunct GHra.svg

• গ্ (g) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature gra:

File:Bengali Conjunct Gra.svg

• গ্ (g) + র্/ৰ (r) + য (ya) gives the ligature grya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to ra phala:

File:Bengali Conjunct Grya.svg

• জ্ (j) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature jra:

File:Bengali Conjunct Jra.svg

• খ্ (k^h) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature k^hra:

File:Bengali Conjunct KHra.svg

• ক্ (k) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature kra:

File:Bengali Conjunct Kra.svg

• ক্ (k) + ত্ (t) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ktra:

File:Bengali Conjunct Ktra.svg

• ক্ (k) + ট্ (ṭ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature kṭra:

File:Bengali Conjunct Kttra.svg

• ম্ (m) + ভ্ (b^h) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature mb^hra:

File:Bengali Conjunct Mbhra.svg

• ম্ (m) + প্ (p) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature mpra:

File:Bengali Conjunct Mpra.svg

• ম্ (m) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature mra:

File:Bengali Conjunct Mra.svg

• ম্ (m) + ব্ (v) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature mvra:

File:Bengali Conjunct Mvra.svg

• ন্ (n) + ড্ (ḍ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature nḍra:

File:Bengali Conjunct Nddra.svg

• ন্ (n) + ধ্ (dʱ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ndʱra:

File:Bengali Conjunct Ndhra.svg

• ন্ (n) + দ্ (d) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ndra:

File:Bengali Conjunct Ndra.svg

• ঙ্ (ŋ) + ঘ্ (ɡʱ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ŋɡʱra:

File:Bengali Conjunct NGghra.svg

• ঙ্ (ŋ) + ক্ (k) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ŋkra:

File:Bengali Conjunct NGkta.svg

• ণ্ (ṇ) + ড্ (ḍ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ṇḍra:

File:Bengali Conjunct NNddra.svg

• ন্ (n) + থ্ (t^h) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature nt^hra:

File:Bengali Conjunct Nthra.svg

• ন্ (n) + ত্ (t) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ntra:

File:Bengali Conjunct Ntra.svg

• ন্ (n) + ত্ (t) + র্/ৰ্ (r) + য (ya) gives the ligature ntrya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to ra phala:

File:Bengali Conjunct Ntrya.svg

• ন্ (n) + ট্ (ṭ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature nṭra:

File:Bengali Conjunct Nttra.svg

• ফ্ (p^h) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature p^hra:

File:Bengali Conjunct PHra.svg

• প্ (p) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature pra:

File:Bengali Conjunct Pra.svg

• প্ (p) + র্/ৰ (r) + য (ya) gives the ligature prya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to ra phala:

File:Bengali Conjunct Prya.svg

• শ্ (ʃ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ʃra:

File:Bengali Conjunct SHra.svg

• স্ (s) + ক্ (k) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature skra:

File:Bengali Conjunct Skra.svg

• স্ (s) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature sra:

File:Bengali Conjunct Sra.svg

• ষ্ (ṣ) + ক্ (k) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ṣkra:

File:Bengali Conjunct SSkra.svg

• ষ্ (ṣ) + প্ (p) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ṣpra:

File:Bengali Conjunct SSpra.svg

• ষ্ (ṣ) + ট্ (ṭ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ṣṭra:

File:Bengali Conjunct SSttra.svg

• স্ (s) + ত্ (t) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature stra:

File:Bengali Conjunct Stra.svg

• স্ (s) + ট্ (ṭ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature sṭra:

File:Bengali Conjunct Sttra.svg

• থ্ (t^h) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature t^hra:

File:Bengali Conjunct THra.svg

• ত্ (t) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature tra:

File:Bengali Conjunct Tra.svg

• ত্ (t) + র্/ৰ (r) + য (ya) gives the ligature trya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to ra phala:

File:Bengali Conjunct Trya.svg

• ট্ (ṭ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ṭra:

File:Bengali Conjunct TTra.svg

Bengali/Assamese Repha

File:Bengali Letter Repha.svg

Bengali-Assamese Repha

Unlike other letters, র/ৰ also have a special form when used as the initial letter of a conjunct called "Repha". This reduced form of র is on top of the following letter or conjunct. Repha can be found in combination with Ra-phala, Ya-phala/kar and Va-phala/kar in many conjuncts.

• র্ (r) + ভ (b^ha) gives the ligature rb^ha:

File:Bengali Conjunct Rbha.svg

• র্ (r) + ব্ (b) + য (ya) gives the ligature rbya, with the ya phala suffix:

File:Bengali Conjunct Rbya.svg

• র্ (r) + চ (ca) gives the ligature rca:

File:Bengali Conjunct Rca.svg

• র্ (r) + ছ (c^ha) gives the ligature rc^ha:

File:Bengali Conjunct Rcha.svg

• র্ (r) + চ্ (c) + য (ya) gives the ligature rcya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

File:Bengali Conjunct Rcya.svg

• র্ (r) + দ (da) gives the ligature rda:

File:Bengali Conjunct Rda.svg

• র্ (r) + ড (ḍa) gives the ligature rḍa:

File:Bengali Conjunct Rdda.svg

• র্ (r) + ঢ্ (ḍʱ) + য (ya) gives the ligature rḍʱya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

File:Bengali Conjunct Rddhya.svg

• র্ (r) + ধ (dʱa) gives the ligature rdʱa:

File:Bengali Conjunct Rdha.svg

• র্ (r) + ধ্ (dʱ) + ব (va) gives the ligature rdʱva, with the va phala suffix in addition to repha:

File:Bengali Conjunct Rdhva.svg

• র্ (r) + দ্ (d) + র (ra) gives the ligature rdra:

File:Bengali Conjunct Rdra.svg

• র্ (r) + দ্ (d) + ব (va) gives the ligature rdva, with the va phala suffix in addition to repha:

File:Bengali Conjunct Rdva.svg

• র্ (r) + গ (ga) gives the ligature rga:

File:Bengali Conjunct Rga.svg

• র্ (r) + ঘ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature rɡʱa:

File:Bengali Conjunct Rgha.svg

• র্ (r) + (ɡʱ) + য (ya) gives the ligature rɡʱya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

File:Bengali Conjunct Rghya.svg

• র্ (r) + গ্ (ga) + য (ya) gives the ligature rɡya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

File:Bengali Conjunct Rgya.svg

• র্ (r) + হ (ha) gives the ligature rha:

File:Bengali Conjunct Rha.svg

• র্ (r) + হ্ (h) + য (ya) gives the ligature rhya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

File:Bengali Conjunct Rhya.svg

• র্ (r) + জ (ja) gives the ligature rja:

File:Bengali Conjunct Rja.svg

• র্ (r) + ঝ (j^ha) gives the ligature rj^ha:

File:Bengali Conjunct Rjha.svg

• র্ (r) + জ্ (j) + য (ya) gives the ligature rjya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

File:Bengali Conjunct Rjya.svg

• র্ (r) + ক (ka) gives the ligature rka:

File:Bengali Conjunct Rka.svg

• র্ (r) + খ (k^ha) gives the ligature rk^ha:

File:Bengali Conjunct Rkha.svg

• র্ (r) + খ্ (k^h) + য (ya) gives the ligature rk^hya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

File:Bengali Conjunct Rkhya.svg

• র্ (r) + ক্ (k) + য (ya) gives the ligature rkya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

File:Bengali Conjunct Rkya.svg

• র্ (r) + ল (la) gives the ligature rla:

File:Bengali Conjunct Rla.svg

• র্ (r) + ম (ma) gives the ligature rma:

File:Bengali Conjunct Rma.svg

• র্ (r) + ম্ (m) + য (ya) gives the ligature rmya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

File:Bengali Conjunct Rmya.svg

• র্ (r) + ন (na) gives the ligature rna:

File:Bengali Conjunct Rna.svg

• র্ (r) + ণ (ṇa) gives the ligature rṇa:

File:Bengali Conjunct Rnna.svg

• র্ (r) + ণ্ (ṇ) + য (ya) gives the ligature rṇya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

File:Bengali Conjunct Rnnya.svg

• র্ (r) + প (pa) gives the ligature rpa:

File:Bengali Conjunct Rpa.svg

• র্ (r) + ফ (p^ha) gives the ligature rp^ha:

File:Bengali Conjunct Rpha.svg

• র্ (r) + স (sa) gives the ligature rsa:

File:Bengali Conjunct Rsa.svg

• র্ (r) + শ (ʃa) gives the ligature rʃa:

File:Bengali Conjunct Rsha.svg

• র্ (r) + শ্ (ʃ) + ব (va) gives the ligature rʃva, with the va phala suffix in addition to repha:

File:Bengali Conjunct Rshva.svg

• র্ (r) + শ্ (ʃ) + য (ya) gives the ligature rʃya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

File:Bengali Conjunct Rshya.svg

• র্ (r) + ষ (ṣa) gives the ligature rṣa:

File:Bengali Conjunct Rssa.svg

• র্ (r) + ষ্ (ṣ) + য (ya) gives the ligature rṣya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

File:Bengali Conjunct Rssya.svg

• র্ (r) + ত (ta) gives the ligature rta:

File:Bengali Conjunct Rta.svg

• র্ (r) + থ (t^ha) gives the ligature rt^ha:

File:Bengali Conjunct Rtha.svg

• র্ (r) + থ্ (t^h) + য (ya) gives the ligature rt^hya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

File:Bengali Conjunct Rthya.svg

• র্ (r) + ত্ (t) + র (ra) gives the ligature rtra:

File:Bengali Conjunct Rtra.svg

• র্ (r) + ট (ṭa) gives the ligature rṭa:

File:Bengali Conjunct Rtta.svg

• র্ (r) + ত্ (t) + য (ya) gives the ligature rtya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

File:Bengali Conjunct Rtya.svg

• র্ (r) + য (ya) gives the ligature rya, with repha, not ya phala:

File:Bengali Conjunct Rya.svg

Gujarati Ra

File:Gujarati letter Ra.svg

Gujarati Ra.

Ra (ર) is twenty-seventh consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Ra Ra with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the Brahmi letter Ra. When combined with certain vowels, the Gujarati Ra may assume unique forms, such as રુ and રૂ.

Gujarati-using Languages

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, ર is pronounced as [rə] or [r] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Ra	Rā	Ri	Rī	Ru	Rū	Rr	Rl	Rr̄	Rl̄	Rĕ	Re	Rai	Rŏ	Ro	Rau	R
File:Gujarati Ra Matras.svg
Gujarati Ra syllables, with vowel marks in red.

Conjuncts with ર

File:Gujarati Repha.svg

Gujarati Repha

File:Gujarati Rakar.svg

Gujarati Rakar

Gujarati ર exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. While most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to create a "half form" that fits tightly to following letter, Ra does not have a half form. A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. The most common conjunct variants are the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. A leading consonant or conjunct will use its full form, rather than half form, when being modified by a trailing Rakar.

Repha

Rakar

* ર્ (r) + ક (ka) gives the ligature RKa: File:Gujarati conjunct RKa.svg ર્ (r) + ખ (kha) gives the ligature RKha: File:Gujarati conjunct RKha.svg ર્ (r) + ગ (ga) gives the ligature RGa: File:Gujarati conjunct RGa.svg ર્ (r) + ઘ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature RGha: File:Gujarati conjunct RGha.svg ર્ (r) + ઙ (ŋa) gives the ligature RṄa: File:Gujarati conjunct RNga.svg ર્ (r) + ચ (ca) gives the ligature RCa: File:Gujarati conjunct RCa.svg ર્ (r) + છ (cha) gives the ligature RCha: File:Gujarati conjunct RCha.svg ર્ (r) + જ (ja) gives the ligature RJa: File:Gujarati conjunct RJa.svg ર્ (r) + ઝ (jha) gives the ligature RJha: File:Gujarati conjunct RJha.svg ર્ (r) + ઞ (ɲa) gives the ligature RÑa: File:Gujarati conjunct RNya.svg ર્ (r) + ટ (ʈa) gives the ligature RṬa: File:Gujarati conjunct RTta.svg ર્ (r) + ઠ (ʈha) gives the ligature RṬha: File:Gujarati conjunct RTtha.svg ર્ (r) + ડ (ɖa) gives the ligature RḌa: File:Gujarati conjunct RDda.svg ર્ (r) + ઢ (ɖʱa) gives the ligature RḌha: File:Gujarati conjunct RDdha.svg ર્ (r) + ણ (ɳa) gives the ligature RṆa: File:Gujarati conjunct RNna.svg ર્ (r) + ત (ta) gives the ligature RTa: File:Gujarati conjunct RTa.svg ર્ (r) + થ (tha) gives the ligature RTha: File:Gujarati conjunct RTha.svg ર્ (r) + દ (da) gives the ligature RDa: File:Gujarati conjunct RDa.svg ર્ (r) + ધ (dʱa) gives the ligature RDha: File:Gujarati conjunct RDha.svg ર્ (r) + ન (na) gives the ligature RNa: File:Gujarati conjunct RNa.svg ર્ (r) + પ (pa) gives the ligature RPa: File:Gujarati conjunct RPa.svg ર્ (r) + ફ (pha) gives the ligature RPha: File:Gujarati conjunct RPha.svg ર્ (r) + બ (ba) gives the ligature RBa: File:Gujarati conjunct RBa.svg ર્ (r) + ભ (bha) gives the ligature RBha: File:Gujarati conjunct RBha.svg ર્ (r) + મ (ma) gives the ligature RMa: File:Gujarati conjunct RMa.svg ર્ (r) + ય (ya) gives the ligature RYa: File:Gujarati conjunct RYa.svg ર્ (r) + લ (la) gives the ligature RLa: File:Gujarati conjunct RLa.svg ર્ (r) + ળ (ɭ̆a) gives the ligature Ra: File:Gujarati conjunct RLla.svg ર્ (r) + વ (va) gives the ligature RVa: File:Gujarati conjunct RVa.svg ર્ (r) + શ (ʃa) gives the ligature RŚa: File:Gujarati conjunct RSha.svg ર્ (r) + ષ (ʂa) gives the ligature RṢa: File:Gujarati conjunct RSsa.svg ર્ (r) + સ (sa) gives the ligature RSa: File:Gujarati conjunct RSa.svg ર્ (r) + હ (ha) gives the ligature RHa: File:Gujarati conjunct RHa.svg ર્ (r) + ક (ka) ષ (ʂa) gives the ligature RKṢa: File:Gujarati conjunct RKSsa.svg ર્ (r) + જ (ja) ઞ (ɲa) gives the ligature RJÑa: File:Gujarati conjunct RJNya.svg ર્ (r) + ર (ra) gives the ligature RRa: File:Gujarati conjunct RRa.svg

* ક્ (k) + ર (ra) gives the ligature KRa: File:Gujarati conjunct KRa.svg ખ્ (kh) + ર (ra) gives the ligature KhRa: File:Gujarati conjunct KhRa.svg ગ્ (g) + ર (ra) gives the ligature GRa: File:Gujarati conjunct GRa.svg ઘ્ (ɡʱ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature GhRa: File:Gujarati conjunct GhRa.svg ઙ્ (ŋ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ṄRa: File:Gujarati conjunct NgRa.svg ચ્ (c) + ર (ra) gives the ligature CRa: File:Gujarati conjunct CRa.svg છ્ (ch) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ChRa: File:Gujarati conjunct ChRa.svg જ્ (j) + ર (ra) gives the ligature JRa: File:Gujarati conjunct JRa.svg ઝ્ (jh) + ર (ra) gives the ligature JhRa: File:Gujarati conjunct JhRa.svg ઞ્ (ɲ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ÑRa: File:Gujarati conjunct NyRa.svg ટ્ (ʈ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ṬRa: File:Gujarati conjunct TtRa.svg ડ્ (ɖ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ḌRa: File:Gujarati conjunct DdRa.svg ઠ્ (ʈh) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ṬhRa: File:Gujarati conjunct TthRa.svg ઢ્ (ɖʱ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ḌhRa: File:Gujarati conjunct DdhRa.svg ણ્ (ɳ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ṆRa: File:Gujarati conjunct NnRa.svg ત્ (t) + ર (ra) gives the ligature TRa: File:Gujarati conjunct TRa.svg થ્ (th) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ThRa: File:Gujarati conjunct ThRa.svg દ્ (d) + ર (ra) gives the ligature DRa: File:Gujarati conjunct DRa.svg ધ્ (dʱ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature DhRa: File:Gujarati conjunct DhRa.svg ન્ (n) + ર (ra) gives the ligature NRa: File:Gujarati conjunct NRa.svg પ્ (p) + ર (ra) gives the ligature PRa: File:Gujarati conjunct PRa.svg ફ્ (ph) + ર (ra) gives the ligature PhRa: File:Gujarati conjunct PhRa.svg બ્ (b) + ર (ra) gives the ligature BRa: File:Gujarati conjunct BRa.svg ભ્ (bh) + ર (ra) gives the ligature BhRa: File:Gujarati conjunct BhRa.svg મ્ (m) + ર (ra) gives the ligature MRa: File:Gujarati conjunct MRa.svg ય્ (y) + ર (ra) gives the ligature YRa: File:Gujarati conjunct YRa.svg લ્ (l) + ર (ra) gives the ligature LRa: File:Gujarati conjunct LRa.svg ળ્ (ɭ̆) + ર (ra) gives the ligature Ra: File:Gujarati conjunct LlRa.svg વ્ (v) + ર (ra) gives the ligature VRa: File:Gujarati conjunct VRa.svg શ્ (ʃ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ŚRa: File:Gujarati conjunct ShRa.svg ષ્ (ʂ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ṢRa: File:Gujarati conjunct SsRa.svg સ્ (s) + ર (ra) gives the ligature SRa: File:Gujarati conjunct SRa.svg હ્ (h) + ર (ra) gives the ligature HRa: File:Gujarati conjunct HRa.svg ક્ (k) + ષ (ʂa) ર (ra) gives the ligature KṢRa: File:Gujarati conjunct KSsRa.svg જ્ (j) + ઞ (ɲa) ર (ra) gives the ligature JÑRa: File:Gujarati conjunct JNyRa.svg

Javanese Ra

Main article: Ra (Javanese)

Telugu Ra

Telugu Ra

Telugu subjoined Ra

Telugu independent and subjoined Ra.

Ra (ర) is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter R. It is closely related to the Kannada letter ರ. Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras. Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Like the Rakar forms in other Indic scripts, the subjoined Ra in Telugu is not immediately related to the full form of Ra. Unlike other the Repha in other Indic scripts, there is no special prefix form of Ra in Telugu. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.

Telugu Rra

Telugu Rra

Telugu subjoined Rra

Telugu independent and subjoined Rra.

In addition, Telugu also contains a second /r/ consonant, Rra (ఱ). It is closely related to the Kannada letter ಱ. Since it lacks the v-shaped headstroke common to most Telugu letters, ఱ remains unaltered by most vowel matras, and its subjoined form is simply a smaller version of the normal letter shape.

Malayalam Ra

File:Malayalam letter Ra.svg

Malayalam letter Ra

Ra (ര) is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter R, via the Grantha letter Ra Ra. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

File:Malayalam Ra matras.svg

Malayalam Ra matras: Ra, Rā, Ri, Rī, Ru, Rū, Rr̥, Rr̥̄, Rl̥, Rl̥̄, Re, Rē, Rai, Ro, Rō, Rau, and R.

Conjuncts of ര

Malayalam Chillu R

Malayalam conjoining Ra

Malayalam Chillu R and conjoining Ra

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Like in most Indic scripts, Malayalam Ra has special forms, including a chillu letter and a conjoining form for a trailing ra, which appears before the other elements of a conjunct but is pronounced after. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

• ക് (k) + ര (ra) gives the ligature kra:

File:Malayalam conjunct KRa.svg

• ഖ് (k^h) + ര (ra) gives the ligature k^hra:

File:Malayalam conjunct KhRa.svg

• ഗ് (g) + ര (ra) gives the ligature gra:

File:Malayalam conjunct GRa.svg

• ഘ് (ɡʱ) + ര (ra) gives the ligature ɡʱra:

File:Malayalam conjunct GhRa.svg

Malayalam Ṟa

File:Malayalam letter Rra.svg

Malayalam letter Ṟa

Ṟa (റ) is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It is related to the Malayalam Ra consonant and has a similar pronunciation.

File:Malayalam Rra matras.svg

Malayalam Ṟa matras: Ṟa, Ṟā, Ṟi, Ṟī, Ṟu, Ṟū, Ṟr̥, Ṟr̥̄, Ṟl̥, Ṟl̥̄, Ṟe, Ṟē, Ṟai, Ṟo, Ṟō, Ṟau, and Ṟ.

Conjuncts of റ

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

• ന് (n) + റ (ṟa) gives the ligature nṟa:

File:Malayalam conjunct NRra.svg

• റ് (ṟ) + റ (ṟa) gives the ligature ṟṟa:

File:Malayalam conjunct RrRra.svg

Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Re

ᕂ, ᕆ, ᕈ and ᕋ are the base characters "Re", "Ri", "Ro" and "Ra" in the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics. The bare consonant ᕐ (R) is a small version of the A-series letter ᕋ, although the Western Cree letter ᕑ, derived from Pitman shorthand was the original bare consonant symbol for R. The character ᕂ is derived from a handwritten form of the Devanagari letter र, without the headline or vertical stem, and the forms for different vowels are derived by mirroring and rotation. Unlike most writing systems without legacy computer encodings, complex Canadian syllabic letters are represented in Unicode with pre-composed characters, rather than with base characters and diacritical marks.

Variant	E-series		I-series		O-series			A-series			Other
R + vowel	ᕂ	ᕃ	ᕆ		ᕈ			ᕋ			ᣅ
	Re	Cree Re	Ri		Ro			Ra			Ray
Small	-		-		-			ᕐ			-
	-		-		-			R			-
R with long vowels	-		ᕇ		ᕉ			ᕌ			ᕅ
	-		Rī		Rō			Rā			Rāi
R + W-vowels	ᣠ		ᣏ		ᣑ			ᣓ			-
	Cree Rwe		Rwi		Rwo			Rwa			Rway
R + long W-vowels	ᣎ		ᣐ		ᣒ			ᕎ		ᕏ	-
	Rwē		Rwī		Rwō			Rwā		Cree Rwā	-
Related characters	-		-		-			ᕒ			ᕑ
								Medial R			Cree R

Odia Ra

File:Odia letter Ra.svg

Odia independent letter Ra

Ra (ର) is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter R, via the Siddhaṃ letter Ra Ra. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Odia Ra with vowel matras

Ra	Rā	Ri	Rī	Ru	Rū	Rr̥	Rr̥̄	Rl̥	Rl̥̄	Re	Rai	Ro	Rau	R
ର	ରା	ରି	ରୀ	ରୁ	ରୂ	ରୃ	ରୄ	ରୢ	ରୣ	ରେ	ରୈ	ରୋ	ରୌ	ର୍

Conjuncts of ର

Odia Repha

Odia Ra Phala

Odia Repha and Ra Phala

s is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The subjoined form of Ra is one of these mismatched forms, and is referred to as "Ra Phala". In addition, an initial Ra is indicated with a special form called "Repha". The Repha and Ra-Phala forms are the only way conjuncts with Ra are made.

Odia Repha

• ର୍ (r) + କ (ka) gives the ligature rka:

File:Odia conjunct RKa.svg

• ର୍ (r) + ଖ (k^ha) gives the ligature rk^ha:

File:Odia conjunct RKha.svg

• ର୍ (r) + ଗ (ga) gives the ligature rga:

File:Odia conjunct RGa.svg

• ର୍ (r) + ଘ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature rɡʱa:

File:Odia conjunct RGha.svg

• ର୍ (r) + ଙ (ŋa) gives the ligature rŋa:

File:Odia conjunct RNga.svg

• ର୍ (r) + ର (ra) gives the ligature rra:

File:Odia conjunct RRa.svg

Odia Ra Phala

• କ୍ (k) + ର (ra) gives the ligature kra:

File:Odia conjunct KRa.svg

• ଖ୍ (k^h) + ର (ra) gives the ligature k^hra:

File:Odia conjunct KhRa.svg

• ଗ୍ (g) + ର (ra) gives the ligature gra:

File:Odia conjunct GRa.svg

• ଘ୍ (ɡʱ) + ର (ra) gives the ligature ɡʱra:

File:Odia conjunct GhRa.svg

• ଙ୍ (ŋ) + ର (ra) gives the ligature ŋra:

File:Odia conjunct NgRa.svg

• ଲ୍ (l) + ର (ra) gives the ligature lra:

File:Odia conjunct LRa.svg

Kaithi Ra

Kaithi consonant Ra

Kaithi bare Ra consonant.

Ra (𑂩) is a consonant of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter R, via the Siddhaṃ letter Ra Ra. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Kaithi Ra with vowel matras

Ra	Rā	Ri	Rī	Ru	Rū	Re	Rai	Ro	Rau	R
𑂩	𑂩𑂰	𑂩𑂱	𑂩𑂲	𑂩𑂳	𑂩𑂴	𑂩𑂵	𑂩𑂶	𑂩𑂷	𑂩𑂸	𑂩𑂹𑂩𑂹

Conjuncts of 𑂩

As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster.

Kaithi Repha

Kaithi Rakar

Kaithi Repha and Rakar.

Repha

Kaithi repha takes the form of a crescent attached to the top of a following consonant or consonant cluster.

• 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂍 (ka) gives the ligature rka:

File:Kaithi conjunct RKa.svg

Rakar

Kaithi rakar take the form of a diagonal stroke attached near the bottom of the vertical stem of the preceding consonant or consonant cluster.

• 𑂍୍ (k) + 𑂩 (ra) gives the ligature kra:

File:Kaithi conjunct KRa.svg

Comparison of Ra

The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Ra, are related as well.

Comparison of Ra in different scripts

Aramaic Ra Kharoṣṭhī 𐨪 Ashoka Brahmi Ra Kushana Brahmi Ra Tocharian Ra / Ra Gupta Brahmi Ra Pallava Ra Kadamba - Bhaiksuki 𑰨 Siddhaṃ Ra Grantha 𑌰 Cham ꨣ Sinhala ර Pyu / Old Mon - Tibetan Ra Newa 𑐬 Ahom 𑜍 Malayalam ര Telugu ర Burmese ရ Lepcha ᰛ Ranjana Ra Saurashtra ꢬ Dives Akuru 𑤧 Kannada ರ Kayah Li ꤚ Limbu ᤖ Soyombo 𑩼 Khmer រ Tamil Ra Chakma 𑄢 Tai Tham ᩁ Meitei Mayek ꯔ Gaudi - Thai ร Lao ຣ / ຮ Tai Le - Marchen 𑲊 Tirhuta 𑒩 New Tai Lue ᦣ Tai Viet ꪦ / ꪧ Aksara Kawi Ra 'Phags-pa ꡘ Odia ର Sharada 𑆫 Rejang ꤽ Batak ᯒ Buginese ᨑ Zanabazar Square 𑨫 Bengali-Assamese Ra Takri 𑚤 Javanese ꦫ Balinese ᬭ Makasar 𑻭 Hangul - Northern Nagari - Dogri 𑠤 Laṇḍā - Sundanese ᮛ Baybayin - Modi 𑘨 Gujarati ર Khojki 𑈦 Khudabadi 𑋙 Mahajani 𑅭 Tagbanwa - Devanagari Ra Nandinagari 𑧈 Kaithi Ra Gurmukhi ਰ Multani 𑊢 Buhid ᝍ Canadian Syllabics ᕂ Soyombo 𑩼 Sylheti Nagari ꠞ Gunjala Gondi 𑶈 Masaram Gondi 𑴦 Hanuno'o ᜭ Notes

Character encodings of Ra

Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Ra in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Ra from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.

Character information

Preview	File:Devanagari र.svg		File:Bengali Letter Ra.svg		File:Tamil-alphabet-ரர.svg		ర		ର		ರ		ര		ર		ਰ
Unicode name	DEVANAGARI LETTER RA		BENGALI LETTER RA		TAMIL LETTER RA		TELUGU LETTER RA		ORIYA LETTER RA		KANNADA LETTER RA		MALAYALAM LETTER RA		GUJARATI LETTER RA		GURMUKHI LETTER RA
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	2352	U+0930	2480	U+09B0	2992	U+0BB0	3120	U+0C30	2864	U+0B30	3248	U+0CB0	3376	U+0D30	2736	U+0AB0	2608	U+0A30
UTF-8	224 164 176	E0 A4 B0	224 166 176	E0 A6 B0	224 174 176	E0 AE B0	224 176 176	E0 B0 B0	224 172 176	E0 AC B0	224 178 176	E0 B2 B0	224 180 176	E0 B4 B0	224 170 176	E0 AA B0	224 168 176	E0 A8 B0
Numeric character reference	र	र	র	র	ர	ர	ర	ర	ର	ର	ರ	ರ	ര	ര	ર	ર	ਰ	ਰ
ISCII	207	CF	207	CF	207	CF	207	CF	207	CF	207	CF	207	CF	207	CF	207	CF

Character information

Preview	AshokaFile:Brahmi r.svg KushanaFile:Gupta ashoka r.svg GuptaFile:Gupta allahabad r.svg		𐨪		File:Siddham r.svg		𑌰
Unicode name	BRAHMI LETTER RA		KHAROSHTHI LETTER RA		SIDDHAM LETTER RA		GRANTHA LETTER RA
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	69677	U+1102D	68138	U+10A2A	71080	U+115A8	70448	U+11330
UTF-8	240 145 128 173	F0 91 80 AD	240 144 168 170	F0 90 A8 AA	240 145 150 168	F0 91 96 A8	240 145 140 176	F0 91 8C B0
UTF-16	55300 56365	D804 DC2D	55298 56874	D802 DE2A	55301 56744	D805 DDA8	55300 57136	D804 DF30
Numeric character reference	𑀭	𑀭	𐨪	𐨪	𑖨	𑖨	𑌰	𑌰

Character information

Preview	File:Tibetan Ra.svg		ྲ		ꡘ		𑨫		𑐬		𑰨		𑆫
Unicode name	TIBETAN LETTER RA		TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER RA		PHAGS-PA LETTER RA		ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER RA		NEWA LETTER RA		BHAIKSUKI LETTER RA		SHARADA LETTER RA
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	3938	U+0F62	4018	U+0FB2	43096	U+A858	72235	U+11A2B	70700	U+1142C	72744	U+11C28	70059	U+111AB
UTF-8	224 189 162	E0 BD A2	224 190 178	E0 BE B2	234 161 152	EA A1 98	240 145 168 171	F0 91 A8 AB	240 145 144 172	F0 91 90 AC	240 145 176 168	F0 91 B0 A8	240 145 134 171	F0 91 86 AB
UTF-16	3938	0F62	4018	0FB2	43096	A858	55302 56875	D806 DE2B	55301 56364	D805 DC2C	55303 56360	D807 DC28	55300 56747	D804 DDAB
Numeric character reference	ར	ར	ྲ	ྲ	ꡘ	ꡘ	𑨫	𑨫	𑐬	𑐬	𑰨	𑰨	𑆫	𑆫

Character information

Preview	ရ		ᦣ
Unicode name	MYANMAR LETTER RA		NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW HA
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	4123	U+101B	6563	U+19A3
UTF-8	225 128 155	E1 80 9B	225 166 163	E1 A6 A3
Numeric character reference	ရ	ရ	ᦣ	ᦣ

• See further below for Tai Tham codepoints.

Character information

Preview	រ		ຣ		ຮ		ร		ꪦ		ꪧ
Unicode name	KHMER LETTER RO		LAO LETTER LO LING		LAO LETTER HO TAM		THAI CHARACTER RO RUA		TAI VIET LETTER LOW RO		TAI VIET LETTER HIGH RO
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	6042	U+179A	3747	U+0EA3	3758	U+0EAE	3619	U+0E23	43686	U+AAA6	43687	U+AAA7
UTF-8	225 158 154	E1 9E 9A	224 186 163	E0 BA A3	224 186 174	E0 BA AE	224 184 163	E0 B8 A3	234 170 166	EA AA A6	234 170 167	EA AA A7
Numeric character reference	រ	រ	ຣ	ຣ	ຮ	ຮ	ร	ร	ꪦ	ꪦ	ꪧ	ꪧ

Character information

Preview	ර		ꤚ		𑄢		𑜍		𑤧		ꢬ		ꨣ
Unicode name	SINHALA LETTER RAYANNA		KAYAH LI LETTER RA		CHAKMA LETTER RAA		AHOM LETTER RA		DIVES AKURU LETTER RA		SAURASHTRA LETTER RA		CHAM LETTER RA
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	3515	U+0DBB	43290	U+A91A	69922	U+11122	71437	U+1170D	71975	U+11927	43180	U+A8AC	43555	U+AA23
UTF-8	224 182 187	E0 B6 BB	234 164 154	EA A4 9A	240 145 132 162	F0 91 84 A2	240 145 156 141	F0 91 9C 8D	240 145 164 167	F0 91 A4 A7	234 162 172	EA A2 AC	234 168 163	EA A8 A3
UTF-16	3515	0DBB	43290	A91A	55300 56610	D804 DD22	55301 57101	D805 DF0D	55302 56615	D806 DD27	43180	A8AC	43555	AA23
Numeric character reference	ර	ර	ꤚ	ꤚ	𑄢	𑄢	𑜍	𑜍	𑤧	𑤧	ꢬ	ꢬ	ꨣ	ꨣ

Character information

Preview	𑘨		𑧈		𑩼		ꠞ		𑶈		File:Kaithi Ra.svg
Unicode name	MODI LETTER RA		NANDINAGARI LETTER RA		SOYOMBO LETTER RA		SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER RO		GUNJALA GONDI LETTER RA		KAITHI LETTER RA
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	71208	U+11628	72136	U+119C8	72316	U+11A7C	43038	U+A81E	73096	U+11D88	69801	U+110A9
UTF-8	240 145 152 168	F0 91 98 A8	240 145 167 136	F0 91 A7 88	240 145 169 188	F0 91 A9 BC	234 160 158	EA A0 9E	240 145 182 136	F0 91 B6 88	240 145 130 169	F0 91 82 A9
UTF-16	55301 56872	D805 DE28	55302 56776	D806 DDC8	55302 56956	D806 DE7C	43038	A81E	55303 56712	D807 DD88	55300 56489	D804 DCA9
Numeric character reference	𑘨	𑘨	𑧈	𑧈	𑩼	𑩼	ꠞ	ꠞ	𑶈	𑶈	𑂩	𑂩

Character information

Preview	𑒩		ᰛ		ᤖ		ꯔ		𑲊
Unicode name	TIRHUTA LETTER RA		LEPCHA LETTER RA		LIMBU LETTER RA		MEETEI MAYEK LETTER RAI		MARCHEN LETTER RA
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	70825	U+114A9	7195	U+1C1B	6422	U+1916	43988	U+ABD4	72842	U+11C8A
UTF-8	240 145 146 169	F0 91 92 A9	225 176 155	E1 B0 9B	225 164 150	E1 A4 96	234 175 148	EA AF 94	240 145 178 138	F0 91 B2 8A
UTF-16	55301 56489	D805 DCA9	7195	1C1B	6422	1916	43988	ABD4	55303 56458	D807 DC8A
Numeric character reference	𑒩	𑒩	ᰛ	ᰛ	ᤖ	ᤖ	ꯔ	ꯔ	𑲊	𑲊

Character information

Preview	𑚤		𑠤		𑈦		𑋙		𑅭		𑊢
Unicode name	TAKRI LETTER RA		DOGRA LETTER RA		KHOJKI LETTER RA		KHUDAWADI LETTER RA		MAHAJANI LETTER RA		MULTANI LETTER RA
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	71332	U+116A4	71716	U+11824	70182	U+11226	70361	U+112D9	69997	U+1116D	70306	U+112A2
UTF-8	240 145 154 164	F0 91 9A A4	240 145 160 164	F0 91 A0 A4	240 145 136 166	F0 91 88 A6	240 145 139 153	F0 91 8B 99	240 145 133 173	F0 91 85 AD	240 145 138 162	F0 91 8A A2
UTF-16	55301 56996	D805 DEA4	55302 56356	D806 DC24	55300 56870	D804 DE26	55300 57049	D804 DED9	55300 56685	D804 DD6D	55300 56994	D804 DEA2
Numeric character reference	𑚤	𑚤	𑠤	𑠤	𑈦	𑈦	𑋙	𑋙	𑅭	𑅭	𑊢	𑊢

Character information

Preview	ᬭ		ᯒ		ᨑ		ꦫ		𑻭		ꤽ		ᮛ
Unicode name	BALINESE LETTER RA		BATAK LETTER RA		BUGINESE LETTER RA		JAVANESE LETTER RA		MAKASAR LETTER RA		REJANG LETTER RA		SUNDANESE LETTER RA
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	6957	U+1B2D	7122	U+1BD2	6673	U+1A11	43435	U+A9AB	73453	U+11EED	43325	U+A93D	7067	U+1B9B
UTF-8	225 172 173	E1 AC AD	225 175 146	E1 AF 92	225 168 145	E1 A8 91	234 166 171	EA A6 AB	240 145 187 173	F0 91 BB AD	234 164 189	EA A4 BD	225 174 155	E1 AE 9B
UTF-16	6957	1B2D	7122	1BD2	6673	1A11	43435	A9AB	55303 57069	D807 DEED	43325	A93D	7067	1B9B
Numeric character reference	ᬭ	ᬭ	ᯒ	ᯒ	ᨑ	ᨑ	ꦫ	ꦫ	𑻭	𑻭	ꤽ	ꤽ	ᮛ	ᮛ

Character information

Preview	ᝍ		ᜭ		𑴦
Unicode name	BUHID LETTER RA		HANUNOO LETTER RA		MASARAM GONDI LETTER RA
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	5965	U+174D	5933	U+172D	72998	U+11D26
UTF-8	225 157 141	E1 9D 8D	225 156 173	E1 9C AD	240 145 180 166	F0 91 B4 A6
UTF-16	5965	174D	5933	172D	55303 56614	D807 DD26
Numeric character reference	ᝍ	ᝍ	ᜭ	ᜭ	𑴦	𑴦

Character information

Preview	ᕂ		ᕆ		ᕈ		ᕋ		ᕐ
Unicode name	CANADIAN SYLLABICS RE		CANADIAN SYLLABICS RI		CANADIAN SYLLABICS RO		CANADIAN SYLLABICS RA		CANADIAN SYLLABICS R
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	5442	U+1542	5446	U+1546	5448	U+1548	5451	U+154B	5456	U+1550
UTF-8	225 149 130	E1 95 82	225 149 134	E1 95 86	225 149 136	E1 95 88	225 149 139	E1 95 8B	225 149 144	E1 95 90
Numeric character reference	ᕂ	ᕂ	ᕆ	ᕆ	ᕈ	ᕈ	ᕋ	ᕋ	ᕐ	ᕐ

• The full range of RE Canadian syllabic characters can be found at the codepoint ranges 1542-1550, 1622-1627, 18CE-18D3, 18B0-18B3, 18DC-18DD.

Character information

Preview	ᩁ		ᩕ		᩺
Unicode name	TAI THAM LETTER RA		TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN MEDIAL RA		TAI THAM SIGN RA HAAM
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	6721	U+1A41	6741	U+1A55	6778	U+1A7A
UTF-8	225 169 129	E1 A9 81	225 169 149	E1 A9 95	225 169 186	E1 A9 BA
Numeric character reference	ᩁ	ᩁ	ᩕ	ᩕ	᩺	᩺

References

^note Conjuncts are identified by IAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + Ha, and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".